Open TELEMAC as a decision making tool in developing countries. Case of flash floods and boundary demarcation in Colombia

HydrodynamicsAbstrac

Evaluación de la eficiencia de la tuna (Opuntia ficus indica) como coagulante natural para el tratamiento de aguas residuales.

El presente trabajo de titulación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la eficiencia de la tuna (Opuntia ficus indica) utilizada como coagulante natural para el tratamiento de aguas residuales industriales (lácteas) en el laboratorio de Química Analítica y Operaciones Unitarias donde se realizó la deshidratación, molienda y tamizado respectivamente;posteriormente se realizó las pruebas de tratabilidad en el laboratorio de Calidad del Agua, para lograr los objetivos se dividió la investigación en 5 etapas las cuales fueron:Caracterización de la materia prima (Tuna), obtención y caracterización del coagulante natural a partir de la Tuna, muestreo y caracterización de las propiedades físico-químicas y microbiológicas del agua residual láctea inicial, pruebas de tratabilidad del agua residual láctea empleando el coagulante natural, caracterización de las propiedades físicoquímicas y microbiológicas del agua residual láctea tratada. Para la primera parte se procedió a seleccionar una de las pencas de Tuna, para posteriormente retirarle la cutícula y realizar un análisis fitoquímico, para determinar el pH y metales (Hierro y Calcio); en la segunda etapa se seleccionó 20 g para realizar el análisis proximal del coagulante natural en el laboratorio de bromatología y nutrición animal de la Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias. Obteniéndose como resultado un rendimiento en el proceso del 1%. Concluyendo que la eficiencia promedio de la Tuna (Opuntia ficus indica) como coagulante natural en el tratamiento del agua residual de la industria láctea “Virgen del Cisne” obtuvo un valor inicial para el color y turbidez igual a 3900 Co/Pt y 361 NTU correspondientemente y un valor final para el color y la turbidez igual a 1880 Co/Pt y 80 NTU respectivamente, alcanzando un porcentaje de remoción del color igual a 51.79% y un porcentaje de remoción de turbidez igual a 77.84%. La eficiencia promedio del coagulante natural fue igual a 44.78%.The objective of the present degree work was to evaluate the efficiency of the (Opuntia ficus indica) tuna used as a natural coagulant for the treatment of industrial wastewater (dairy) in the Analytical Chemistry and Unitary Operations laboratory where the dehydration, the grinding and the sifting were done respectively; subsequently, treatability tests were carried out in the Water Quality laboratory, in order to achieve the objectives, the research was divided into 5 stages which were: Characterization of the raw material (Tuna), obtaining and characterization of the natural coagulant from tuna, sampling and characterization of the physical-chemical and microbiological properties of initial dairy wastewater, dairy wastewater treatment tests using the natural coagulant, characterization of the physical-chemical and microbiological properties of the treated dairy wastewater. For the first part we proceeded to select one of the cladodes of Tuna, to later remove the cuticle and perform a phytochemical analysis, to determine the pH and metals (Iron and Calcium); in the second stage, 20g were selected to carry out the proximal analysis of the natural coagulant in the laboratory of bromatology and animal nutrition of the School of Livestock Sciences. A result of 1% was obtained in the process performance. Concluding that the average efficiency of Tuna (Opuntia ficus indica) as a natural coagulant in the treatment of the dairy wastewater industry “Virgen del Cisne” obtained an initial value for colour and turbidity equal to 3900 Co/Pt and 361 NTU correspondingly and a final value for colour and turbidity equal to 1880 Co/Pt and 80 NTU respectively, reaching a colour removal percentage equal to 51.79% and a turbidity removal percentage equal to 77.84%. The average efficiency of the natural coagulant was equal to 44.78%

Cuidado espiritual en estudiantes de enfermería: estudio cualitativo

Introduction. Attention to the spiritual dimension of patients and families is fundamental as part of the active role of nursing professionals in satisfying the spiritual needs of patients. Objective. To understand the attitudes towards spiritual care of nursing professionals in training. Methodology. Qualitative study with content analysis, with a population of 20 higher education Nursing students, with convenience sampling. Semi-structured interviews and two focus groups were held to explore spiritual self-knowledge and the conceptions of spiritual care, using the theoretical concepts proposed by McSherry as a reference. Data was initially analyzed inductively, with help from the Iramuteq software. Results. Spirituality is considered an intrapersonal dimension in which the need to explore one’s own spirituality in recognized, in order to approach the spiritual perception of the patient. Learning about crises for the development of a personal spirituality and finding oneself through nature were part of the observed categories. Discussion. The conception of spiritual care as an intrapersonal dimension helps students differentiate between spirituality and religion. This aspect has been observable during educational practice, since there were some very religious people and others who were not. Conclusions. Reference is made to the relationship between that which is spiritual and corporeal, and though there is a difference between spirituality and religion, both concepts must be assessed personally.Introducción. La atención de la dimensión espiritual en pacientes y familias es fundamental como parte del papel activo de los profesionales de enfermería en la satisfacción de las necesidades espirituales de los pacientes. Objetivo. Comprender las actitudes frente al cuidado espiritual de los profesionales de enfermería en formación. Metodología. Estudio de abordaje cualitativo, con análisis de contenido, con población de 20 estudiantes de educación superior de Enfermería, con un muestreo por conveniencia. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y dos grupos focales para indagar sobre el autoconocimiento espiritual y las concepciones del cuidado espiritual, tomando como referencia los conceptos teóricos propuestos por McSherry. El análisis de los datos inicialmente se hizo de forma inductiva, con ayuda del software Iramuteq. Resultados. La espiritualidad se considera una dimensión intrapersonal donde se reconoce la necesidad de explorar su propia espiritualidad para acercarse a la percepción espiritual del paciente. Aprender de las crisis para el desarrollo de la espiritualidad personal y encontrarse desde la naturaleza fueron parte de las categorías encontradas. Discusión. La concepción del cuidado espiritual para los estudiantes como dimensión intrapersonal, les permite distinguir entre la espiritualidad y la religiosidad. Este es un aspecto que se ha podido ver durante el desarrollo de las prácticas formativas, ya que se han encontrado personas muy religiosas, así como otras que no lo son. Conclusiones. Se hace referencia a la relación entre lo espiritual y lo corpóreo y aunque existe una diferencia entre religión y espiritualidad, los dos conceptos deben ser valorados a nivel personal

Quantitative analysis on the geomorphology influence in slope stability

La ocurrencia de deslizamientos está relacionada con unos factores que condicionan y otros que detonan los procesos de remoción en masa. Este trabajo contribuye a cuantificar la influencia de la geomorfología en la estabilidad de taludes como factor condicionante por medio de un análisis basado en el método de elementos finitos con un modelo constitutivo elastoplástico. Los análisis se realizaron a través de la simulación numérica de 9 modelos de taludes en tres dimensiones. Se obtuvo la variación espacial del tensor de esfuerzos y sus componentes por medio de las invariantes donde se refleja la influencia de la geoforma y el régimen de flujo en la estabilidad. Finalmente se calcula un indicador de falla potencial que cuantifica de manera unificada la influencia del esfuerzo de confinamiento y los esfuerzos de corte en el talud para determinar zonas de mayor susceptibilidad a la falla.Landslide occurrence is associated with some conditioning factors and triggering landslide processes. This research contributes to quantify the influence of geomorphology as a conditioning factor in slope stability, via analysis based on a finite element method with an elastoplastic constitutive model. The analysis performs through a numerical simulation with nine three-dimensional slope models. The spatial variation of the stress tensor and its components were obtained by the invariants that reflect the influence of the geoform and flow regime in slope stability. Finally, the authors calculated an index potential failure that quantifies, in a unified manner, the influence of the confinement pressure and shear stress in the slope to determine a susceptibilty failure area

El programa de apoyos directos al campo (PROCAMPO) y su impacto sobre la gestión del conocimiento productivo y comercial de la agricultura del Estado de México

This research was carried out in Estado de México, to analyzethe fulfillment of PROCAMPO’s collateral objectives in arepresentative sample of producers obtained from the censusof the program’s beneficiaries. The methodology used wasknowledge management in producers that own less than onehectare (smallholding traditional production system) and thosewith more than 20 hectares (commercial production system).We found evidence that the smallholding system is immersedin a transitional stage toward the commercial system, althoughwith a progressive reduction in social, economic and ecologicprofitability. Agriculture’s contribution to the family economyrepresented only 14.8% of the total. Both groups of farmershave production costs of more than $4 000.00 per hectare;however, smallholders produce each kilo of corn at almost halfits commercial value. We conclude that PROCAMPO doesnot fulfill its collateral objectives, and that it is necessary toinclude supports for public goods, with the goal of developingknowledge management.Esta investigación se realizó en el Estado de México para analizarel cumplimiento de los objetivos colaterales de PROCAMPO,en una muestra representativa de productores obtenida delpadrón de beneficiarios de dicho programa. La metodologíautilizada fue la de gestión del conocimiento en productores queposeen menos de una hectárea (sistema de producción tradicionalminifundista) y los de más de 20 hectáreas (sistema deproducción comercial). Se encontró evidencia de que el sistemaminifundista se encuentra en una etapa de transición hacia elcomercial, aunque con una reducción paulatina en la rentabilidadsocial, económica y ecológica. El aporte de la agriculturaa la economía familiar representó sólo 14.8$4000.00 por hectárea; no obstante, los minifundistas producencada kilo de maíz a casi la mitad de su valor comercial. Seconcluye que el PROCAMPO no cumple con sus objetivos colateralesy es necesario incluirle apoyos para bienes públicos, conla finalidad de desarrollar la gestión del conocimiento

Spiritual Care in Nursing Students: Qualitative Study

Introducción. La atención de la dimensión espiritual en pacientes y familias es fundamental como parte del papel activo de los profesionales de enfermería en la satisfacción de las necesidades espirituales de los pacientes. Objetivo. Comprender las actitudes frente al cuidado espiritual de los profesionales de enfermería en formación. Metodología. Estudio de abordaje cualitativo, con análisis de contenido, con población de 20 estudiantes de educación superior de Enfermería, con un muestreo por conveniencia. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y dos grupos focales para indagar sobre el autoconocimiento espiritual y las concepciones del cuidado espiritual, tomando como referencia los conceptos teóricos propuestos por McSherry. El análisis de los datos inicialmente se hizo de forma inductiva, con ayuda del software Iramuteq. Resultados. La espiritualidad se considera una dimensión intrapersonal donde se reconoce la necesidad de explorar su propia espiritualidad para acercarse a la percepción espiritual del paciente. Aprender de las crisis para el desarrollo de la espiritualidad personal y encontrarse desde la naturaleza fueron parte de las categorías encontradas. Discusión. La concepción del cuidado espiritual para los estudiantes como dimensión intrapersonal, les permite distinguir entre la espiritualidad y la religiosidad. Este es un aspecto que se ha podido ver durante el desarrollo de las prácticas formativas, ya que se han encontrado personas muy religiosas, así como otras que no lo son. Conclusiones. Se hace referencia a la relación entre lo espiritual y lo corpóreo y aunque existe una diferencia entre religión y espiritualidad, los dos conceptos deben ser valorados a nivel personal.Introduction.Attentiontothespiritualdimensionofpatientsandfamiliesisfundamentalaspartoftheactiveroleofnursingprofessionals in satisfying the spiritual needs of patients. Objective. To understand the attitudes towards spiritual care of nursing professionals in training. Methodology. Qualitative study with content analysis, with a population of 20 higher education Nursing students, with convenience sampling. Semi-structured interviews and two focus groups were held to explore spiritual self-knowledge and the conceptions of spiritual care, using the theoretical concepts proposed by McSherry as a reference. Data was initially analyzed inductively, with help from the Iramuteq software. Results. Spirituality is considered an intrapersonal dimension in which the need to explore one’s own spirituality in recognized, in order to approach the spiritual perception of the patient. Learning about crises for the development of a personal spirituality and finding oneself through nature were part of the observed categories. Discussion. The conception of spiritual care as an intrapersonal dimension helps students differentiate between spirituality and religion. This aspect has been observable during educational practice, since there were some very religious people and others who were not. Conclusions. Reference is made to the relationship between that which is spiritual and corporeal, and though there is a difference between spirituality and religion, both concepts must be assessed personally

Ceramics for dental restorations – an introduction

Dental ceramics are the preferred materials for oral restoration due to some characteristics, such as adequate esthetics, high fracture strength and chemical stability. Currently, dental professionals have a large amount of ceramic systems to choose from, all of them having small differences regarding their chemistry, processing temperatures, mechanical strength and clinical applications. These differences lead to classification systems that are difficult to understand by professionals outside the dental field. The aim of this work is to review the current dental ceramic systems and present them from a compositional perspective to assure the comprehension of these materials by professionals who belong to the Biomedical Engineering field. A great effort was made to avoid classification methods imposed by manufacturers and to obtain a quick compilation of available information from the literature allowing the reader to have a general view of the state-of-the-art on dental ceramics

Konvencionalna i funkcionalna procjena sjemena mužjaka mliječnih koza

Evaluating the reproductive indicators in sheep breeding in Colombia, particularly males, is essential to achieve optimal production parameters. This study aimed to evaluate the semen quality of male goats through both conventional and functional seminal analysis. Semen samples from eight goats were collected and conventional (volume, appearance, colour, motility, vigour, and morphology) and functional (plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA integrity, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species production) seminal parameters were evaluated. The results showed an average scrotal circumference of 25.69 cm, seminal volume of 0.51 mL, and concentration of 1936 x 106 sperm/mL. The average individual motility was 63.37%, vigour was four, and the percentage of abnormalities was 7.75%. Individual motility was correlated with the mitochondrial membrane potential (r=0.840, P=0.009) and reactive oxygen species production (r=-0.91, P=0.001). The average of cells with high mitochondrial membrane potential was 52.94%, while 39.29% were necrotic cells, the DNA fragmentation index average was 12.5%, reactive oxygen species production was 38.68%, lipoperoxidation analysis was 7.33% on average, and the integrity of the membrane was 54.77%. The results establish the parameters for the semen from Antioquia goats and confirm that goat semen is of good quality and could be used during artificial insemination programs.Procjena reproduktivnih indikatora u stadima koza u Kolumbiji fokusirana je na mužjake i od osnovne je važnosti za postizanje optimalnih produktivnih parametara. Cilj je ove studije bio ocijeniti kvalitetu sjemena jaraca kroz konvencionalnu i funkcionalnu analizu sjemena. Prikupljeni su uzorci sjemena osam jaraca te su procijenjeni konvencionalni (volumen, izgled, boja, pokretljivost, vitalnost i morfologija) i funkcionalni (integritet stanične membrane, potencijal mitohondrijske membrane, integritet DNK, peroksidacija lipida i proizvodnja reaktivnih spojeva kisika) parametri. Rezultati su pokazali prosječni opseg skrotuma od 25,69 cm, 0,51 mL za volumen sjemena, 1936 x 106 spermija/mL za koncentraciju. Prosječna pojedinačna pokretljivost bila je 63,37 %, vitalnost je bila četiri, a postotak abnormalnosti bio je 7,75 %. Pojedinačna pokretljivost povezana je s potencijalom mitohondrijske membrane (r=0,840, P=0,009) i proizvodnjom reaktivnih spojeva kisika (r=-0,91, P=0,001). Prosjek stanica s visokim potencijalom mitohondrijske membrane bio je 52,94 %, dok je bilo 39,29 % nekrotičnih stanica, prosječni indeks fragmentacije DNK bio je 12,5 %, proizvodnja reaktivnih spojeva kisika bila je 38,68 %, analiza lipoperoksidacije bila je u prosjeku 7,33 %, a integritet membrane 54,77 %. Rezultati utvrđuju parametre za sjeme antioquia koza i potvrđuje da sjeme jaraca predstavlja dobru kvalitetu i moglo bi se koristiti u programima umjetne oplodnje

Diplomado de profundización CISCO (Diseño e implementación de soluciones integrada LAN / WAN CCNA2.

Teniendo en cuenta la importancia que tienen los dispositivos que componen una red ya sea cableada o inhalambrica, los dispositivos que se interconectan tienen dos estados de funcionabilidad en la red, la primera de ellas se conoce como routers o enrutadores, los cuales se encargan de la interconexión misma de la red y el encaminamiento o enrutamiento de los datos. En un segundo nivel, el Switch el cual se hace cargo de la interconexión de los dispositivos que junto con el cableado conforman una red de área local, convirtiéndose en un dispositivo de escalabilidad muy alto, cuya función es la de conectar los dispositivos en red; sin embargo un switch por sí solo no proporciona la conectividad con otras redes, ni la conexión a internet, por ello se hace indispensable contar con el router, que se encarga de cumplir con la función para conectividad de dispositivos de redes locales hacia internet, manteniendo la vigencia IPv4. Gracias a estos se sostiene el mecanismo NAT o traducción de red, la cual concentra gran cantidad de equipos con conexión bajo una sola IP pública, lo que disminuye en gran proporción el uso de conexiones individuales por cada dispositivo. Toda esta información y la configuración de los ejercicios propuestos con el objetivo definido para cada caso permite entender mejor y ante todo lograr el objetivo de configurar dispositivos que componen una red, efectuar paso a paso cada planteamiento expuesto en la guía de manera que llevando a la practica en el simulador se comprenda mejor la funcionabilidad de cada uno de los equipos activos y pasivos que componen la red.Taking into account the importance of the devices that make up a wired or wireless network, the devices that interconnect have two states of functionality in the network, the first of which is known as routers or routers, which are responsible for the interconnection of the network itself and the routing or routing of the data. At a second level, the switch which takes over the interconnection of the devices that together with the wiring make up a local area network, becoming a very high scalability device, whose function is to connect the network devices; However, a switch on its own does not provide connectivity with other networks, nor does it connect to the Internet, which is why it is essential to have the router, which is responsible for complying with the function for connectivity of local network devices to the Internet, maintaining the IPv4 validity. Thanks to these, the NAT or network translation mechanism is maintained, which concentrates a large number of computers with connections under a single public IP, which greatly reduces the use of individual connections by each device. All this information and the configuration of the proposed exercises with the objective defined for each case allows us to better understand and above all to achieve the objective of configuring devices that make up a network, making step by step each approach exposed in the guide so that leading to the practice in the simulator better understand the functionality of each of the active and passive equipment that make up the network

Smooth particle hydrodynamics and discrete element method coupling scheme for the simulation of debris flows

Debris flows have been widely researched during the last decades since they are catastrophic events with significant infrastructure and environmental impacts. Typically, they are composed of various materials which interactions are worth for studying, to improve the prediction of some variables, such as velocities, forces and affected areas. Constitutive models and numerical methods are fundamental in broadening the knowledge of the behaviour of these phenomena. Thus, the coupling of numerical techniques, for the different constituents of debris flow is becoming indispensable to describe the behaviour of these natural events. The coupling of Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Discrete Element Method (DEM) is presented in this paper to show the capacity to represent the interaction of several materials at the same time. SPH is employed to represent the fluid and soil by using different constitutive models from a continuum approach. In contrast, DEM is used to represent immersed objects such as boulders and boundary conditions. In this sense, we can couple the behaviour that occurs at very different scales in a unified framework more suitable to describe the heterogeneity of debris flows. Benchmark cases were solved to validate this new approach. The simulations show good agreement with analytical solutions, experimental results and field data