Loss of wetlands and timberline due to urban sprawl in the basin of the Grijalva River, Mexico

La periurbanización se ha considerado como motor del cambio de uso del suelo y de la pérdida de ecosistemas y de biodiversidad. A partir de esta premisa, la investigación plantea el seguimiento, desde una doble perspectiva, histórica y predictiva, de los cambios en la superficie de los humedales y en la deforestación progresiva entorno a Villahermosa, la urbe más importante de la cuenca del río Grijalva, en el Estado de Tabasco (México). Se han utilizado diferentes métodos: el análisis bibliográfico para el periodo desde la fundación de la ciudad hasta el último tercio del siglo XX, la verificación de fotografías aéreas entre 1984 y 2008 y la modelización de escenarios futuros, entre 2020 y 2040. Desde el periodo colonial hasta mediados del siglo veinte, las inundaciones y la insalubridad dificultaron el crecimiento de la ciudad pese a la transformación de la red hídrica superficial en la cuenca, iniciada mediante la construcción de diques en el siglo XVII. Posteriormente, las elevadas tasas de pérdida de humedales y deforestación (-0.50 y -4.63 %) se incrementaron por la urbanización y el impacto de los programas de producción agropecuaria y petrolización. En los últimos 40 años, el desarrollo periurbano ocasionó la pérdida de 4.008 ha de vegetación arbórea y 289 ha de humedales, con una tendencia a desaparecer 1.449 y 356 ha adicionales respectivamente en el futuro 2040. Estos resultados resaltan la necesidad de rediseñar un programa metropolitano, transdisciplinario y sustentable que respete y actualice las reservas territoriales para regular la periurbanización.Peri-urbanization has been considered to be the driving force of change in land use and the loss of ecosystems and their biodiversity. In view of this premise, the research provides for the follow up, from a double perspective, historical and predictive, on changes in the area of the wetlands and progressive deforestation in Villahermosa, the most important city in the Grijalva River basin, in the State of Tabasco (Mexico). Different methods have been used: the bibliographic analysis for the period since the founding of the city until the last third of the twentieth century, the verification of aerial photographs between 1984 and 2008, and the modelling of future scenarios between 2020 and 2040. Since the Colonial period until the mid-nineteenth century, floods and unhealthy conditions limited the growth of the city despite the transformation of the surface water drainage to basin scale, which was started through the construction of levees in the seventeenth century. Subsequently, high rates of wetland loss and deforestation (-0.50 and -4.63%) increased due to the urbanization and the impact of agricultural production and petroleum programs. In the last 40 years, the fringe development has resulted in the loss of 4,008 ha of timberline vegetation and 289 ha of wetlands, with perhaps an additional 1,449 and 356 ha disappearing by 2040. These results highlight the need to redesign a metropolitan, transdisciplinary and sustainable program that respect and update the land reserves to regulate the urban sprawl

Geographical analysis of rice production and storage in Mexico, 1980 – 2018

Objective: Geographically analyze the production and storage of rice in Mexico in a multi-temporal period 1980 to 2018, presenting cartography of the geographical location, storage centers, nodes, networks and areas of influence generated by rice production. Design / Methodology / Approach: Results: The statistical database of "Support and Services for Agricultural Marketing" (ASERCA) was used, as well as statistical information from the Agrifood and Fisheries Information Service (SIAP), as well as the cartographic base with the geographic information systems tool the vector database was digitized and integrated into a relational database for spatial analysis Results: Results of production, storage distribution network and the forecast of consumption, storage in Mexico 2030 are presented. Using the statistical base and representing it with Geographic Information Systems tools. Study limitations: It is necessary to perform a spatial analysis by State to determine a distance Isochrons and calculate planning scenarios. Findings / Conclusions: The geographical analysis of rice production in Mexico maintains a territorial organization of cultivation, distribution, storage and consumption, which locates economic activities based on geographic factors of the primary sector, generating patterns of location, dispersion and settlement of consumptionObjective: To analyze the production and storage of rice in Mexico, geographically and along 1980 to 2018; presenting cartography of the geographical location, rice storage centers, nodes, networks, and areas of influence generated by rice production. Design / Methodology / Approach: The statistical database of "Apoyos y Servicios a la Comercialización Agropecuaria" (ASERCA; a resource database to support agricultural marketing) was used, as well as statistical information from the Mexico’s information service “Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera, SIAP). Likewise, the cartographic basis for analysis was built in GIS. A vector database was digitized and integrated into a relational database for spatial analysis. Results: Results of production, storage, distribution network and the rice consumption-storage forecast for Mexico in 2030 are presented. Using the statistical base, depicted in a GIS projection. Limitations in the study: It is necessary to perform a spatial analysis per state to determine distance isochrons and to calculate planning scenarios. Findings / Conclusions: The geographical analysis of rice production in Mexico maintains a territorial organization of cultivation, distribution, storage and consumption, which locates economic activities based on geographical factors of the primary sector, generating some geographical patterns for rice production, such as location, distribution and consumption per human settlemen

Applied interpolation methodology with GIS used for artisanal fishing zoning in Bahía Magdalena, Mexico

Objective: To limit the artisanal fishing zones in the water mirror of Magdalena Bay, by means of interpolation. Design/methodology/approach: Through surveys, social, economic and biological production data, wich are collected from a sample of 56 artisanal fishing cooperatives. The data is integrated into a relational database with geospatial reference and geostatistically processed with interpolation methods using a geographic information system. Results: Four zoning maps based on the interpolation of the variables target species, fishing effort, extraction volume and sale value. Limitations on study/implications: The remoteness and difficult access to the study area. Findings/conclusions: The methodology can be used at the national level and generate a limitation of the priority zones for artisanal fishing in Mexico, contributing to decision making and management plans that can consider the variables of the fishermen's social life

Perception of and adaptability to the effects of climate change in a rural community of the State of Mexico

Objective: To analyze the population’s perception of recent changes in climate patterns and the actions they have taken to adapt to these changes in the El Saltillo community, Municipality of Jilotepec.Design/methodology/approach: A survey was carried out between September and October 2022, answered online. Social networking and WhatsApp groups were used to disseminate the invitation to participate in the Survey; 96 responses were received, of which 30 were answered on site together with the respondent. Aspects such as socioeconomic data, conceptualization and perception of climate change and adaptability actions were measured.Results: All the survey respondents mentioned that they perceive strong changes in droughts and frosts inthe last 10-15 years. Of them, 96% stated that they had heard the term climate change in different media; however, it is not a concept that is used to explain the changes that take place in the community. As a result of these changes, the population has chosen to build or enlarge rainwater container mounds for agricultural and livestock use, improve the physical condition of the stables, and begin to use precocious corn seed or more adapted varieties of improved corn.Limitations on study/implications: The application of surveys online is a feasible and economical option that implies the need to implement data validation, control and verification mechanisms, as well as sampling  of the results.Findings/conclusions: Adaptation strategies to climate change were identified, showing that they are not spontaneous actions and that they have emerged empirically through daily contact with the phenomenon

Characterization of producers of Ejido San Luis Huexotla and relationship with socioeconomic structure and agricultural production

Objective: To characterize the Ejido agricultural producers relating to their environment and socioeconomic structure in Ejido San Luis Huexotla, Texcoco, state of México, Mexico. Design / Methodology / Approach: This research joined qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Also, a survey was used and applied to Ejido producers (ejidatarios) of Ejido San Luis Huexotla. To obtain the sample size, total universe of 181 ejidatarios was used; and survey was applied to 50 of them, representing 30% of the population. Results: The main problems were identified that have changed land uses and ownership in the Ejido. Variables were found, as aging and primary economic activities that are decisive in order to know the current status of the Ejido area; its spatial transformation, and general conditions of Ejido San Luis Huexotla. Limitations of the study: Although we are referring to an agricultural area with irrigation systems, diverse causes and socioeconomic factors or even external factors have conditioned the agricultural activity of the Ejido system. Findings / Conclusions: Applying a survey to ejidatarios was decisive to observe the conditions in which the Ejido is being managed; and to assess vulnerability to external events that have transformed the actions at the Ejido; as well as their socioeconomic relationships facing the inevitable de-peasant process (less owners are rural farmers by the day) in current Mexican agricultural lands

Conceptual proposal of the landscape as an environmental indicator for the spatial and temporal study of the territory

Objective: To propose the landscape as an environmental indicator that describes, analyzes and spatially and temporarily evaluates a territory, through changes in natural, social, economic and cultural components. Approach: Different methodological concepts of the landscape and environmental indicator were reviewed, as well as their characteristics to describe and evaluate the environment. Results: It was found that the landscape is a comprehensive analysis method for the study of the environment, by selecting the parameters that describe and represent each landscape, through shape, size, colors, textures, shadows, patterns, situations, associated features and structures arranged under a spatial and temporal order, which when perceived by man, present a certain form of organization or disorganization in the environment. Implications: The environmental indicator allows analyzing and evaluating changes in space and time, with updated qualitative and quantitative research, these changes play an important role in building the perception of environmental problems through the landscape. Conclusions: The landscape is an integral component that describes the biotic and abiotic elements that make up a space. While, as an environmental indicator, it analyzes and evaluates the change in the composition and configuration of the environment spatially and temporally.Objective: To propose the landscape as an environmental indicator that spatially and temporally, describes, analyzes, and evaluates territory, by changing some natural, social, economic, and cultural components. Approach: Different methodological concepts of the landscape and environmental indicators were reviewed, as well as their characteristics to describe and evaluate the environment. Results: It was found that the landscape is a comprehensive analysis method for the study of the environment, by selecting the parameters that describe and represent each landscape, through shapes, size, colors, textures, shadows, patterns, situations, associated features, and structures arranged under a spatial and temporal order which, when perceived by humans, present a given form of organization or disorganization in the environment. Implications: The environmental indicator allows to analyze and evaluate the changes in space and time, with updated qualitative and quantitative research. These changes play an important role in building the perception of environmental problems through the landscape. Conclusion: Landscape is an integral component that describes the biotic and abiotic elements of a given space. While, as an environmental indicator, it analyzes and evaluates changes in the composition and configuration of the environment, both spatially and temporally

Sustainability Assessment of Two Farming Systems

Objective: Assess the sustainability of two agricultural production systems (native maize and improved maize) by applying the MESMIS methodology Design/methodology/approach: Knowing the social, economic and environmental factors that make up the production systems in the municipality of Jilotepec, State of Mexico, as well as their forms of management, allow us to develop strategies for sustainable rural development. The study contemplated at 30 production systems and compared the level of sustainability between producers of native maize and improved maize. The collection of information in the field was carried out in September 2022 and consisted of participatory workshops, semi-structured interviews and surveys; this information was complemented by soil sampling to analyze fertility Results: The two systems studied have high costs of agricultural production and high dependence on external inputs, especially those using improved maize. Most systems depend on external economic income. Agriculture is increasingly exposed to the conditions of drought and changes in rainfall regimes, in this situation having livestock becomes an important economic support. Changing climate conditions are forcing people to implement adaptability measures. Regionally the soil is fertile and suitable for corn cultivation. The perception of happiness of the inhabitants interviewed is high, they consider that the quality of life is good and therefore do not migrate Findings/conclusions: The present study is the result of the integrated analysis of several methodologies used in the measurement of sustainability indicators

Ciencias Sociales: Economía y Humanidades HANDBOOK T-I

Se presenta un breve examen de la producción y comercialización de rosa en México; un estudio en México sobre el ingreso mínimo de las familias que identifica la línea de pobreza alimentaria en el área rural del sur de México, 2012; un pequeño estudio donde hablará sobre el análisis comparado del Sector Gubernamental y la Economía Mexicana desde la perspectiva de los eslabonamientos productivos Hirshman-Rasmuss; un estudio sobre los canales de comercialización de limón persa en el municipio de Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz; una análisis del comercio estratégico en el TLCAN: El Estado en la política agrícola de biocombustibles; también se expresan acerca de la importancia de la comercialización del café en México; un diagnóstico, retos del comercio electrónico en el Sector Agroindustrial Mexicano; trabajo nos muestra y habla sobre la inversión extranjera directa y su impacto en crecimiento de México, un análisis en prospectiva: 1999-2010; un estudio acerca sobre la importancia de la Banca en México; un trabajo acerca de la competitividad de la producción agrícola en México, un análisis regional; se analizan todo acerca de el SIAL productor de quesos en Poxtla, competividad y territorio; se habla acerca de la intermediación financiera al servicio de la comunidad indígena: el fondo regional indígena Tarhiata Keri; ademas un estudio acerca de la demanda de Importaciones de durazno (Prunus pérsica L. Batsch) en México procedentes de Estados Unidos de América (1982-2011); Loera y Sepúlveda analizan los parámetros de la productividad forestal en la producción de madera en rollo; un análisis de factores sociales, ambientales y económicos del territorio rural cercano a la ciudad de México; un estudio acerca de la crisis económica mundial y su efecto sobre los flujos migratorios de América Latina; Magadán, Hernández y Escalona presentan la tipología de los sujetos sociales que intervienen en el mercado campesino de Ocotlán Oaxaca; la normalización del proceso de compostaje: una opción para desarrollar el mercado de la composta; acerca de la reestructuración del capitalismo y crisis política en México; la rentabilidad de la producción de miel en el municipio de León, Guanjuato; la economía del maíz en la región metropolitana, Chiapas, 2014; análisis de los centros de educación y cultura ambiental, necesidad de profesionalización Pedagógica de facilitadores ambientales; los Costos y competitividad de la producción del limón persa en el municipio de Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz

Modeling land-use change and future deforestation in two spatial scales

En este estudio se determinó el cambio de uso de suelo en la región de Chignahuapan-Zacatlán, Puebla, mediante un análisis bitemporal entre 1986 y 2011; la evaluación se hizo también para cada municipio. El cambio de uso de suelo se detectó mediante el manejo de imágenes Landsat. Los usos predominantes a nivel regional son el agrícola (49.7 %) y el forestal (46.1 %). En el caso de Chignahuapan, el uso agrícola representa la actividad principal con 58.9 % del territorio, mientras que en Zacatlán predomina el uso forestal con 57.3 %. A nivel regional y para el municipio de Zacatlán, el cambio de uso del suelo forestal se correlacionó significativamente (P ≤ 0.05) con 21 variables independientes, mediante un modelo probabilístico; en el caso de Chignahuapan, el modelo consideró 16 variables. A nivel regional, la probabilidad de cambio de uso de suelo forestal varió de 5 a 90 % y a nivel municipal de 7 a 99.8 %. Finalmente, la proyección para el año 2030 estima que el riesgo de deforestación a nivel regional y en los municipios de Chignahuapan y Zacatlán será de 13,063.8, 10,966.6 y 4,405.5 ha, respectivamente

Generation of socio-environmental indicators in the territorial structure of San Luis Huexotla, Texcoco, México

Objective: This article aims to show the statistical density of the population per block, to know its effect as a critical spatial result and its relationship with some socio-environmental indicators, this analysis-process incorporates statistical data and geographic information systems as a model for territorial spatial analysis, which shows the relationship between demand and generation of services. Design / Methodology / Approach: The Urban Basic Geostatistical Units data of INEGI (the Spanish acronym of the National Geostatistical Information Institute in Mexico) was used on block-level as: number of inhabitants and number of dwellings. It was associated with variables identified by exploring those key stakeholders at the locality (Delegates, and the Council for Citizenship Participation (in Spanish, COPACI), as well as the Huexotla Ejido Commissariat, their clergy representative and some other key informants. In addition, GIS were used to digitize vector information and to integrate a relational database for the geospatial analysis of the variables, data and indicators in order to obtain zoning maps. Results: This study presents a proposal for the generation of socio-environmental indicators that can be used in territorial analysis with urban and rural applications using Geographic Information Systems as a tool. Study limitations: Transition processes converge in geographic transformation and, consequently have effects on landscape changes; demand for public services; and solid waste generation. Findings / Conclusions: The size of the scale used for the locality analysis contributes to determine the territorial planning of a geographical space. Thus, results obtained deliver information for planning in the decision-making processes at localities in rural to urban transitional zones