Beam-induced backgrounds in the CLIC 3 TeV CM energy interaction region

Luminosity spectrum and accelerator background levels strongly influence the experimental conditions and have an important impact on detector design. The expected rates of the main beam-beam products at CLIC 3 TeV CM energy, taking into account for machine imperfections, are computed. Among the other machine-induced background the photon fans from the Incoherent Synchrotron Radiation (ISR) photons emitted in the final doublet are evaluated.Comment: Proceedings of LCWS1

Residual Dispersion in a Combiner Ring

In this paper we present a proof to show that there exists no system of linear or nonlinear optics which can simultaneously close multiple local orbit bumps and dispersion through a single beam transport region. The second combiner ring in the CLIC drive beam recombination system, CR2, is used as an example of where such conditions are necessary. We determine the properties of a lattice which is capable of closing the local orbit bumps and dispersion and show that all resulting solutions are either unphysical or trivial.Comment: Submitted to PRST-AB on 04/18/201

Dispersion in closed, off-axis orbit bumps

In this paper we present a proof to show that there exists no system of linear or nonlinear optics which can simultaneously close multiple local orbit bumps and dispersion through a single beam transport region. The second combiner ring in the CLIC drive beam recombination system, CR2, is used as an example of where such conditions are necessary. We determine the properties of a lattice which is capable of closing the local orbit bumps and dispersion and show that all resulting solutions are either unphysical or trivial

Iranista Suomeen muuttaneiden naisten sosiaaliset suhteet ja niiden merkitys yhteiskuntaan kiinnittymisessä

Väitöskirjassa tarkastellaan, millaisia sosiaalisia suhteita ja millaisia sosiaalisten suhteiden solmimiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä on Iranista Suomeen muuttaneilla naisilla, millaista tukea iranilaiset naiset sosiaalisten suhteiden kautta saavat ja millaiset tekijät vaikuttavat iranilaisten naisten integroitumiseen sosiaalisten suhteiden kautta. Suomalaisen yhteiskunnan moninaisuuden lisääntyessä maahanmuuttajanaisten onnistuneesta integroitumisesta on tullut yhä ajankohtaisempi kysymys. Erityisesti islamintaustaisten maahanmuuttajanaisten yhteiskunnan ulkopuolelle jäämisen ja sosiaalisen syrjäytymisen riski näyttää olevan suuri. Tämä on tärkeä lähtökohta tälle tutkimukselle. Väitöskirjassa tutkitaan iranilaisten naisten sosiaalisia suhteita ja niiden tärkeyttä yhteiskuntaan kiinnittymisessä naisten omista näkemyksistä ja kokemuksista käsin. Väitöskirja on toteutettu laadullisella tutkimusotteella. Tutkimuksen empiirinen aineisto on kerätty vuosina 2008–2009 puolistrukturoitua teemahaastattelumenetelmää käyttäen ja koostuu kahdentoista iranilaisen naisen haastattelusta. Haastattelu-aineiston analyysimenetelmänä on teoriaohjaava sisällönanalyysi. Aineiston analyysin taustalla vaikuttaa integraatiota käsittelevä kirjallisuus, joka on analyysille suun-taa antavaa. Aineiston analysointiin on saattanut vaikuttaa läsnäoloni iranilaisten naisten arjessa aineiston tuottamisen prosessin aikana sekä havainnoinnin ja muistiinpanojen kautta syntynyt ymmärtämys. Tutkimuksessa nousevat esille yhteiskuntien, ihmisten ja kulttuurien erilaisuus, kulttuurin konkretisoituminen elämän eri alueilla, torjuvat asenteet, yksinäisyys, etäiset ja läheiset sosiaaliset suhteet sekä niiden kautta saatava sosiaalinen tuki. Iranilaisilla naisilla sosiaalisten suhteiden solmimiseen olivat vaikuttaneet heidän edellytyksensä, mahdollisuutensa ja halukkuutensa luoda sosiaalisia suhteita. Eniten sosiaalisia suhteita oli luotu oman etnisen ryhmän naisiin sekä kulttuurisesti ja uskonnollisesti itsensä kaltaisiin maahanmuuttajanaisiin. Iranilaisten naisten kulttuurisesti orientoituneet ja naisvaltaiset sosiaaliset suhteet kertovat arvoperustoista ja kulttuurisista merkityksistä sosiaalisten suhteiden solmimisessa. Suomessa asuessa iranilaisille naisille oli muodostunut kaksi erilaista sosiaalisen verkoston mallia, joista toinen oli perinteisen iranilaisen naisen sosiaalinen verkosto ja toinen modernin iranilaisen naisen sosiaalinen verkosto. Sosiaalisten suhteiden kautta iranilaiset naiset olivat saaneet monenlaista sosiaalista tukea, kuten käytännön apua arkeen sekä taloudellista, informatiivista ja emotionaalista tukea. Eniten sosiaalista tukea oli saatu omalta etniseltä ryhmältä. Oman ryhmän tarjoama tuki perustui yhteiseen kulttuuriin ja kieleen, samaan etniseen taustaan ja yhteisesti jaettuihin arvoihin. Iranilaisten naisten integroitumiseen sosiaalisten suhteiden kautta olivat vaikuttaneet kulttuuri, uskonto, suomenkielentaito, naisten halukkuus, mahdollisuudet ja edellytykset integroitua sekä suomalaisen yhteiskunnan integroitumiselle luomat puitteet. Kaikki iranilaiset naiset eivät kokeneet integroitumista mahdollisuudeksi, vaan pakon sanelemaksi. Iranilaisten naisten integroituminen näyttäytyy kulttuuriin sidottuna monitahoisena prosessina, jonka eteneminen ja vaiheet eivät ole ennustettavissa. Iranilaiset maahanmuuttajanaiset tarvitsevat paljon neuvoja ja tukea integroituakseen suomalaiseen yhteiskuntaan. Naisten integroitumisen onnistumiseksi tarvitaan monia pitkäjänteisiä kotouttamistyön tukitoimia. Niiden toteutuksen painopis-teiden pitäisi olla naisten elämänhallinnan ja omatoimisuuden tukemisessa sekä yhteiskunnallisen osallisuuden lisäämisessä. Sosiaalityön keinoin voitaisiin lisätä naisten voimavaroja, parantaa heidän osallistumismahdollisuuksiaan ja ehkäistä siten heidän yhteiskunnasta syrjäytymistä. Eniten pitäisi tukea iranilaisten naisten mukaan pääsemistä valtaväestön sosiaalisiin verkostoihin. Entistä enemmän olisi luotava paikkoja ja tilaisuuksia monikulttuuriselle toiminnalle, jotta naisten arjen kohtaamiset valtaväestön kanssa mahdollistuisivat. Tutkimuksen tuottamaa tietoa voidaan hyödyntää islamintaustaisille naisille suunnattujen kotoutumista edistävien palvelujen suunnittelussa, nykyisten palvelujen toimivuuden arvioinnissa sekä monikulttuurisen asiakastyön kehittämisessä. Jatkotutkimuksessa voitaisiin tarkastella, minkälaisia sosiaalisia suhteita iranilaisille naisille on muodostunut työyhteisössä, koska tässä tutkimuksessa aihetta sivuttiin.The significance of social relations on the integration of women who have moved from Iran to Finland This dissertation examines the kinds of social relations Iranian women living in Fin-land have, the kinds of factors that influence social relations of Iranian women in Finland, the kinds of support Iranian women receive through social relations and the effect that social relations have on the integration Iranian women. With the increasing diversity in Finland, the successful integration of immigrants has become an ever more important issue. Women with Islamic background especially seem to be at a high risk of social and societal exclusion. This is an important basis for this study. The aim of this study is to investigate the social relations of Iranian women and the significance of these relations for integration from the women’s point of view. This dissertation has been made with a qualitative research approach. The empirical data of the study was collected between 2008–2009 using a semi-structured inter-view method and consists of an interview of twelve Iranian women. The method of analysis is theory-guided content analysis. The background of this analysis is influenced by other integration literature, which provides guidance for this analysis. My presence in the womens daily lives during the data collection, via observation and notes may add understanding and deeper knowledge of topic and may also influence the analysis of the data. This research deals with topics such as: differences between societies, people and their culture, rejecting attitudes, perceived loneliness, the concretization of culture in different areas of life, distant and close social relations and also the social support these women receive from the close and distant relations. The things that may influence the establishment of new social relations are the circumstances of the women, their opportunities and their overall willingness to try and establish new social relations. Most social relationships had been established with women of their own ethnic group as well as culturally and religiously similar women. The culturally oriented and female-dominated social relations of Iranian women tells us their values and the cultural significance they have to creating social relations. According to the research results, there were two different social network models developed for Iranian women living in Finland. One was the traditional Iranian woman's social net-work and the other was the modern Iranian woman's social network. Through social relations these women can obtain many different benefits, for example: domestic help, economic assistance, informative advice and emotional support. Social support for women had mostly been generated through their own ethnic group. The support provided came from people who share a similar culture and language, the same ethnic background and shared values. The integration of Iranian women was influenced by cultural difference, religion, women's willingness for integration and the requirements created for integration by Finnish society and government. One of the key findings of the study is that Iranian women did not see integration as an opportunity, but as an obligation. The integration of Iranian women is a culturally complex process, of which the progress and its stages are unpredictable. Iranian immigrant women need a lot of advice, help and support to integrate into Finnish society. To integrate women successfully into Finnish society, requires many long-term support programs. Its priorities are to support life management, self-reliance and to increase social inclusion. Social work can help increase women's chances and resources, improve their chances of participation into societal life and prevent their exclusion from society. The biggest support should be given to Iranian women’s access to mainstream social networks. More locations and opportunities for multi-cultural activities should be created to enable women's everyday encounter with the majority population. The information provided by the study can be used to create integration services designed for women with an Islamic background, evaluating the functionality of existing services and developing multicultural client work. Further research could be done about the social relations that Iranian women have in workplace, because in my own research the topic had little representation

Inventering av förorenad mark på LKAB's industriområden i Kiruna, Svappavaara och Malmberget

The county administration asked LKAB to make an inventory of possibly contaminated sites caused by their mining activity. The inventory should be performed according to the MIFO model, a method from SEPA which is used to assess a contaminated site. The first phase involves collection of information through interviews and site inspections and in phase 2 a general survey with field sampling is conducted. LKAB started the work with the first phase of the survey during 2003. During this project the information collected in Phase 1 was evaluated and 16 of the sites were chosen to proceed to MIFO Phase 2 (six sites in Kiruna, and 5 sites respectively in Svappavaara and Malmberget). The sampling of these 16 sites was performed during week 27 2004. The planning and the sampling were done together with MRM in Luleå and the soil samples were sent to Analytica in Luleå for laboratory analysis. The sampling was primarily done with a one meter long screw drill, powered by GeoMaskin 75. This method was also used to drill holes for groundwater pipes. Other methods used were: moraine drill (powered by GeoMaskin 75), sampling pit dug by excavator and manual sampling on the soil surface with a spoon. The information from phase 1 was used to make individual sampling plans for each site. In order to design a sampling plan choices are made regarding: sampling pattern, number of samples, sampling method, etc. Two of the 16 sites could not be sampled according to the plan: The transformer place (object 8) and Present Refuelling place (object 14). The coarse top material at the transformer place could not be penetrated with the equipment at the site and too many wires in the ground made it impossible to take soil samples at the Present Refulling place. At iron ore mines it is mostly the activities around the mine such as workshops, refuelling places, junkyards etc. that causes most of the pollution and compared to sulphide mines there are relatively few heavy metals. The heavy metals found at the contaminated sites in this survey were mostly arsenic and mercury, but also some zinc, copper lead, cadmium and nickel. The two junkyards (object 1 and object 15) and The former scrap collection place (object 13) are the three sites where heavy metals had high concentrations. These objects also have the most complex contamination situation with both heavy metals and organic compounds. The most contaminated sites at LKAB’s industrial areas have high concentrations of aliphatic hydrocarbons and in some cases low concentrations of PAH. The highest concentrations are found on The oil pits (object 7), but also at other sites where oil and diesel have been handled. These sites include areas where oil has been temporary stored, areas such as The blue barn (object 2), The boiler room, PC 5 (object 3) and KCK (object 12), but also places where the transformers are (object 8 and 16) as well as the refuelling place in Kiruna (object 5). During this survey no traces of PCB, solvents and chlorinated hydrocarbons have been found. And no high concentrations of pollution were detected in the three groundwater pipes which were installed (two groundwater pipes at The industrial disposal site (object 6) and one pipe at The junkyard (object 15))

Betydelsen av skogens ålder och förekomst av lavar för renars val av vinterbetesområde

This is a study on winter groups, "siida", of semi-domesticated mountain-migrating reindeers that move to lichen pastures in the lowland boreal forests during winter. The aim of the study was to determine reindeer habitat use in their winter ranges in a managed forest landscape. The reindeers use of three different types of forests was determined, 1) 100-130 year old, 2) 20-40 year old forest and 3) clear-cut areas. All sites were dominated by Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, and had the same types of ground vegetation. Field inventories of vegetation coverage and proportion consumed lichens was conducted in study plots in early spring. The snow conditions were measured in the middle of February. The 100-130 year old forest and the 20-40 year old forests had the highest mass of lichens per ha. The most Cladonia spp- rich forests are also those most heavily used by winter-feeding reindeers. My results show that reindeers consumed more lichens mass from 100-130 year old pine-forest than from the more dense young, 20-40 year old forest, despite that they are also richer in Cladina spp. One potential explanation for this is that reindeer prefer more open forest because predators are easier to detect in open areas. The clear-felled areas had the lowest lichens mass per ha and the reindeer consumed least lichen mass from these areas, despite the fact that a relatively high proportion of the lichen cover was removed by reindeers. The winter feces of reindeer was more commonly found in the old forest type than in the clear-cuts, also suggesting that these areas were preferred by reindeer. Other studies suggest that reindeers and caribou prefer old forests for foraging when snow depth increase in the winter (Helle 1984, Aspi et al. 1990, Helle et al. 1990, Johnson et al. 2001). Also sámi traditional knowledge by elder reindeer herders in north of Sweden tells us that the best winter habitats for reindeers are dry and lichen rich old pine forests (Inga, 2003). An analysis of the variation in utilization between study plots revealed that reindeer selected feeding areas that had a high coverage of lichens as Cladonia stellaris, Cl. Arbuscula and Cl. Rangiferina whereas areas with high coverage of mosses were avoided

The Forum: Winter 2001

Winter 2001 journal of the Honors Program at the University of North Dakota. The issue includes stories, poems, essays and art by undergraduate students.https://commons.und.edu/und-books/1047/thumbnail.jp

Experimental investigation of the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal effect in low-Z targets

In the CERN NA63 collaboration we have addressed the question of the potential inadequacy of the commonly used Migdal formulation of the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect by measuring the photon emission by 20 and 178 GeV electrons in the range 100 MeV - 4 GeV, in targets of LowDensityPolyEthylene (LDPE), C, Al, Ti, Fe, Cu, Mo and, as a reference target, Ta. For each target and energy, a comparison between simulated values based on the LPM suppression of incoherent bremsstrahlung is shown, taking multi-photon effects into account. For these targets and energies, we find that Migdal's theoretical formulation is adequate to a precision of better than about 5%, irrespective of the target substance.Comment: 8 pages, 13 figure

Kluyveromyces lactis γ-toxin, a ribonuclease that recognizes the anticodon stem loop of tRNA

Kluyveromyces lactis γ-toxin is a tRNA endonuclease that cleaves Saccharomyces cerevisiae tRNAmcm5s2UUCGlu3, tRNAmcm5s2UUULys and tRNAmcm5s2UUGGln between position 34 and position 35. All three substrate tRNAs carry a 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5s2U) residue at position 34 (wobble position) of which the mcm5 group is required for efficient cleavage. However, the different cleavage efficiencies of mcm5s2U34-containing tRNAs suggest that additional features of these tRNAs affect cleavage. In the present study, we show that a stable anticodon stem and the anticodon loop are the minimal requirements for cleavage by γ-toxin. A synthetic minihelix RNA corresponding to the anticodon stem loop (ASL) of the natural substrate tRNAmcm5s2UUCGlu3 is cleaved at the same position as the natural substrate. In ASLUUCGlu3, the nucleotides U34U35C36A37C38 are required for optimal γ-toxin cleavage, whereas a purine at position 32 or a G in position 33 dramatically reduces the cleavage of the ASL. Comparing modified and partially modified forms of E. coli and yeast tRNAUUCGlu reinforced the strong stimulatory effects of the mcm5 group, revealed a weak positive effect of the s2 group and a negative effect of the bacterial 5-methylaminomethyl (mnm5) group. The data underscore the high specificity of this yeast tRNA toxin

Heritability of Oral Microbiota and Immune Responses to Oral Bacteria

Maintaining a symbiotic oral microbiota is essential for oral and dental health, and host genetic factors may affect the composition or function of the oral microbiota through a range of possible mechanisms, including immune pathways. The study included 836 Swedish twins divided into separate groups of adolescents (n= 418) and unrelated adults (n= 418). Oral microbiota composition and functions of non-enzymatically lysed oral bacteria samples were evaluated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and functional bioinformatics tools in the adolescents. Adaptive immune responses were assessed by testing for serum IgG antibodies against a panel of common oral bacteria in adults. In the adolescents, host genetic factors were associated with both the detection and abundance of microbial species, but with considerable variation between species. Host genetic factors were associated with predicted microbiota functions, including several functions related to bacterial sucrose, fructose, and carbohydrate metabolism. In adults, genetic factors were associated with serum antibodies against oral bacteria. In conclusion, host genetic factors affect the composition of the oral microbiota at a species level, and host-governed adaptive immune responses, and also affect the concerted functions of the oral microbiota as a whole. This may help explain why some people are genetically predisposed to the major dental diseases of caries and periodontitis