La influencia de los psicofármacos en la conducción

Con el objetivo de condensar los últimos avances de la investigación en la interacción de los psicofármacos en las habilidades implicadas en la conducción se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed y PsycINFO con las palabras clave benzodiazepines, antidepressants, neuroleptics AND drive, driving y drivers. En el trabajo se revisaron todos los artículos publicados desde enero del 2006 hasta octubre de 2010.In order to condense the latest developments in research into the interaction of psychoactive drugs in the skills involved in driving, a search in PubMed and PsycINFO was made, using keywords benzodiazepines, antidepressants, neuroleptics AND drive, driving and drivers. In the paper all articles published from January 2006 until October 2010 were reviewed

Valoración, afrontamiento y ansiedad a la hora de dejar de fumar

El objetivo de este estudio consiste en analizar la valoración (appraisal) cognitiva y los tipos de afrontamiento que adoptan las personas a la hora de dejar de fumar. El instrumento de evaluación utilizado en una muestra de 107 estudiantes es el Inventario de Valoración y Afrontamiento (IVA), diseñado a partir del modelo de la valoración de Lazarus y Folkman (1986). El IVA consta de tres subescalas de valoración (amenaza, desafío e irrelevante) y seis subescalas de afrontamiento (cognitivo y conductual-motor dirigido a cambiar la situación, cognitivo y conductual-motor dirigido a reducir la emoción, pasivo y evitativo). Los resultados, señalan que cuando las personas realizan una valoración de amenaza ante la situación de dejar de fumar sufren, de forma significativa, mayores niveles de ansiedad (correlación producto momento = .61) que cuando valoran la situación como un desafío (correlación nula) o como irrelevante (correlación negativa y significativa). Además, se ha encontrado que la valoración de la situación dejar de fumar como amenazante correlaciona de forma positiva y significativa con el afrontamiento evitativo, y de forma negativa con el afrontamiento cognitivo activo (estrategias cognitivas dirigidas a cambiar la situación y a reducir la emoción). Estos resultados están en consonancia con estudios previos sobre el IVA ante otra situación altamente ansiógena (Cano-Vindel and Miguel-Tobal, 1999). Se resalta la necesidad de evaluar las valoraciones primarias y los diferentes tipos de afrontamiento que adoptan las personas que quieren dejar de fumar, ya que algunos se relacionan de forma significativa con el nivel de ansiedad, que a su vez juega un papel importante en la adicción al tabaco y en el fracaso al intentar dejar de fumar

Transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapy versus treatment as usual in adult patients with emotional disorders in the primary care setting (PsicAP study) : protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Demand for primary care (PC) services in Spain exceeds available resources. Part of this strong demand is due to the high prevalence of emotional disorders (EDs)-anxiety, depression, and somatic symptom disorders-and related comorbidities such as pain or chronic illnesses. EDs are often under- or misdiagnosed by general practitioners (GPs) and, consequently, treatment is frequently inadequate. We aim to compare the short- and long-term effectiveness of group-delivered transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapy (TD-CBT) versus treatment as usual (TAU) in the treatment of EDs in the PC setting in Spain. We also aim to compare the effect of these treatments on disability, quality of life, cognitive-emotional factors, and treatment satisfaction. Here we present the study design of a two-arm, single-blind, randomized controlled trial (N=1126) to compare TAU to TD-CBT for EDs. TAU will consist primarily of pharmacological treatment and practical advice from the GP while TD-CBT will be administered in seven 90-minute group sessions held over a period ranging from 12 to 14 weeks. Psychological assessments are carried out at baseline (ie, pretreatment); posttreatment; and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. The study is conducted in approximately 26 PC centers from the National Health System in Spain. This study was initiated in December 2013 and will remain open to new participants until recruitment and follow-up has been completed. We expect all posttreatment evaluations to be completed by December 2017, and follow-up will end in December 2018. We expect the TD-CBT group to have better results compared to TAU on all posttreatment measures and that this improvement will be maintained during follow-up. This project could serve as a model for use in other areas or services of the National Health System in Spain and even in other countries. International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 58437086; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN58437086 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6mbYjQSn3

The PHQ-PD as a screening tool for panicdisorder in theprimarcarsetting in Spain.

INTRODUCTION Panic disorder is a common anxiety disorder and is highly prevalent in Spanish primary care centres. The use of validated tools can improve the detection of panic disorder in primary care populations, thus enabling referral for specialized treatment. The aim of this study is to determine the accuracy of the Patient Health Questionnaire-Panic Disorder (PHQ-PD) as a screening and diagnostic tool for panic disorder in Spanish primary care centres. METHOD We compared the psychometric properties of the PHQ-PD to the reference standard, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) interview. General practitioners referred 178 patients who completed the entire PHQ test, including the PHQ-PD, to undergo the SCID-I. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and positive and negative likelihood ratios of the PHQ-PD were assessed. RESULTS The operating characteristics of the PHQ-PD are moderate. The best cut-off score was 5 (sensitivity .77, specificity .72). Modifications to the questionnaire's algorithms improved test characteristics (sensitivity .77, specificity .72) compared to the original algorithm. The screening question alone yielded the highest sensitivity score (.83). CONCLUSION Although the modified algorithm of the PHQ-PD only yielded moderate results as a diagnostic test for panic disorder, it was better than the original. Using only the first question of the PHQ-PD showed the best psychometric properties (sensitivity). Based on these findings, we suggest the use of the screening questions for screening purposes and the modified algorithm for diagnostic purposes

Intervención cognitivo-conductual en los trastornos de ansiedad: una actualización

This article sets out a proposal for a treatment planning protocol of emotional disorders, especially focused on anxiety disorders, which includes the main steps that should be outlined in a work plan. It also describes a cognitive intervention model based on the cognitive bias approach, particularly Michael W. Eysenck’s Four Factor Theory, developed in the early nineties. This is an intervention focused on cognitive restructuring, which was inspired by experimental cognitive psychology, and has found a way to explain and treat emotional disorders in a more practical and effective way than cognitive behavioral interventions based on traditional models.En este artículo se expone una propuesta de protocolo sobre planificación de tratamiento para desórdenes emocionales, centrándonos especialmente en trastornos de ansiedad, el cuál incluye las principales fases que debe contemplar un plan de trabajo. Se expone también un modelo de intervención cognitiva basado en el enfoque de los sesgos cognitivos, en concreto en la Teoría de los Cuatro Factores de Michael W. Eysenck, desarrollada en los inicios de la década de los noventa. Se trata de una intervención centrada en la reestructuración cognitiva, que se ha inspirado en la psicología cognitiva experimental, y ha encontrado una forma de explicar y tratar los desórdenes emocionales de manera más práctica y eficaz que la intervención cognitivo-conductual basada en los modelos tradicionales

Farmacos de acción lenta (Sysadoa) en el tratamiento de la osteoartrosis

Arthrosis, or osteoarthrosis (OA) is the most common disease of the musculoskeletal system, generates the largest medical expense and is the main cause for disability or invalidity of all the chronic diseases. Its incidence is around 11 % in the Spanish population, bearing an important medical expense. It is an arthropathy characterized by degeneration and loss of the articular cartilage. Pain and and functional impotence are present, and can affect one or more joints. Nowadays the concept of the pathology of the disease has changed, giving more importance to the chondrocyte and the inflammatory response, looking for the possibility of acting pharmacologically on the chondrocyte, which would delay this degenerative process. Since the nineties there is an increasing interest in the so called chondroprotector or chondromodulating agents. They are known as SYSADOA (Symptomatic Slow Acting Drugs for Osteoarthritis). Clinical trials carried out with these substances have demonstrated a moderate improvement in the OA´s symptomatology, acting upon the slow onset symptoms. The European Society of Rheumatology 2003 Recommendations state the efficacy of glucosamine, chondroitin sulphate, diacerein and hyaluronic acid for the treatment of the disease, being recommended to improve the symptoms and as possible modifiers in the progression of the cartilage structural damage. The aim of this article is to provide information regarding these drugs, their mechanism of action, indication, dose and route of administration.La osteoartrosis (OA) es la enfermedad más frecuente del aparato locomotor, la que genera mayor gasto sanitario y la principal causa de incapacidad o invalidez de todas las enfermedades crónicas. Se estima una incidencia en la población española de un 11%, conllevando un importante gasto sanitario. Es una artropatía que se caracteriza por la degeneración y pérdida del cartílago articular. Cursa con dolor e impotencia funcional y puede afectar a una o más articulaciones. Actualmente el concepto sobre la patogenia de la enfermedad se ha modificado, dando más importancia al condrocito y a la respuesta inflamatoria, buscando la posibilidad de actuar farmacológicamente sobre el condrocito, lo que retrasaría este proceso degenerativo. Desde la década de los 90 existe un creciente interés por los llamados agentes condroprotectores o condromoduladores. Atendiendo se denominan: fármacos modificadores de síntomas de acción lenta SYSADOA (Symptomatic Slow Acting Drugs for Osteoarthritis). Los ensayos clínicos realizados con estas sustancias han demostrado una mejoría moderada en la sintomatología de la OA, actuando sobre los síntomas con un comienzo de acción lento. En las recomendaciones del tratamiento de la osteoartrosis de la Sociedad Europea de Reumatología del 2003 se afirma la eficacia de la glucosamina, el condroitín sulfato, la diacereína y el ácido hialurónico en el tratamiento de la enfermedad, siendo recomendados para mejorar los síntomas y como posibles modificadores de la progresión del daño estructural del cartílago. El objetivo de este artículo es aportar información acerca de estos fármacos, sobre su mecanismo de acción, indicación, posología y formas de administración

Somatizaciones en Atención Primaria. Oportunidades de intervención

Somatizations are one of the mental problems, with a higher prevalence among the population, generating high levels of suffering, reducing the quality of life and contributing to the functional disability of the people who suffer from it. However, there are still certain difficulties, both at conceptual and diagnostic level. This implies limitations in carrying out studies to clarify the nature of this disorder and in allowing the development of effective interventions. The objective of this work is to show, in a synthetic way, the knowledge collected to date on somatizations. It includes problems regarding its own denomination, diagnostic criteria, existing situation in Primary Care at the time of addressing this type of symptomatology, assessment tools and the latest advances in intervention.Las somatizaciones constituyen uno de los problemas mentalescon mayor prevalencia entre la población, generando elevados niveles de sufrimiento, reduciendo la calidad de vida y contribuyendo a la discapacidad funcional de las personas que lo padecen. Sin embargo, siguen existiendo ciertas dificultades, tanto de tipo conceptual como a la hora de realizar el diagnóstico, que implican limitaciones para llevar a cabo estudios que clarifiquen la naturaleza de este trastorno y permitan desarrollar intervenciones eficaces.El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en mostrar, de forma sintética, el estado de la cuestiónsobre las somatizaciones, aludiendo a la problemática presente respecto a su propia denominación, criterios diagnósticos, la situación existente en Atención Primaria (AP)a la hora de atender este tipo de sintomatología, su detección en AP y los últimos avances en intervenció

The PHQ-PD as a screening tool for panic disorder in the primary care setting in Spain

Introduction: Panic disorder is a common anxiety disorder and is highly prevalent in Spanish primary care centres. The use of validated tools can improve the detection of panic disorder in primary care populations, thus enabling referral for specialized treatment. The aim of this study is to determine the accuracy of the Patient Health Questionnaire-Panic Disorder (PHQ-PD) as a screening and diagnostic tool for panic disorder in Spanish primary care centres. Method: We compared the psychometric properties of the PHQ-PD to the reference standard, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) interview. General practitioners referred 178 patients who completed the entire PHQ test, including the PHQ-PD, to undergo the SCID-I. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and positive and negative likelihood ratios of the PHQ-PD were assessed. Results: The operating characteristics of the PHQ-PD are moderate. The best cut-off score was 5 (sensitivity .77, specificity .72). Modifications to the questionnaire's algorithms improved test characteristics (sensitivity .77, specificity .72) compared to the original algorithm. The screening question alone yielded the highest sensitivity score (.83). Conclusion: Although the modified algorithm of the PHQ-PD only yielded moderate results as a diagnostic test for panic disorder, it was better than the original. Using only the first question of the PHQ-PD showed the best psychometric properties (sensitivity). Based on these findings, we suggest the use of the screening questions for screening purposes and the modified algorithm for diagnostic purposes

Transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapy versus treatment as usual in adult patients with emotional disorders in the primary care setting (PsicAP study) : protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Demand for primary care (PC) services in Spain exceeds available resources. Part of this strong demand is due to the high prevalence of emotional disorders (EDs)-anxiety, depression, and somatic symptom disorders-and related comorbidities such as pain or chronic illnesses. EDs are often under- or misdiagnosed by general practitioners (GPs) and, consequently, treatment is frequently inadequate. We aim to compare the short- and long-term effectiveness of group-delivered transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapy (TD-CBT) versus treatment as usual (TAU) in the treatment of EDs in the PC setting in Spain. We also aim to compare the effect of these treatments on disability, quality of life, cognitive-emotional factors, and treatment satisfaction. Here we present the study design of a two-arm, single-blind, randomized controlled trial (N=1126) to compare TAU to TD-CBT for EDs. TAU will consist primarily of pharmacological treatment and practical advice from the GP while TD-CBT will be administered in seven 90-minute group sessions held over a period ranging from 12 to 14 weeks. Psychological assessments are carried out at baseline (ie, pretreatment); posttreatment; and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. The study is conducted in approximately 26 PC centers from the National Health System in Spain. This study was initiated in December 2013 and will remain open to new participants until recruitment and follow-up has been completed. We expect all posttreatment evaluations to be completed by December 2017, and follow-up will end in December 2018. We expect the TD-CBT group to have better results compared to TAU on all posttreatment measures and that this improvement will be maintained during follow-up. This project could serve as a model for use in other areas or services of the National Health System in Spain and even in other countries. International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 58437086; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN58437086 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6mbYjQSn3