452 research outputs found
Loss of treatment benefit due to low compliance with bisphosphonate therapy
Among 8,822 new female bisphosphonate users, non-compliant bisphosphonate use was associated with a 45% increased risk of osteoporotic fracture compared to compliant use (MPR ≥80%). Classifying compliance into five categories, fracture risk gradually increased with poorer compliance. These results emphasize the importance of treatment compliance in obtaining maximal treatment benefit. Introduction: Bisphosphonates are widely used to treat osteoporosis and reduce fracture risk. Low compliance is frequent and will limit treatment benefit. Methods: New female users of alendronate or risedronate between 1999-2004, aged ≥45 years were identified from PHARMO-RLS, including drug-dispensing and hospitalization data of ≥2 million residents of the Netherlands. Patients were followed until first hospitalisation for an osteoporotic fracture, death, or end of study period. Compliance with bisphosphonates during follow-up was measured over 90-day intervals using Medication Possession Ratio (MPR). The association between compliance and fracture risk was analyzed using time-dependent Cox-regression. Results: The study cohort included 8,822 new female bisphosphonate users, contributing in total 22,484 person-years of follow-up. During follow-up, 176 osteoporotic fractures occurred (excluding the first six months). Non-compliant bisphosphonate use was associated with a 45% increased fracture risk compared to compliant use (MPR ≥80%). Classifying compliance into five categories, fracture risk gradually increased with poorer compliance (p-value <0.05 for trend). A MPR <20% was associated with an 80% increased fracture risk compared to a MPR ≥90%. Conclusions: These results show a statistically significant association between level of compliance with bisphosphonates and level of fracture risk, emphasizing the importance of treatment compliance in obtaining maximal treatment benefit
Analytic frameworks for assessing dialogic argumentation in online learning environments
Over the last decade, researchers have developed sophisticated online learning environments to support students engaging in argumentation. This review first considers the range of functionalities incorporated within these online environments. The review then presents five categories of analytic frameworks focusing on (1) formal argumentation structure, (2) normative quality, (3) nature and function of contributions within the dialog, (4) epistemic nature of reasoning, and (5) patterns and trajectories of participant interaction. Example analytic frameworks from each category are presented in detail rich enough to illustrate their nature and structure. This rich detail is intended to facilitate researchers’ identification of possible frameworks to draw upon in developing or adopting analytic methods for their own work. Each framework is applied to a shared segment of student dialog to facilitate this illustration and comparison process. Synthetic discussions of each category consider the frameworks in light of the underlying theoretical perspectives on argumentation, pedagogical goals, and online environmental structures. Ultimately the review underscores the diversity of perspectives represented in this research, the importance of clearly specifying theoretical and environmental commitments throughout the process of developing or adopting an analytic framework, and the role of analytic frameworks in the future development of online learning environments for argumentation
Behavioural and physiological consequences of acute social defeat in growing gilts: effects of the social environment
Endocrine, behavioural and immunologic processes, together with body growth, were evaluated in gilts that were defeated at 10 weeks of age in resident-intruder tests. Immediately after defeat, gilts were either separated from or reunited with a familiar conspecific (litter-mate; always a barrow). Gilts were assigned to one of four treatments: (a) DI: defeat, followed by isolation (separation from original litter-mate; n=8); (b) I: no defeat, isolation (control group; n=9); (c) DP; defeat, followed by pair-housing (reunion with original litter-mate; n=8); and (d) P: no defeat, pair-housing (control group; n=8). The following general conclusions were derived: (1) social defeat caused pronounced short-term elevations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and sympathetic-adrenal medullary activities, and of prolactin levels. Moreover, as soon as 1 h after defeat, percentages of blood lymphocytes and neutrophilic granulocytes were, respectively, decreased and increased; (2) social defeat had some long-lasting influence on behaviour and physiology, but isolation predominantly determined responses in the longer term. Defeat, as well as isolation, resulted in increased cardiovascular activities compared to P controls, as observed in a novel object test (NOT: +7 days) and an aversion test (AVT: +14 days). Moreover, defeated as well as isolated gilts did not habituate to a repeated novel environment test (NET: -7, +2 and +7 days) in terms of frequencies of vocalising, whereas P controls did. Isolation, through the separation from any other pig, was responsible for the other observed long-term characteristics, which developed progressively. Isolated gilts showed high mobilities and high cortisol responses in the repeated NET (+7 days), not being habituated. This contrasted the reactions of pair-housed gilts, which were much reduced. In addition to their high cardiovascular activities in the NOT and the AVT, isolated gilts also displayed higher heart rates in the repeated NET and during human presence following the NOT, compared to pair-housed gilts. Finally, isolated gilts were more inhibited to approach a novel object (in the NOT) than pair-housed pigs; and (3) stress responses of defeated gilts were modulated by the subsequent social environment. Stimulation of the HPA-axis (plasma- and salivary cortisol) was prolonged in those defeated gilts which were isolated (observed in the first hour). Changes in leucocyte subsets were still observed after 3 days in DI, but were `normalised' within 1 day in DP gilts. Two days after defeat, habituation to the repeated NET in terms of mobility and salivary cortisol responses occurred in control and DP gilts, but not in DI gilts. We argue that these effects of the social environment shortly after defeat were related to a stress-reducing effect of a stable social relationship, i.e. social support.
Разработка технологии и проектирование участка сборки-сварки траверсы задней механизированной крепи МКЮ4У.56
Актуальность работы: в данной выпускной квалификационной работе производится проектирование участка сборки-сварки траверсы задней крепи механизированной МКЮ 4У.56.
Объектом исследования является процесс изготовления траверсы.
В результате данной работы следует получить производство с наибольшей степенью механизации и автоматизации повышающей производительность труда.Relevance of the work: in the final qualifying work is done tooling design and site assembly welding traverses back lining mechanized MKY 4U.56
As a result of this work should be obtained from producing the greatest degree of mechanization and automation increases productivity
Extended High-Ionization Nuclear Emission-Line Region in the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 4051
We present an optical spectroscopic analysis of the well-known Seyfert galaxy
NGC 4051. The high-ionization nuclear emission-line region (HINER) traced by
[Fe X]6374 is found to be spatially extended to a radius of 3a rcseconds (150
pc) west and southwest from the nucleus; NGC 4051 is the third example which
has an extended HINER.
The nuclear spectrum shows that the flux of [Fe X]6374 is stronger than that
of [Fe VII] 6087 in our observation. This property cannot be interpreted in
terms of a simple one-zone photoionization model.
In order to understand what happens in the nuclear region in NGC 4051, we
investigate the physical condition of the nuclear emission-line region in
detail using new photoionization models in which the following three
emission-line components are taken into account; (1) optically thick,
ionization-bounded clouds; (2) optically thin, matter-bounded clouds; and (3) a
contamination component which emits H and H lines. Here the
observed extended HINER is considered to be associated with the low-density,
matter-bounded clouds. Candidates of the contamination component are either the
broad-line region (BLR) or nuclear star forming regions or both. The complexity
of the excitation condition found in NGC 4051 can be consistently understood if
we take account of these contamination components.Comment: 16 pages, including figures. To Appear in the Astronomical Journal
February 2000 Issu
On the nature of Seyfert galaxies with high [OIII]5007 blueshifts
We have studied the properties of Seyfert galaxies with high [OIII]5007
blueshifts (`blue outliers'), originally identified because of their strong
deviation from the M_BH - sigma relation of normal, narrow-line Seyfert 1
(NLS1) and broad-line Seyfert 1 (BLS1) galaxies. These blue outliers turn out
to be important test-beds for models of the narrow-line region (NLR), for
mechanisms of driving large-scale outflows, for links between NLS1 galaxies and
radio galaxies, and for orientation-dependent NLS1 models. We report the
detection of a strong correlation of line blueshift with ionization potential
in each galaxy, including the measurement of coronal lines with radial
velocities up to 500--1000 km/s. All [OIII] blue outliers have narrow widths of
their broad Balmer lines and high Eddington ratios. While the presence of
non-shifted low-ionization lines signifies the presence of a classical outer
quiescent NLR in blue outliers, we also report the absence of any second,
non-blueshifted [OIII] component from a classical inner NLR. These results
place tight constraints on NLR models. We favor a scenario in which the NLR
clouds are entrained in a decelerating wind which explains the strong
stratification and the absence of a zero-blueshift inner NLR of blue outliers.
The origin of the wind remains speculative at this time (collimated radio
plasma, thermal winds, radiatively accelerated clouds). It is perhaps linked to
the high Eddington ratios of blue outliers. Similar, less powerful winds could
be present in all Seyfert galaxies, but would generally only affect the coronal
line region (CLR), or level off even before reaching the CLR. Similarities
between blue outliers in NLS1 galaxies and (compact) radio sources are briefly
discussed.Comment: ApJ in press (scheduled for June 20 issue); incl. 4 colour figures.
This, and related paper showing that NLS1 galaxies follow the M-sigma
relation based on [SII], is also available at
http://www.xray.mpe.mpg.de/~skomossa
Сопоставительный анализ эффективности и надежности применения пластинчатых и кожухотрубных теплообменных аппаратов на ЗАО «Томский приборный завод»
Вследствие экономических санкций к России поставка импортного теплоэнергетического оборудования становится затруднительной. Поэтому требуется замена пластинчатых теплообменников на кожухотрубные, что подтверждает практическую значимость этой проблемы.Due to economic sanctions to Russia, the supply of imported heat and power equipment becomes difficult. Therefore, replacement of plate heat exchangers with shell-and-tube heat exchangers is required, which confirms the practical importance of this problem
Variability of Moderate Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei at z=0.36
We monitored 13 moderate luminosity active galactic nuclei at z=0.36 to
measure flux variability, explore feasibility of reverberation mapping, and
determine uncertainties on estimating black hole mass from single-epoch data.
Spectra and images were obtained with approximately weekly cadence for up to 4
months, using the KAST spectrograph on the 3-m Shane Telescope. In broad band
we detect peak-to-peak variations of 9-37% and rms variations of 2-10%. The
observed flux variability in the g' band (rest-frame 2800-4000\AA) is
consistent with that in the r' band (rest-frame 4000-5200\AA), but with larger
amplitude. However, after correcting for stellar light dilution, using Hubble
Space Telescope images, we find nuclear variability of 3-24% (rms variation)
with similar amplitudes in the g' and r' bands within the errors. Intrinsic
flux variability of the H line is also detected at the 3-13% level,
after accounting for systematic errors on the spectrophotometry. This
demonstrates that a reverberation mapping campaign beyond the local universe
can be carried out with a 3-m class telescope, provided that sufficiently long
light curves are obtained. Finally, we compare the H FWHM measured from
mean spectra with that measured from single-epoch data, and find no bias but an
rms scatter of 14%, mostly accounted for by the uncertainty on FWHM
measurements. The propagated uncertainty on black hole mass estimates, due to
the FWHM measurement errors using low S/N (10--15 per pixel) single-epoch
spectra, is 30%.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, accepted by Ap
Probing the Ionizing Continuum of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies. I.Observational Results
We present optical spectra and emission-line ratios of 12 Narrow-Line Seyfert
1 (NLS1) galaxies that we observed to study the ionizing EUV continuum. A
common feature in the EUV continuum of active galactic nuclei is the big blue
bump (BBB), generally associated with thermal accretion disk emission. While
Galactic absorption prevents direct access to the EUV range, it can be mapped
by measuring the strength of a variety of forbidden optical emission lines that
respond to different EUV continuum regions. We find that narrow emission-line
ratios involving [OII]3727, Hbeta, [OIII]5007, [OI]6300, Halpha,[NII]6583, and
[SII]6716,6731 indicate no significant difference between NLS1s and Broad-Line
Seyfert 1 (BLS1) galaxies, which suggests that the spectral energy
distributions of their ionizing EUV - soft X-ray continua are similar. The
relative strength of important forbidden high ionization lines like [NeV]3426
compared to HeII4686 and the relative strength of [FeX]6374 appear to show the
same range as in BLS1 galaxies. However, a trend of weaker
F([OI]6300)/F(Halpha) emission-line ratios is indicated for NLS1s compared to
BLS1s. To recover the broad emission-line profiles we used Gaussian components.
This approach indicates that the broad Hbeta profile can be well described with
a broad component (FWHM = 3275 +- 800 km/s) and an intermediate broad component
(FWHM = 1200 +- 300 km/s). The width of the broad component is in the typical
range of normal BLS1s. The emission-line flux that is associated with the broad
component in these NLS1s amounts to at least 60% of the total flux. Thus it
dominates the total line flux, similar to BLS1 galaxies.Comment: 34 pages, 9 figures. accepted for publication in the
Astrophys.Journa
Subaru High-Dispersion Spectroscopy of Narrow-Line Region in the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 4151
We report on a study of forbidden emission-line spectrum of nearby Seyfert
1.5 galaxy NGC 4151 based on the high-resolution (R ~ 45,000) optical spectrum
obtained by using the High Dispersion Spectrograph boarded on the Subaru
Telescope. The profile parameters such as the emission-line widths, the
velocity shifts from the recession velocity of the host galaxy, and the
asymmetry indices, for emission lines including very faint ones such as [Ar
IV]4712,4740 and [Fe VI]5631,5677 are investigated. Statistically significant
correlations between the measured profile parameters and the critical densities
of transitions are found while there are no meaningful correlations between the
profile parameters and the ionization potentials of ions. By comparing the
results with photoionization model calculations, we remark that a simple
power-law distribution of the gas density which is independent of the radius
from the nucleus cannot explain the observed correlation between the
emission-line widths and the critical densities of the transitions. Taking the
additional dense gas component expected to exist at the innermost of the
narrow-line region into account, the observed correlations between the
emission-line width and the critical density of the transitions can be
understood since high-critical-density emission lines can arise at such
relatively inner regions even if their ionization potentials are low. The
observed correlation between the blueshift amounts of emission lines and the
critical densities of the ions is also explained if such dense gas clouds
located closer to the nucleus have larger outflowing velocities.Comment: 19 pages and 1 separate jpeg figure. Accepted for publication in A
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