Análisis contrastivo fr-es/es-fr de las fórmulas de inicio y de despedida de correspondencia en un corpus formal-comercial e informal-coloquial

Las fórmulas de correspondencia nos han acompañado desde tiempos muy remotos. En la actualidad, existen numerosas fórmulas empleadas en correspondencia. Algunas de estas fórmulas han caído en desuso y otras se emplean en contextos y formatos específicos. Sin embargo, existen escasos estudios que se centren en el análisis de éstas dentro del lenguaje escrito. Por ello, este trabajo, cuyo objetivo es ser innovador y sobre todo ser de utilidad, tratará a partir de un corpus bilingüe (es-fr/fr-es) una serie de fórmulas recopiladas que se emplean en el día a día y que forman parte tanto del registro formal-comercial como del registro informal-coloquial. Para estudiar estas fórmulas, se ha realizado un análisis de un corpus recopilado según criterios específicos de macroestructura y de microestructura. Por una parte, en la macroestructura, las fórmulas han sido divididas por idiomas, francés y español. Por otra parte, en la microestructura, estas fórmulas están clasificadas en función del registro (registro formal, registro informal y registro común)

Do gender and educational level predict vaccination? The mediating role of attitudes towards vaccines and fear of COVID-19

Given that the relationship between educational level, gender, and the fact of getting vaccinated does not seem to be clear, the aim of this research has been to verify if the beliefs towards vaccines and the fear of COVID-19 are mediating this relationship in a general Spanish sample of 761 participants. A logistic regression with latent variables was estimated using Mplus. The results showed that there is no direct effect of gender or educational level on vaccination but both, fear of COVID-19 and attitudes towards vaccines, act as mediators. Specifically, people with university studies show higher scores in trust of vaccine benefits, which in turn is a good predictor of getting vaccinated or not. So that having university studies and confidence in vaccines better predict getting vaccinated. Furthermore, being a woman with high levels of fear of COVID-19, as well as having up to higher education and showing high levels of fear of COVID-19, better predict getting vaccinated. However, this is a non-probabilistic sample, and similar studies should be carried out with a representative sample of the Spanish population and of another countries, in which the rate of people vaccinated against other viruses is declining. This study reports the importance of a model including mediating variables when analyzing the influence of sociodemographic variables on deciding to get vaccinated or not, because this kind of model allow the detection of specific groups with low probability of vaccination, which would allow the design of specific strategies

Non-image Forming Light Detection by Melanopsin, Rhodopsin, and Long-Middlewave (L/W) Cone Opsin in the Subterranean Blind Mole Rat, Spalax Ehrenbergi: Immunohistochemical Characterization, Distribution, and Connectivity

The blind mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi, can, despite severely degenerated eyes covered by fur, entrain to the daily light/dark cycle and adapt to seasonal changes due to an intact circadian timing system. The present study demonstrates that the Spalax retina contains a photoreceptor layer, an outer nuclear layer (ONL), an outer plexiform layer (OPL), an inner nuclear layer (INL), an inner plexiform layer (IPL), and a ganglion cell layer (GCL). By immunohistochemistry, the number of melanopsin (mRGCs) and non-melanopsin bearing retinal ganglion cells was analyzed in detail. Using the ganglion cell marker RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS) it was shown that the Spalax eye contains 890 ± 62 RGCs. Of these, 87% (752 ± 40) contain melanopsin (cell density 788 melanopsin RGCs/mm2). The remaining RGCs were shown to co-store Brn3a and calretinin. The melanopsin cells were located mainly in the GCL with projections forming two dendritic plexuses located in the inner part of the IPL and in the OPL. Few melanopsin dendrites were also found in the ONL. The Spalax retina is rich in rhodopsin and long/middle wave (L/M) cone opsin bearing photoreceptor cells. By using Ctbp2 as a marker for ribbon synapses, both rods and L/M cone ribbons containing pedicles in the OPL were found in close apposition with melanopsin dendrites in the outer plexus suggesting direct synaptic contact. A subset of cone bipolar cells and all photoreceptor cells contain recoverin while a subset of bipolar and amacrine cells contain calretinin. The calretinin expressing amacrine cells seemed to form synaptic contacts with rhodopsin containing photoreceptor cells in the OPL and contacts with melanopsin cell bodies and dendrites in the IPL. The study demonstrates the complex retinal circuitry used by the Spalax to detect light, and provides evidence for both melanopsin and non-melanopsin projecting pathways to the brain.This work was supported by the Danish Biotechnology Center for Cellular Communication (JH) and Grant UA2010-48536273 from the University of Alicante (GE)

The Fear of Covid-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in Spain: Adaptation and Confirmatory Evidence of Construct and Concurrent Validity

Fear of the coronavirus has important implications on mental health. In western countries, a significant degree of vaccination has been achieved, but in Spain, less than 75% of the population has received both doses. The current situation is still seen as a threat by many people. Therefore, it is important to have reliable and valid measurement instruments to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the population. In this study, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale has been adapted to Spain, and its psychometric properties have been studied in a Spanish sample using Structural Equation Modeling. This methodology allows obtaining more reliable estimates, regardless of the measurement scale of the variables. The unifactorial structure was confirmed. The correlations with Neuroticism were statistically significant, and the concurrent validity structural equation model yielded good fit indices. However, neither age nor belonging to a risk group directly predict fear of the coronavirus in this sample, but gender and neuroticism are direct predictors. Likewise, neuroticism mediates the relationship between age and fear of COVID-19, and between gender and fear of COVID-19. So being young and being a woman show high scores on neuroticism, leading to their most intense fear of COVID-19. With this reliable and valid measurement instrument, it will be possible to assess the degree of fear of the coronavirus in the Spanish population and improve psychological inter ventions

Entrenamiento psicológico en baile deportivo y de competición

This article presents the assessment and intervention study conducted at the Club de Baile Deportivo Stylo's in Mislata (Valencia) by the team of specialists in sport psychology at the Centro de Psicología Teseo in collaboration with the University of Valencia. It describes the specific characteristics of this sport and explains the intervention programme in which aspects such as emotional control were worked on using such techniques as visualisation in the short, medium and long-term goal setting. Also shown are the data obtained from the assessment conducted earlier in the season, which provided information and guidance for the intervention. These data refer to scores on the factors of the Cuestionario de Habilidades Psicológicas Aplicadas al rendimiento deportivo (Questionnaire of Psychological Skills Applied to Sport Performance) CPRD, (Gimeno et al., 2001), which ranged between the 50th and 60th percentile, with the highest score obtained in the "Motivation" factor (x = 66.63) and the lowest was obtained in the "Stress control" factor (x = 54.42)

Los estados emocionales y su relación con las atribuciones y las expectativas de autoeficacia en el deporte

Suplemento de artículos seleccionados con revisión del Congreso Andaluz de Psicología de la Actividad Física y el Deporte (13 : 2011 : Sevilla). Editores : José Carlos Caracuel ; Rocío Bohórquez.The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship among attributions in competition, perception of efficacy therein and emotions experienced. An ad-hoc emotions assessment inventory that contains 48 items with a Likert response system of 0 to 4, depending on the intensity of the emotion experienced, was used. Likewise, the attributions were measured using a closed item that covered these possible response options, using the locus axes of control and stability. Lastly, perceived self-efficacy was assessed using an item with four alternative responses. In both cases, we started out from these variables' conceptual foundations to construct the items. The sample consisted in 60 athletes, footballers and karate practitioners with a mean age of 21.87 years old. The results of the competitions perceived as successful showed significant differences in the positive emotions experienced (F = 5.664, p =.002), depending on the attributions made. Regarding efficacy, we found a positive correlation between pleasant emotions and self-efficacy (r =. 402, p =.001) and a negative correlation between high arousal of unpleasant emotions (anger and fear) and self-efficacy (r =-.263, p =.043). All the relationships followed the direction of the conceptual framework of the underpinning motivational theories and also present some lines for the future

Funciones no visuales de la retina: Razones para cuidar la retina en la ceguera total

La retina es una porción del sistema nervioso central formada por una red de neuronas especializadas que se localiza tapizando el interior del globo ocular. En este tejido, los estímulos luminosos desencadenan respuestas eléctricas y químicas que activan diferentes vías paralelas de transmisión de la información hacia distintas áreas del sistema nervioso. La vía clásica visual, “formadora de imágenes”, se inicia con el proceso de transformación de las señales luminosas en impulsos eléctricos a nivel de los fotorreceptores clásicos, conos y bastones. Las células ganglionares de la retina son las encargadas de enviar la información desde la retina al cerebro a través de sus axones, que forman el nervio óptico

Psychometric measures of cohesion in university work teams

La cohesión ha sido un concepto ampliamente estudiado en equipos deportivos y organizacionales, pero no ha sido estudiado en equipos de trabajo universitarios. Además, se han usado medidas de la cohesión, como el Sociograma, que no han demostrado su validez de constructo. Este trabajo presenta dos estudios. En el primero, el objetivo es comprobar las evidencias de validez confirmatoria y fiabilidad del GEQ (Group Environmental Questionnaire) en equipos de trabajo universitarios y en él han participado 273 alumnos. En el segundo estudio, se quieren comparar las medidas de la cohesión a través de dos instrumentos: GEQ y Sociograma utilizando dos mediciones antes y después del trabajo grupal. Esta segunda muestra está compuesta por 72 alumnos agrupados en 4 equipos de tamaño similar a un equipo deportivo. Los resultados demuestran que el GEQ presenta niveles de ajuste buenos en equipos de trabajo universitarios (CFI =.995; TLI =.994; RMSEA =.04) y valores de fiabilidad aceptables. Por otra parte, el segundo estudio demuestra que, tras el trabajo grupal, las mediciones de la cohesión a través del GEQ aumentan en sus 4 factores, mientras que la medida cohesión con el Sociograma se mantiene sin cambios. Se concluye que el GEQ es un instrumento sensible a los cambios producidos en la cohesión de un grupo a medida que éste se crea, construye y evoluciona y sin embargo el Índice de Cohesión del Sociograma no lo es, y por tanto no reúne suficientes evidencias de validez de constructo para medir la cohesión.Cohesion has been a widely studied concept in sports and organizational teams but has not been studied in university work teams. In addition, evaluation forms of cohesion have been used, yet their construct validity has not been demonstrated. This work presents two studies. In the first one, the objective is to verify the evidence of confirmatory validity and reliability of the GEQ (Group Environmental Questionnaire) in university work teams through the participation of 273 students. In the second study, we aim to compare the degree of cohesion through both GEQ and Sociograms using two evaluation questionnaires before and after group work. This second sample is composed by 72 students grouped into 4 teams of similar size as that of sports teams. The results show that the GEQ presents good adjustment levels in university work teams (CFI = .995, TLI = .994, RMSEA = .04) and acceptable reliability values. On the other hand, the second study shows that after group work the degree of cohesion through the GEQ increases in its 4 factors, while the extent of cohesion remains unchanged when analyzed through Sociograms. As a conclusion, the GEQ is an instrument sensitive to the changes produced in the cohesion of a group through its creation, construction, and evolution, whilst the Sociogram Cohesion Index is not. Therefore, the latter does not display sufficient evidence of Construct validity to measure cohesion

Estrategias de afrontamiento, optimismo y satisfacción con la vida en futbolistas españoles y polacos : un estudio preliminar

This paper highlights the interrelations among coping strategies, dispositional optimism and wellbeing in a sample of 61 football players of two nationalities, Polish and Spanish players, in order to identify cultural differences. The Spanish players achieved significantly higher scores than thePoles in the use of emotion-related coping strategies (F = 12.919; p =.001), with the obtainment of a relevant effect size (> .130) and high power (.942). In addition, the Polish players were found to be significantly more optimistic than the Spanish (F = 5.296; p = .025). The results are discussed in connection with theoretical optimism models (Scheier and Carver, 1985) and coping strategies (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984), highlighting the role of cultural differences.En este trabajo se muestran las relaciones existentes entre las estrategias de afrontamiento, el optimismo disposicional y el bienestar de una muestra de 61 futbolistas de dos nacionalidades, polaca y española, de forma que también pueden observarse diferencias culturales. Los futbolistas es- pañoles obtienen puntuaciones significativamente más altas en la utilización de estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en la emoción (F = 12.919; p = .001) que los polacos, obteniendo un tamaño del efecto relevante (>.130) y una elevada potencia (.942). Además, los futbolistas polacos son significativamente más optimistas que los españoles (F = 5.96; p = .025). Los resultados son discutidos en base a los modelos teóricos del optimismo (Scheier y Carver, 1985) y las estrategias de afrontamiento (Lazarus y Folkman, 1984), resaltando el papel de las diferencias culturales

Bidimensionalidad de las emociones en el deporte: desarrollo y validación de un instrumento de evaluación

Los objetivos de este trabajo son, por una parte presentar un modelo de relaciones sobre las emociones en el deporte que verse sobre la bidimensionalidad de la emoción y presentar los datos psicométricos de un instrumento de evaluación basado en el modelo. Se utiliza una metodología descriptivo correlacional con la participación de 411 deportistas de nueva modalidades deportivas diferentes. Los resultados ofrecen evidencias de validez de constructo, concurrente, de criterio y consistenca interna suficientes para considerar al instrumento valido para el ejercico profesional