Exploration théorique du stress engendré par le conflit travail-famille : perspectives Actuelles

Abstract Modern life brings with it many problems in different dimensions.  Work-family conflict is one of the socio-organizational problems that can have considerable effects on the well-being of employees, as well as on the economic health of the company. This topic is the subject of intense scrutiny by many researchers, some of whom have suggested that stress arises from an interaction between the demands of the work environment - i.e., the totality of psychological, physical, mental and emotional demands (workload, ambiguity, role conflict) - and the individual's control or decision-making latitude over these demands. However, more modern psychological and social approaches have evolved towards a dynamic, multifactorial and interactive paradigm that sees work stress as the result of a mismatch between the demands of the environment and the resources of the individual. Conservation of resources theory has established itself as the conceptual framework of reference in work stress research, and has also been used to explain the link between work-family conflict and stress, emphasizing the perception of loss of resources to understand the reactions between the two variables. In this context, this paper aims to explore the various interactions that can occur between work-family conflict and stress, and also to detect the characteristics that affect this relationship, through a review of previous work, with a view to constructing a holistic overview of the link. Key words: work-family conflict, stress, employees, Conservation of resources theory   Résumé La vie moderne comporte de nombreux problèmes dans différentes dimensions,Le conflit travail-famille est l'un des problèmes socio-organisationnels qui peut avoir des effets considérables sur le bien-être des employés, ainsi que sur la santé économique de l'entreprise. Ce sujet fait l'objet d'un examen minutieux de la part de nombreux chercheurs, certains d’entre eux ont suggéré  que le stress survient d’une interaction entre les demandes de l’environnement de travail, c'est-à-dire l’ensemble des exigences psychologiques, physiques, mentales et émotionnelles (charge de travail, ambiguïté, conflit de rôle), et le contrôle ou la latitude décisionnelle de l’individu sur ces demandes. Cependant, des approches psychologiques et sociales plus modernes ont évolué vers un paradigme dynamique, multifactoriel et interactif qui perçoit le stress au travail comme résultat d’une inadéquation entre les demandes de l’environnement et les ressources de l’individu. La  theorie de la conservation des ressources (conservation of ressources theory) s’est imposée comme cadre conceptuel de référence dans les recherches de stress au travail, mobilisée également pour expliquer le lien entre le conflit travail-famille et le stress et met en avant la perception de perte de ressources pour comprendre les réactions entre les deux variables. Dans ce contexte, cet article a pour but d'explorer les diverses interactions qui peuvent se produire entre le conflit travail-famille et le stress, et de détecter également les caractéristiques qui affectent cette relation, et ce à travers l’examen des travaux antérieures, en vue de construire une vision holistique dudit lien. MOTS-CLES : Conflit Travail-Famille, Stress, Employes, Theorie De La Conservation De RessourcesRésumé La vie moderne comporte de nombreux problèmes dans différentes dimensions,Le conflit travail-famille est l'un des problèmes socio-organisationnels qui peut avoir des effets considérables sur le bien-être des employés, ainsi que sur la santé économique de l'entreprise. Ce sujet fait l'objet d'un examen minutieux de la part de nombreux chercheurs, certains d’entre eux ont suggéré  que le stress survient d’une interaction entre les demandes de l’environnement de travail, c'est-à-dire l’ensemble des exigences psychologiques, physiques, mentales et émotionnelles (charge de travail, ambiguïté, conflit de rôle), et le contrôle ou la latitude décisionnelle de l’individu sur ces demandes. Cependant, des approches psychologiques et sociales plus modernes ont évolué vers un paradigme dynamique, multifactoriel et interactif qui perçoit le stress au travail comme résultat d’une inadéquation entre les demandes de l’environnement et les ressources de l’individu. La  theorie de la conservation des ressources (conservation of ressources theory) s’est imposée comme cadre conceptuel de référence dans les recherches de stress au travail, mobilisée également pour expliquer le lien entre le conflit travail-famille et le stress et met en avant la perception de perte de ressources pour comprendre les réactions entre les deux variables. Dans ce contexte, cet article a pour but d'explorer les diverses interactions qui peuvent se produire entre le conflit travail-famille et le stress, et de détecter également les caractéristiques qui affectent cette relation, et ce à travers l’examen des travaux antérieures, en vue de construire une vision holistique dudit lien. MOTS-CLES : Conflit Travail-Famille, Stress, Employes, Theorie De La Conservation De Ressources     Abstract Modern life brings with it many problems in different dimensions.  Work-family conflict is one of the socio-organizational problems that can have considerable effects on the well-being of employees, as well as on the economic health of the company. This topic is the subject of intense scrutiny by many researchers, some of whom have suggested that stress arises from an interaction between the demands of the work environment - i.e., the totality of psychological, physical, mental and emotional demands (workload, ambiguity, role conflict) - and the individual's control or decision-making latitude over these demands. However, more modern psychological and social approaches have evolved towards a dynamic, multifactorial and interactive paradigm that sees work stress as the result of a mismatch between the demands of the environment and the resources of the individual. Conservation of resources theory has established itself as the conceptual framework of reference in work stress research, and has also been used to explain the link between work-family conflict and stress, emphasizing the perception of loss of resources to understand the reactions between the two variables. In this context, this paper aims to explore the various interactions that can occur between work-family conflict and stress, and also to detect the characteristics that affect this relationship, through a review of previous work, with a view to constructing a holistic overview of the link.   Key words: work-family conflict, stress, employees, Conservation of resources theor

Third order NLO properties of modified azo-azulenes

In this work there are reported third order nonlinear optical properties of some new azo- functionalized azulene derivatives. They were studied using standard methods - degenerate four waves mixing and third harmonic generation and nonlinear optical absorption. The obtained results allow us to conclude that NLO properties of an azulene molecule can be significantly enhanced by substitution with an electron accepting an acetamidophenyl group

EFFECT OF CALCINATION TEMPERATURE OF TUNISIAN CLAYS ON THE PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMERS

Geopolymers are amorphous three dimensional aluminosilicate materials that may be synthesized at room or slightly higher temperature by alkaline activation of aluminosilicates obtained from industrial wastes, calcined clays and natural minerals. Among the different family of geopolymers, two Tunisian clays (a kaolinite clay from Tabarka and illito/kaolinitic clay from Medenine) are tested for their feasibility of geopolymers at low temperature. The unfired and calcined clays were dissolved in strongly alkaline solution in order to produce consolidated materials whose pastes were characterized by their compressive strength. Hardened geopolymer samples were also submitted to X-Ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The geopolymer strength is related to the structure and reactivity of the clay generated by thermal treatment and to the role of associated minerals in clays. The amorphous character of obtained geopolymers and the displacement of the IR wavenumber are signature of geopolymerisation reaction

The role of hematite in aluminosilicate gels based on metakaolin

International audienceThis paper investigates the role of iron oxide in natural clay and its contribution to polycondensation reactions. Iron oxide was added to pure kaolin in the same proportion as Medenine clay with different amounts of potassium hydroxide. The physicochemical and structural properties of these materials were determined by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal analyses (DTA-TG) and X-ray diffraction. The amorphous character seen in the diffractograms obtained from the materials and the displacement of the IR wavenumber are indicative of a polycondensation reaction. The representative characterization of the microstructure of different samples using electron microscopy highlights the nonreactivity of iron exhibited during consolidation. In general, the contribution of iron oxide seems to be small under the conditions described here

Azo-azulene derivatives for nonlinear optical applications

Organic materials are of high interest and are widely used for the development of new powerful and low dimensional technologies. They exhibit several advantages with respect to inorganic compounds such as large cubic and quadratic optical nonlinearities, flexibility, easy manufacturing and so on. Among them, some present abilities for photonic or nonlinear optical applications. Intensive researches have been performed these latest decades to synthesize highly efficient and optically active molecules because of the miniaturization of optoelectronic devices. Azo-azulene derivatives are an interesting class of organic molecules for potential applications in optoelectronics and optical data storage due to their polyfunctional properties. We discuss second and third order nonlinear optical properties of a series of azo-azulene compounds in solid state. Thin films were prepared by incorporating these molecules in a polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) matrix and were investigated. Moreover, potential usage of these guest-host systems for optical data storage is also discussed

Credible, Strategyproof, Optimal, and Bounded Expected-Round Single-Item Auctions for All Distributions

We consider a revenue-maximizing seller with a single item for sale to multiple buyers with independent and identically distributed valuations. Akbarpour and Li (2020) show that the only optimal, credible, strategyproof auction is the ascending price auction with reserves which has unbounded communication complexity. Recent work of Ferreira and Weinberg (2020) circumvents their impossibility result assuming the existence of cryptographically secure commitment schemes, and designs a two-round credible, strategyproof, optimal auction. However, their auction is only credible when buyers\u27 valuations are MHR or ?-strongly regular: they show their auction might not be credible even when there is a single buyer drawn from a non-MHR distribution. In this work, under the same cryptographic assumptions, we identify a new single-item auction that is credible, strategyproof, revenue optimal, and terminates in constant rounds in expectation for all distributions with finite monopoly price

Influence of annealing and processing conditions on nano-structured thin films of tungsten trioxide

Transition metal oxides represent a novel class of compounds which have attracted a considerable interest in the recent literature. Among these materials, tungsten trioxide has shown great potential due to photo-oxidation of water with visible light, high photocurrent with nano-crystals and good sensing properties towards several gases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conditions of heat treatment on properties of WO3 thin films prepared by hermal evaporation under vacuum. Physico-chemical properties of WO3 thin layers for different heat processing conditions were determined by X-ray diffraction XRD, microprobe electronics and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Optical measurement yieldedt ransmission and reflection measurements. The study of the physicochemical properties of thin layers of thermally post-treated tungsten trioxide showed that layers processed under vacuum have an unidentifiable structure than those annealed in air and crystallized under different crystallographic structures depending on processing temperature. Layers annealed in oxygen hadmonoclinic crystalline structures.It has been recorded that crystallinity and transmission of these films were drastically improved

IMPROVEMENT OF BAND-WIDTH PERFORMANCE OF HAIPRPIN BAND-PASS FILTER USING DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURES

In this paper, a novel technique for improving the return loss of three poles hairpin band-pass filter incorporating defected ground structure is presented. As a result, the structure is simple, wideband with compact size. The expected result of a BPF with DGS is to have a compact band-pass filter with significantly improvement in return loss. The filter performances are exhibits |S21| more than -0.5 dB, |S11| less than -30dB, and center frequency of proposed filter is around 4.2GHz with operating bandwidth of 35%

Photoluminescence properties of 4,5-dimethyl-4′,5′-di(methylamido) tetrathiafulvalene thin film grown by thermal evaporation

In this paper, a temperature dependence study of photoluminescence spectra of vacuum-deposited organic donor tetrathiafulvalene: 4,5-dimethyl-4′,5′-di(methylamido) tetrathiafulvalene thin layers is presented. The investigated layers were deposited in a high vacuum (2 × 10−6 Torr) using molecular beam deposition (MBD) technique on n-doped (1 1 1) oriented silicon substrates. The photoluminescence studies were carried out in the temperatures range [13 K–325 K]. Under a 325 nm wavelength light excitation and at low-temperature a broad luminescence emission peak was observed in the UV–Visible and 2 peaks in the near infrared region. The photoluminescence spectra exhibit temperature dependence with a maximum emission at 180 K. Furthermore, an enhancement of the photoluminescence signal under a continuous excitation was observed at room temperature