Risk compensation and bicycle helmets : A false conclusion and uncritical citations

Some researchers and many anti-helmet advocates often state that when cyclists wear a helmet they feel safer and take more risks. This hypothesis-risk compensation - if true, would reduce, annul or even reverse the assumed benefits of helmets in reducing head injuries. Consequently, this hypothesis is often used to oppose mandatory helmet laws. In this article, we illustrate how one of the few studies that attempted to experimentally test the hypothesis in relation to bicycle helmets arrives at a false conclusion. As a result it is often cited as evidence of risk compensation. Given the lack of experimental studies in this research area, the impact of a single study in shaping the opinions of the general public and of policy makers can be significant. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Bicycle helmets and risky behaviour : A systematic review

A long-standing argument against bicycle helmet use is the risk compensation hypothesis, i.e., increased feelings of safety caused by wearing a helmet results in cyclists exhibiting more risky behaviour. However, past studies have found helmet wearing is not associated with risky behaviour, e.g., committing a traffic violation was positively associated with a lower frequency of helmet use. There is a lack of consensus in the research literature regarding bicycle helmet use and the risk compensation hypothesis, although this gap in knowledge was identified in the early 2000s. This is the first study to carry out a systematic review of the literature to assess whether helmet wearing is associated with risky behaviour. Two study authors systematically searched the peer-reviewed literature using five research databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, COMPENDEX, SCOPUS, and WEB OF SCIENCE) and identified 141 unique articles and four articles from other sources. Twenty-three articles met inclusion criteria and their findings were summarised. Eighteen studies found no supportive evidence helmet use was positively associated with risky behaviour, while three studies provided mixed findings, i.e., results for and against the hypothesis. For many of these studies, bicycle helmet wearing was associated with safer cycling behaviour. Only two studies conducted from the same research lab provided evidence to support the risk compensation hypothesis. In sum, this systematic review found little to no support for the hypothesis bicycle helmet use is associated with engaging in risky behaviour. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Risk compensation and bicycle helmets: a false conclusion and uncritical citations

Some researchers and many anti-helmet advocates often state that because cyclists are wearing a helmet they feel safer and take more risks. This hypothesis - risk compensation – if true, would reduce, annul or even reverse the assumed benefits of helmets in reducing head injuries. Consequently, this hypothesis is often used to oppose mandatory helmet laws. In this article, we illustrate how one of the few studies that attempted to experimentally test the hypothesis in relation to bicycle helmets arrives at a false conclusion. As a result it is often cited as evidence of risk compensation. Given the lack of experimental studies in this research area, the impact of a single study in shaping the opinions of the general public and of policy makers can be significant

Emotional Labor: Individual-Level Links and Temporal Aspects

Emotional labor concerns the management of feelings to produce appropriate emotional displays for the purpose of work. The present thesis distinguishes between three levels at which the causes of emotional labor can be identified, and contributes to knowledge about the role of hitherto unexamined antecedents at each of these levels, as well as the flow on effects to relevant outcomes of emotional labor. At a between-person level, the majority of the emotional labor literature considers how distal variables lead to emotional labor; however, the effect of more proximal between-person motivational variables has received less attention. Within-person, episodic factors such as customer mistreatment and coworker support as well as dynamic factors such as serial positioning and trends over time are theoretically plausible causes of emotional labor that have not received enough attention. In this thesis, I present four studies that examine the relationship between emotional labor and its antecedents and outcomes, at each of these levels. In the first study, I test the effects of between-person differences in goal orientation on emotional labor, showing that individuals with high learning orientation are more likely to use deep acting as mediated by deep acting self-efficacy, whereas people with high performance goal orientation tend to use both emotional labor strategies as mediated by deep and surface acting self-efficacy. In the second study, I show that episodic customer mistreatment and coworker support jointly influence emotional labor and emotional exhaustion, including their rates of growth over time. Furthermore, surface acting mediates the negative link between customer mistreatment and employee wellbeing, while coworker support buffers the detrimental effect of surface acting on emotional exhaustion. Finally, in the third and fourth studies, I demonstrate the importance of dynamic-level effects by showing how serial position of emotional labor strategies and time-based trends in emotional labor influence customer satisfaction. Specifically, the positioning of deep acting at the end of an interaction and switching from surface to deep acting during an interaction lead to higher customer satisfaction. Switching from deep to surface acting predicts the lowest customer satisfaction. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are also discussed

A systematic Review on the Effects of Bicycle Helmet Legislation on Cycling

This article is part of the Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Cycling Safety Conference held in Davis, California, USA on September 20th through 23rd in the year 2017.<br><br>Paper ID: 4

Risk compensation and bicycle helmets: a false conclusion and uncritical citations

Some researchers and many anti-helmet advocates often state that because cyclists are wearing a helmet they feel safer and take more risks. This hypothesis - risk compensation – if true, would reduce, annul or even reverse the assumed benefits of helmets in reducing head injuries. Consequently, this hypothesis is often used to oppose mandatory helmet laws. In this article, we illustrate how one of the few studies that attempted to experimentally test the hypothesis in relation to bicycle helmets arrives at a false conclusion. As a result it is often cited as evidence of risk compensation. Given the lack of experimental studies in this research area, the impact of a single study in shaping the opinions of the general public and of policy makers can be significant