An integrated hypothesis on the domestication of Bactris gasipaes

Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) has had a central place in the livelihoods of people in the Americas since pre-Columbian times, notably for its edible fruits and multi-purpose wood. The botanical taxon includes both domesticated and wild varieties. Domesticated var gasipaes is believed to derive from one or more of the three wild types of var. chichagui identified today, although the exact dynamics and location of the domestication are still uncertain. Drawing on a combination of molecular and phenotypic diversity data, modeling of past climate suitability and existing literature, we present an integrated hypothesis about peach palm's domestication. We support a single initial domestication event in south western Amazonia, giving rise to var. chichagui type 3, the putative incipient domesticate. We argue that subsequent dispersal by humans across western Amazonia, and possibly into Central America allowed for secondary domestication events through hybridization with resident wild populations, and differential human selection pressures, resulting in the diversity of present-day landraces. The high phenotypic diversity in the Ecuadorian and northern Peruvian Amazon suggest that human selection of different traits was particularly intense there. While acknowledging the need for further data collection, we believe that our results contribute new insights and tools to understand domestication and dispersal patterns of this important native staple, as well as to plan for its conservation. (Résumé d'auteur

XVI International Congress of Control Electronics and Telecommunications: "Techno-scientific considerations for a post-pandemic world intensive in knowledge, innovation and sustainable local development"

Este título, sugestivo por los impactos durante la situación de la Covid 19 en el mundo, y que en Colombia lastimosamente han sido muy críticos, permiten asumir la obligada superación de tensiones sociales, políticas, y económicas; pero sobre todo científicas y tecnológicas. Inicialmente, esto supone la existencia de una capacidad de la sociedad colombiana por recuperar su estado inicial después de que haya cesado la perturbación a la que fue sometida por la catastrófica pandemia, y superar ese anterior estado de cosas ya que se encontraban -y aún se encuentran- muchos problemas locales mal resueltos, medianamente resueltos, y muchos sin resolver: es decir, habrá que rediseñar y fortalecer una probada resiliencia social existente - producto del prolongado conflicto social colombiano superado parcialmente por un proceso de paz exitoso - desde la tecnociencia local; como lo indicaba Markus Brunnermeier - economista alemán y catedrático de economía de la Universidad de Princeton- en su libro The Resilient Society…La cuestión no es preveerlo todo sino poder reaccionar…aprender a recuperarse rápido.This title, suggestive of the impacts during the Covid 19 situation in the world, and which have unfortunately been very critical in Colombia, allows us to assume the obligatory overcoming of social, political, and economic tensions; but above all scientific and technological. Initially, this supposes the existence of a capacity of Colombian society to recover its initial state after the disturbance to which it was subjected by the catastrophic pandemic has ceased, and to overcome that previous state of affairs since it was found -and still is find - many local problems poorly resolved, moderately resolved, and many unresolved: that is, an existing social resilience test will have to be redesigned and strengthened - product of the prolonged Colombian social conflict partially overcome by a successful peace process - from local technoscience; As Markus Brunnermeier - German economist and professor of economics at Princeton University - indicates in his book The Resilient Society...The question is not to foresee everything but to be able to react...learn to recover quickly.Bogot

The distribution of cultivated (<i>Bactris gasipaes</i> var. <i>gasipaes</i>, triangles) and wild (var. <i>chichagui</i>, dots) peach palm observation points.

<p>The points used only for modelling and gathered from sources other than this study are reported in blue and green, whereas the points referring to samples used in this study are shown in red or yellow, depending on the additional analyses carried out on each (genetic or phenotypic characterization). The red, blue and green polygons show the approximate distribution of <i>Bactris</i> wild types [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144644#pone.0144644.ref020" target="_blank">20</a>]; the grey lines divide the different regions of Amazonia (NWA: north-western Amazonia, GS: Guyana shield, EA: eastern Amazonia, CA: central Amazonia, SA: southern Amazonia, SWA: south-western Amazonia; after [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144644#pone.0144644.ref034" target="_blank">34</a>]).</p

Spatial distribution of allelic richness (A) and locally common alleles (B) based on the cultivated samples (~20 individuals per population) from the <i>Bactris gasipaes</i> var. <i>gasipaes</i> dataset of Hernández <i>et al</i> [37].

<p>Spatial distribution of allelic richness (A) and locally common alleles (B) based on the cultivated samples (~20 individuals per population) from the <i>Bactris gasipaes</i> var. <i>gasipaes</i> dataset of Hernández <i>et al</i> [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144644#pone.0144644.ref037" target="_blank">37</a>].</p

Spatial distribution of allelic richness (A), locally common alleles (B), observed heterozygosity (C) and variation in standardized phenotypic diversity (D), measured as coefficient of variation (st dev/mean) in our <i>Bactris gasipaes</i> var. <i>gasipaes</i> dataset.

<p>The blue, green and red polygons in Fig 3d indicate areas of occurrence of different peach palm landraces [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144644#pone.0144644.ref020" target="_blank">20</a>] (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144644#sec010" target="_blank">discussion</a>). Blue polygons enclose the mesocarpa landraces (20–75 gr) Rama (1), Útilis (2), Cauca (3), Pampa Hermosa (7), Tigre (8), Pastaza (9) and Inirida (10); green areas include the microcarpa landraces (< 20 gr) Tembe (4), Juruá (5) and Pará (6); and red polygons refer to the macrocarpa landraces (75–200 gr) Putumayo (including Solimões, 11) and Vaupés (12). It is important to note that the many locations for which only one accession was included in the phenotypical characterization are not included in the Fig 3d because the coefficient of variance can only be calculated for two or more individuals.</p

Priorities for on-farm conservation of areas rich in genetic and phenotypic diversity and likely to remain suitable so in the future (in red and yellow, respectively).

<p><b>Dotted</b> polygons represent areas likely to be occupied by indigenous peoples (based on language maps from the Ethnologue database [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144644#pone.0144644.ref047" target="_blank">47</a>]), suggesting sites where on-farm conservation may be already carried out by local communities or could be strengthened through their involvement.</p

Putative distribution of suitable habitat of peach palm during the Last Glacial Maximum.

<p>A: results of model calibration undertaken based on the wild form only (<i>Bactris gasipaes</i> var. <i>chichagui)</i>; B: results of calibration based on both wild and cultivated (<i>Bactris gasipaes</i> var. <i>gasipaes</i>) trees pertaining to the ecological niche occupied by var. <i>chichagui</i>.</p

Principal component analysis of peach palm wild (var. <i>chichagui</i>) and domesticated (var. <i>gasipaes</i>) populations.

<p>As in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144644#pone.0144644.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>, green poins are the wild form (var. <i>chichagui</i>) and blue triangles are the cultivated form (var. <i>gasipaes</i>). The two components shown here explain 94% of the overall variation in the data. The polygon represents the convex hull area constructed around all var. <i>chichagui</i> points, extended with a 3% buffer of the largest hull axis.</p

Distribution of potential LGM refugia of peach palm (green areas) and distribution of rescaled locally common alleles (A) and rescaled allelic richness (B).

<p>The genetic data visualized is based on a spatial combination of the results from the present study and that of Hernández <i>et al</i>[<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144644#pone.0144644.ref037" target="_blank">37</a>]. The blue, green and red polygons indicate areas of occurrence of different peach palm landraces (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144644#sec010" target="_blank">discussion</a>) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144644#pone.0144644.ref020" target="_blank">20</a>]. Blue polygons enclose the mesocarpa landraces (20–75 gr) Rama (1), Útilis (2), Cauca (3), Pampa Hermosa (7), Tigre (8), Pastaza (9) and Inirida (10); green areas include the microcarpa landraces (< 20 gr) Tembe (4), Juruá (5) and Pará (6); and red polygons refer to the macrocarpa landraces (75–200 gr) Putumayo (including Solimões, 11) and Vaupés (12). Several LGM suitable areas are not visible as they graphically coincide with the extent of the circular neighbourboods of the genetic data. This is the case in particular for the circular neighborhoods overlapping with the polygons describing the distribution of the Pampa Hermosa and Tigre landraces.</p

Research, Innovation and Extension to the service to society, in the framework of the Sixth Conference on Social Appropriation of Knowledge (SAK)

Annually, the Technological University of Pereira has been carrying out some events in the line of Social Appropriation of Knowledge. This has been done through the research, innovation, and extension Vice Rectory, moreover, these sessions are framed within the institutional objective: “Define and direct the guidelines for the institutional research that strengthen the research groups and the Seedbeds, through the formation of researchers, the development of science, technology, and innovation projects or programs, as well as the generation of networks and strategic partnerships that contribute to the creation and appropriation of knowledge for the society”. Therefore, the 6th Social Appropriation of Knowledge event took place under the title of “The research, Innovation, and Extension at the service of society” which was constituted as an academic and institutional opportunity where the results of the research projects from the last 5 years were published. The results of this event revealed, once again, the high academic level in investigation development at the university. There were 11 articles divided into 6 fields: Health, Engineering, Technology, Education, Industrial Technology, and Art, in which the results obtained by the research projects from the investigation groups were shown, promoting a knowledge exchange from their authors whose intellectual formation is diverse. With this publication, as part of a permanent effort to socialize the knowledge, the university promotes the circulation of its professors, students, and general community voices, having in mind that knowledge must be transferred through different channels, strengthening the academy and society in general, according to the institutional mission that invites us to incentivize a research culture in the university community.Presentation........................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1. Health Teaching during the pandemic: what changes did professors implement? Results of a survey in a Colombian medical program. ........................................... 9 Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez ,Rodolfo Adrián Cabrales Vega, Jairo Franco Londoño, Samuel Eduardo Trujillo Henao, Víctor Manuel Patiño Suárez Evaluation of the effectiveness of a rat, rabbit and human intestine decellularization protocol...................................................................................... 19 Julio César Sánchez Naranjo, Laura Victoria Muñoz Rincón, Andrés Felipe Quiroz Ma zuera, Andrés Mauricio García Cuevas, Cristhian David Arroyave Durán, Fabián David Giraldo Castaño, Álvaro Guerra Solarte, Juliana Buitrago Jaramillo Exploration of the filtering functions of the intestine through a filtering loop model: an experimental approach towards a feasible renal replacement.............. 31 Julio César Sánchez Naranjo, Laura Victoria Muñoz Rincón, Andrés Mauricio García Cuevas, Álvaro Guerra Solarte y Juliana Buitrago Jaramillo Chapter 2. Engineering Identification of sociodemographic factors using multivariate analysis related to the dropout of Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira undergraduate students.... 47 Nelcy N Atehortua-Sanchez, Paula Marcela Herrera, Julian D Echeverry Correa Design and Construction of an HVDC-MMC Terminal on a Low Scale to Interconnection of Windfarms to the Electrical Grid........................................ 61 Diego Alberto Montoya Acevedo, Andrés Escobar Mejía Chapter 3. Technologies Preliminary study of cytototoxic and bactericidal activities of nonpolar extracts from seeds and peel of Persea americana cv Lorena ............................................ 85 Gloria Edith Guerrero Alvarez, Daniel Steven Fernández, Daniela Londoño Ramirez Cytototoxic and bactericidal activities of nonpolar extracts from seeds and peel of Persea americana cv Hass..................................................................................... 95 Gloria Edith Guerrero Alvarez, Gustavo Alfonso Cifuentes Colorado, Paula Daniela Sandoval Mossos Chapter 4. Education Pedro Henríquez Ureña traveler and Cosmopolitan ........................................... 107 William Marín Osorio Reading and writing in the training of our teachers: a commitment of all ......... 133 María Gladis Agudelo Gil, Gloria Inés Correa Aristizábal Chapter 5. Industrial engineering Tasks design to promote metacognitive regulation in discrete event simulation ......................................................................................................... 151 María Elena Bernal Loaiza, Manuela Gómez Suta, Rosario Iodice CONTENIDO Chapter 6. Arts The media feuilleton, between fiction and reality............................................... 169 Teresita Vásquez Ramíre