Measurement of the Positive Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment to 0.46 ppm

We present the first results of the Fermilab Muon g-2 Experiment for the positive muon magnetic anomaly $a_\mu \equiv (g_\mu-2)/2$. The anomaly is determined from the precision measurements of two angular frequencies. Intensity variation of high-energy positrons from muon decays directly encodes the difference frequency $\omega_a$ between the spin-precession and cyclotron frequencies for polarized muons in a magnetic storage ring. The storage ring magnetic field is measured using nuclear magnetic resonance probes calibrated in terms of the equivalent proton spin precession frequency ${\tilde{\omega}'^{}_p}$ in a spherical water sample at 34.7$^{\circ}$C. The ratio $\omega_a / {\tilde{\omega}'^{}_p}$, together with known fundamental constants, determines $a_\mu({\rm FNAL}) = 116\,592\,040(54)\times 10^{-11}$ (0.46\,ppm). The result is 3.3 standard deviations greater than the standard model prediction and is in excellent agreement with the previous Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) E821 measurement. After combination with previous measurements of both $\mu^+$ and $\mu^-$, the new experimental average of $a_\mu({\rm Exp}) = 116\,592\,061(41)\times 10^{-11}$ (0.35\,ppm) increases the tension between experiment and theory to 4.2 standard deviationsComment: 10 pages; 4 figure

Effect of adding mucilage from Opuntia ficus-indica and Opuntia atropes to raw milk on mesophilic aerobic bacteria and total coliforms

Se evaluó la adición de mucílago líquido y deshidratado de Opuntia ficus-indica y Opuntia atropes a la leche cruda sobre el crecimiento de bacterias mesófilas aerobias y coliformes totales. Las muestras de leche cruda de vacas Holstein de un sistema de producción familiar se adicionaron con mucílago líquido o deshidratado de O. ficus-indica u O. atropes en concentraciones de 0.5, 1.0 y 2.0%. En las muestras se midió el crecimiento de bacterias mesófilas aerobias y coliformes totales. Los resultados se analizaron mediante los modelos de efectos fijos y las comparaciones entre grupos se realizaron por el método de medias de mínimo cuadrados. En general, las cuentas bacterianas para mesófilas aerobias y coliformes totales disminuyeron (P < 0,05) cuando se adicionó mucilago a la leche cruda al 0,5%, independientemente de la especie o de la forma física (deshidratado o líquido). Se observó disminución de cuentas bacterias para mesófilas aerobias (P < 0.05) cuando se adicionó mucílago deshidratado de O. ficus indica (Log10 2.6 UFC mL-1) y O. atropes (Log10 2,7 UFC mL-1) en concentración de 0.5%, respectivamente. Mientras que el grupo Control (leche cruda sin adición de mucílago) contenía Log10 3.6 UFC mL-1 de mesófilas aerobias. La mejor respuesta para coliformes totales se observó con el mucílago deshidratado de O. ficus-indica (Log10 3.0 UFC mL-1) y mucílago líquido de O. atropes (Log10 2,7 UFC mL1), ambos adicionados al 1%. El mucílago deshidratado o líquido de O. ficus-indica y O. atropes reducen el contenido microbiano de la leche cruda

Detailed Report on the Measurement of the Positive Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment to 0.20 ppm

We present details on a new measurement of the muon magnetic anomaly, $a_\mu = (g_\mu -2)/2$. The result is based on positive muon data taken at Fermilab's Muon Campus during the 2019 and 2020 accelerator runs. The measurement uses $3.1$ GeV$/c$ polarized muons stored in a $7.1$-m-radius storage ring with a $1.45$ T uniform magnetic field. The value of $a_{\mu}$ is determined from the measured difference between the muon spin precession frequency and its cyclotron frequency. This difference is normalized to the strength of the magnetic field, measured using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The ratio is then corrected for small contributions from beam motion, beam dispersion, and transient magnetic fields. We measure $a_\mu = 116 592 057 (25) \times 10^{-11}$ (0.21 ppm). This is the world's most precise measurement of this quantity and represents a factor of $2.2$ improvement over our previous result based on the 2018 dataset. In combination, the two datasets yield $a_\mu(\text{FNAL}) = 116 592 055 (24) \times 10^{-11}$ (0.20 ppm). Combining this with the measurements from Brookhaven National Laboratory for both positive and negative muons, the new world average is $a_\mu$(exp) $= 116 592 059 (22) \times 10^{-11}$ (0.19 ppm)