Ecological niche modeling to calculate ideal sites to introduce a natural enemy: the case of apanteles opuntiarum (hymenoptera: Braconidae) to control cactoblastis cactorum (lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in North America

The cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is an invasive species in North America where it threatens Opuntia native populations. The insect is expanding its distribution along the United States Gulf Coast. In the search for alternative strategies to reduce its impact, the introduction of a natural enemy, Apanteles opuntiarum Martínez and Berta (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), is being pursued as a biological control option. To identify promising areas to intentionally introduce A. opuntiarum for the control of C. cactorum, we estimated the overlap of fundamental ecological niches of the two species to predict their common geographic distributions using the BAM diagram. Models were based on native distributional data for both species, 19 bioclimatic variables, and the Maxent algorithm to calculate the environmental suitability of both species in North America. The environmental suitability of C. cactorum in North America was projected from Florida to Texas (United States) along the Gulf coastal areas, reaching Mexico in northern regions. Apanteles opuntiarum environmental suitability showed a substantial similarity with the calculations for C. cactorum in the United States. Intentional introductions of A. opuntiarum in the actual distribution areas of the cactus moth are predicted to be successful; A. opuntiarum will find its host in an environment conducive to its survival and dispersal.Fil: Pérez De la O, Nidia Bélgica. Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas; MéxicoFil: Espinosa Zaragoza, Saúl. Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas; MéxicoFil: López Martínez, Víctor. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos; MéxicoFil: Hight, Stephen D.. US Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service; Estados UnidosFil: Varone, Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; Argentin

Control in vivo de Moniliophthora roreri en Theobroma cacao, utilizando polisulfuro de calcio y silicosulfocálcico

Se evaluó en campo, bajo condiciones semicontroladas, la eficacia de los fungicidas minerales silicosulfocálcico (SSC) y polisulfuro de calcio (PC) para el control de la moniliasis [Moniliophthora roreri (Cif. & Par.)] (Evans et al., 1978) del cacao, en el municipio de Tecpatán, Chiapas, México. Se inocularon frutos de 70 días de edad con el patógeno y se aplicaron los dos productos en concentración del 10 % (v/v) tres días antes o un día después de la inoculación. Las variables de estudio fueron: incidencia (% I), índice de severidad externa (ISE) e índice de severidad interna (ISI), las dos últimas en escala de 0 a 5. Los resultados indican que los dos productos, aplicados tres días antes o un día después de la inoculación con M. roreri, inhibieron completamente el desarrollo de la enfermedad, ya que la incidencia, ISE e ISI presentaron valores de cero, mientras que en el tratamiento testigo (sin aspersión) estos valores fueron del 80 %, 3.3 y 3.8, respectivamente. Se concluye que el SSC y el PC al 10 % son una alternativa para el control de esta enfermedad por su efectividad, bajo costo y facilidad de preparación; además de que la normatividad permite su aplicación en sistemas de producción orgánica

In Vivo control of the Theobroma cacao pathogen Moniliophthora roreri with calcium polysulfide and calcium polysulfide added with ash

1 recurso en línea (páginas 59-66).Se evaluó en campo, bajo condiciones semicontroladas, la eficacia de los fungicidas minerales silicosulfocálcico (SSC) y polisulfuro de calcio (PC) para el control de la moniliasis [Moniliophthora roreri (Cif. & Par.)] (Evans et al., 1978) del cacao, en el municipio de Tecpatán, Chiapas, México. Se inocularon frutos de 70 días de edad con el patógeno y se aplicaron los dos productos en concentración del 10 % (v/v) tres días antes o un día después de la inoculación. Las variables de estudio fueron: incidencia (% I), índice de severidad externa (ISE) e índice de severidad interna (ISI), las dos últimas en escala de 0 a 5. Los resultados indican que los dos productos, aplicados tres días antes o un día después de la inoculación con M. roreri, inhibieron completamente el desarrollo de la enfermedad, ya que la incidencia, ISE e ISI presentaron valores de cero, mientras que en el tratamiento testigo (sin aspersión) estos valores fueron del 80 %, 3.3 y 3.8, respectivamente. Se concluye que el SSC y el PC al 10 % son una alternativa para el control de esta enfermedad por su efectividad, bajo costo y facilidad de preparación; además de que la normatividad permite su aplicación en sistemas de producción orgánica.In the municipality of Tecpatán, Chiapas (Mexico), in a field trial was carried out under semicontrolled conditions, in order to evaluate the efficacy of mineral fungicides calcium polysulfide and calcium polysulfide added with ash to control the Theobroma cacao pathogen Moniliopthora roreri. Fruits of 70 days old were inoculated with the pathogen and the two products were applied in a concentration of 10 % (v/v) three days before or one day after inoculation. The variables evaluated were: incidence (% I), external severity index (ISE) and internal severity index (ISI) (the last two on a scale of 0 to 5). The results indicate that the two products applied three days before or one day after inoculation with M. roreri completely inhibited the development of the disease, due that the incidence, ISE and ISI presented values of zero, whereas in the control treatment (without sprinkling) these values were 80 %, 3.3 and 3.8, respectively. It is concluded that calcium polysulfide and calcium polysulfide added with ash in concentration of 10 % are an alternative for controlling the disease due to their effectivness, low cost and ease of preparation. Moreover, the normativity allows their application in systems of organic production.Bibliografía y webgrafía: páginas 65-66

Morphological and biochemical characteristics in fruits of Mangifera indica L. var. Ataulfo with and without conventional management

Objective: To identify the morphometric and biochemical variation in mango fruits var. Ataulfo (Mangifera indica L.) in two contrasting environments with and without conventional management. Design/methodology/approximation: Morphological and biochemical variables were studied in mango fruits var. Ataulfo in two environments, one of them (La Norteña) with Leptosol soil and Aw climate with conventional agrochemical-based management and the other (Santa Cecilia) on Acrisol soil and Am climate with agroecological management. There were 30 fruits used, all from five trees (n=150) per study garden in a state of commercial maturity. Each fruit was considered as an experimental unit, and morphological and biochemical variables were evaluated for each fruit. Results: Increase in fruit weight, higher pH and increase in total soluble solids, but decrease in pulp weight on site with conventional handling. Increase in pulp content and firmness in fruits from the site without handling. Study Limitations/implications: Changes in the amount and distribution of rainfall in both environments each year. Findings / conclusions: Morphological and biochemical modifications are presented. Greater size and weight, pH and TSS content in the conventional production system, but increased pulp and greater firmness, as well as higher citric acid content in the agroecological system. The results suggest differential effects in mango fruits according to the management and environment where they develop

Influencia de hongos endomicorrízicos en el crecimiento de (Tabebuia donnell-smithii Rose)

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to identify the influence of endomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of Tabebuia donnell-smithii Rose. We used collections of endomycorrhizal fungi from Tenampulco, Puebla and San Rafael, Veracruz and the reference fungus Rhizophagus intraradices, which were evaluated with eutric fluvisol soil in combination with sand (1:1 v/v), peat moss (0.80:0.20 v/v) and bovine manure (0.80:0.20 v/v); 5-kg plastic bags were filled with the substrates. Nine treatments were evaluated with the combination of substrates and fungi, under a completely randomized design with four replicates. Morphological, physiological, root colonization and phosphorus content variables were determined in plant tissue 112 days after sowing (das). Results indicate a 121% increase in total biomass in the substrate with soil plus bovine manure added. Among microorganisms, R. intraradices increased biomass by 10.8 and 6.0% in relation to the snail and San Rafael collections, respectively. Biofertilization with R. intraradices promoted stem and leaf area growth, and with the snail isolates, height and leaf area. The highest phosphorus content compared to plants with native endomycorrhizal isolates occurred with R. intraradices.Con el objetivo de identificar la influencia de hongos endomicorrízicos en el crecimiento de Tabebuia donnell-smithii Rose se estableció un experimento en invernadero. Se utilizaron colectas de hongos endomicorrízicos de Tenampulco Puebla y San Rafael Veracruz, y el hongo de referencia Rhizophagus intraradices, las cuales se evaluaron con suelo fluvisol-eútrico en combinación con arena (1:1 v/v), turba (0.80:0.20 v/v) y estiércol bovino (0.80:0.20 v/v), con los sustratos se llenaron bolsas de plástico de 5 kg. Se evaluaron nueve tratamientos con la combinación de los sustratos y hongos, bajo un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se determinaron las variables morfológicas, fisiológicas, colonización radical y el contenido de fósforo en el tejido vegetal a los 112 días después de la siembra (dds). Los resultados indican incremento de 121% de la biomasa total en el sustrato adicionado con suelo más estiércol bovino. Entre microorganismos R. intraradices aumentó en 10.8 y 6.0% la biomasa en relación con las colectas caracoles y San Rafael, respectivamente. La biofertilización con R. intraradices promovió el crecimiento del tallo y el área foliar, y con el aislamiento caracoles, la altura y el área foliar. El mayor contenido de fósforo en comparación con las plantas con aislamientos endomicorrízicos nativos se presentó con R. intraradices

Yield of Solanum lycopersicum l. by applying nutrients with or without fertigation interacting with an analogue brassinosteroid

Objective: to evaluate the effect of fertigation and granular fertilization to the soil in interaction with the foliar application of a homobrasinolide in Solanum lycopersicum L. Design / methodology / approach: The treatments were Fertigation (F), Fertigation plus brassinosteroids (F+Br), Granular fertilization (FG) and Granular fertilization + brassinosteroids (FG+Bra). A completely randomized design with four replications was used, where one plant of each treatment constituted an experimental unit. The 45-d-old plants were sprayed with 2 mg L-1 of Brasinosteroid CIDEF-4 and subsequently applications were made every 28 d. Plant height and stem diameter were measured 92 d after transplanting, while the yield was obtained by weighing the completely red fruits. An analysis of variance was performed using the GLM procedure and the comparison of means by Tukey (P ? 0.05) with the SAS 9.3 program. Results: Fertigation induced greater tomato plant and reproductive growth compared to granular fertilization with or without the foliar application of homobrasinolide. Treatments with granular fertilizers decreased plant height by 10.36% and 10.45% with respect to fertigation. The yield with granulated fertilization with and without Br correspond to 76.6% and 75.80% of that achieved with Fertirriego with Br. Study limitations / implications: The absence of the stressful environment did not favor the application of the homobrasinolide Findings / Conclusions: Fertigation leads to greater growth and tomato yield under field conditions and the homogeneity of ambient temperatures did not favor the morphological or physiological expression of the homobrasinolideObjective: To evaluate the effect of fertigation and granular fertilizer to the soil interacting with foliar application of analogue brassinosteroids in Solanum lycopersicum L. Design/Methodology/Approach: The treatments were Fertigation (F), Fertigation plus brassinosteroids (F + BR), Granular fertilization (FG) and Granular fertilization + brassinosteroids (FG + BRs). A completely randomized design with four replicates was used, where one plant from each treatment represented the experimental unit. Plants (45 days-old) were sprayed with 2 mg L-1 of Brassinosteroid CIDEF-4 and subsequent applications were made every 28 d. Plant height and stem diameter were measured 92 d after transplantation, while the yield was obtained by weighing completely red fruits. An analysis of variance was performed using the GLM procedure and the Tukey means comparison test (p?0.05) with the SAS 9.3 program. Results: Fertigation induced greater plant growth and reproduction of the tomato compared to the granular fertilizer with, or without foliar application of the analogue brassinosteroid. Treatments with granulated fertilizers decreased plant height by 10.36% and 10.45% compared to fertigation. Tomato yield with granulated fertilization, with or without Br, corresponded to 76.6% and 75.80% of what was achieved with Fertigation + Br. Study limitations/Implications: The absence of a stressful environment did not favor the application of the analogue brassinosteroid. Findings/conclusions: Fertigation induces greater growth and yield of tomato under field conditions; and environmental temperature homogeneity did not favor morphological nor physiological expression of the analogue brassinosteroid

Actividad antifúngica de hidrodestilados y aceites sobre "Alternaria solani", "Fusarium oxysporum" y "Colletotrichum gloesporioides"

Tomato and papaya are crops of great economic importance to producers from Chiapas; however, they are experiencing a production crisis due to limited options for alternative management of its major diseases. In this study, were assessed in vitro the regulatory effect hidrodestillates and Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Syzygium aromaticum and Pimienta dioica oils (obtained by traditional distillation and microwave assisted) on Alternaria solani, Fusarium oxysporum isolated from Lycopersicon esculentum and on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from Carica papaya. Poisoned medium technique was used in a first trial a concentration of hidrodistillate at 30% (v/v) and 1% for oils were used. Then the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined. The regulatory effect was determined by quantifying mycelial growth and conidia formation. The results indicated that clove hidrodistllate completely inhibited A. solani and F. oxysporum at 30% and 10% to C. gloeosporioides, while cinnamon microwaveassisted inhibited A. solani and C. gloeosporioides 10% and 30% to F. oxysporum, and clove at 30% inhibits F. oxysporum and A. solani and at 10% C. gloeosporioides and cinnamon and clove oils at 0.05% inhibited A. solani and C. gloesporioides. It is concluded that hidrodestillates and oils from C. zeylanicum, Z. aromaticum and P. dioica obtained by microwave are more efficient in inhibiting the growth of these pathogens than by traditional distillation, which can be an alternative for its management. Keywords: Cinnamomum zeylanicum; Syzygium aromaticum; Pimienta dioica; microwave-assisted hydrodistillationEl tomate y la papaya son cultivos de gran importancia económica para productores de Chiapas; sin embargo, atraviesan por una crisis productiva debida a las escasas alternativas para el manejo alternativo para sus principales enfermedades. En este estudio, se evaluó in vitro el efecto regulador de hidrodestilados y aceites de Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Syzygium aromaticum y Pimienta dioica (obtenidos por destilación tradicional y asistido por microondas) sobre Alternaria solani, Fusarium oxysporum aislados de Lycopersicum esculentum y sobre Colletotrichum gloesporioides aislado de Carica papaya. Se utilizó la técnica de medio envenenado, en un primer ensayo se probó concentración 30% (v/v) de hidrodestilados y 1% para aceites. Luego se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria. El efecto regulador se determinó cuantificando crecimiento micelial y formación de conidias. Los resultados indicaron que el hidrolato de clavo obtenido por destilación inhibió totalmente a A. solani y F. oxysporum al 30% y 10% a C. gloesporioides, mientras que los asistidos por microondas de canela inhibieron a A. solani y C. gloesporioides 10% y 30% a F. oxysporum, y el de clavo a 30% inhibe a F. oxysporum y A. solani y al 10% C. gloesporioides y los aceites de canela y clavo al 0.05% inhibieron a A. solani y C. gloesporioides. Se concluye que los hidrodestilados y aceites de C. zeylanicum, Z. aromaticum y P. dioica obtenidos por microondas son más eficientes en inhibir el desarrollo de éstos patógenos que por destilación tradicional, los cuales pueden ser una alternativa para su manejo. Palabras claves: Cinnamomum zeylanicum; Syzygium aromaticum; Pimienta dioica; hidrodestilación asistida por microonda

DYNAWOOD - Dynamics of wood formation and adaptation of forest trees to climate variation

The objective of the DYNAWOOD project is to create a Studium Research Consortium for working on the dynamics of wood formation and the adaptation of forest trees to climate variatio

Actividad antifúngica in vitro de extractos de Origanum vulgare L., Tradescantia spathacea Swartz y Zingiber officinale Roscoe sobre Moniliophthora roreri (Cif & Par) Evans et ál.

<p>La moniliasis del cacao ocasionada por <em>Moniliophthora roreri </em>origina grandes pérdidas en los países donde se ha estado dispersando; en México, de reciente ingreso ha afectado drásticamente la producción, ya que daña los frutos en sus diferentes estados y son escasas las medidas de control que se han podido implementar, por lo que se investigó el efecto <em>in vitro </em>de extractos de <em>Origanum vulgare </em>L., <em>Tradescantia spathacea </em>Swartz y <em>Zingiber </em><em>officinale </em>Roscoe sobre <em>M. roreri</em>. Se aisló el hongo de frutos enfermos y se cultivó en laboratorio, las plantas fueron recolectadas y sometidas a cuatro formas de extracción: hidrolato por destilación, presurizado, fermentación aeróbica y anaeróbica. Dichos extractos se incorporaron al medio de cultivo al 50% (V/V), se sembró el hongo y se incubó durante 12 días, cuantificando el crecimiento diario y la formación de conidias; a los extractos que inhibieron totalmente al hongo se les determinó la concentración mínima.</p

Densidad Básica como indicador de calidad de madera en genotipos de Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl et Cham

absen