New discovery to reduce residual oil saturation by polymer flooding

Eight coreflood experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of aqueous hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) polymer solutions on residual oil saturation in sandstone cores. Seven of the experiments were conducted in high-permeability (~1500 mD) Bentheimer sandstones, six of the cores were saturated with a viscous oil (~120 cp), and one core was saturated with a light (10 cp) oil. The eighth experiment was performed in a Berea sandstone core using the light oil. Experiments #6 to 8 were done by Pengpeng Qi. These experiments are included in this thesis to provide more complete and convincing results. All experiments were first saturated with brine, flooded with oil to reach initial oil saturation, and then waterflooded with brine to zero oil cut. For experiments with viscous oil, a viscous glycerin solution was injected after the waterflood until the oil cut was zero. FP 3630S polymer was used in the seven Bentheimer coreflood experiments and FP 3330S polymer was used in the Berea coreflood experiment. The polymer solutions in low salinity brine had a high relaxation time. Additional hydrolysis of the polymers was done to further increase the relaxation time. The coreflood experiments were designed to maximize the effect of viscoelasticity on the residual oil saturation by flooding the cores at a high Deborah number, N [subscript De], which ranged from 30-300. The low-salinity polymer floods were followed by a second polymer flood with a similar viscosity, but higher salinity (viscosity was controlled by increasing polymer concentration). The higher salinity resulted in a much lower polymer relaxation time than the first polymer in low salinity brine, and therefore a lower N [subscript De] for the coreflood. Two of the experiments included additional polymer floods by alternating between the low and high salinity polymer solutions. The original objective of this work was to investigate the effect of polymer elasticity (measured by the dimensionless Deborah number, N [subscript De]) on residual oil saturation. The polymer flooding experiments were designed to keep the capillary number less than the capillary number of the preceding glycerin floods as well as less than the critical capillary number to avoid a reduction in the residual oil saturation caused by a high capillary number. Early in this experimental study, a surprising and remarkable discovery was made that completely changed the direction of the research. The residual oil saturation following the high-salinity polymer floods was reduced to remarkably low values. All eight experiments showed that the low-salinity polymer floods with high Deborah numbers resulted in additional oil recovery. The average reduction in oil saturation was ~10% for the seven Bentheimer corefloods, including the one with light oil (4%). There was a (weak) correlation indicating lower residual oil saturations with increasing N [subscript De] consistent with the observations by Qi et al. (2017). The most surprising observation and discovery was that the residual oil saturation decreased between 4 and 21% with an average reduction of 11% when high-salinity polymer solution was injected following the low-salinity polymer flood with the same viscosity and at the same or similar flow rates. The total reduction in residual oil saturation from both polymer floods was 21% below the residual oil saturation of the glycerin floods with the same viscosity. The lowest residual oil saturation in these experiments was only 7%. This is a truly remarkable result considering the interfacial tension between the polymer solution and oil is about the same as between water and oil. Additional measurements are needed to understand the mechanisms e.g. wettability measurements before and after the polymer floods in low and high salinity brines.Petroleum and Geosystems Engineerin

Prevalence and incidence of fusarium wilt of watermelon, races and vegetative compatibility groups of the causal agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), in the Aydin province and reactions of some watermelon cultivars to fon races

Aydın ilinde karpuz kurumaları, üretimi sınırlandıran sorunların başında gelmektedir. Dünyada bu kurumalara neden olduğu bilinen faktörlerden en önemlisi Fusarium solgunluğu hastalığıdır. Çalışmamızda Aydın ve ilçelerindeki karpuz üretim alanlarında kuruma ve solgunluk yaygınlığını, bulunma oranını belirlemek ve hastalıklı bitki örneği toplamak amacıyla sörveyler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sörvey sonuçlarına göre hastalık görülen ilçelerde hastalık yaygınlığının %45-100 arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Solgunluk belirtisi gösteren bitkilerden alınan 470 bitki örneğinden izole edilen 185 adet Fusarium spp. izolatları ile yapılan patojenisite ve takiben tanılama çalışmaları sonucunda 73 adet izolat Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum (Fon) olarak tanılanmıştır. Fon izolatlarının elde edildiği 45 tarlada karpuzda Fusarium solgunluğunun yoğunluğu %0.17-12 arasında bulunmuştur. Diğer taraftan iklim odasında ayırıcı çeşitler üzerinde test edilen 73 Fon izolatından %28.8’ i Irk 0, %37.0’i Irk 1 ve %34.2 Irk 2 olarak tanılanmıştır. Dünyada en saldırgan ırk olarak bilinen Irk 3’ün varlığı saptanmamıştır. Yörede üretimi yapılan Crimson Sweet, Crimson Tide, Galaxy, Wonder ve Anthem F1 ticari karpuz çeşitlerinin Irk 0, Irk 1 ve Irk 2’ye karşı reaksiyonlarının test edildiği denemelerde, bu üç ırka karşı Wonder karpuz çeşiti diğer çeşitlere göre daha az duyarlı, Crimson Sweet çeşiti ise daha çok duyarlı olarak değerlendirilmişlerdir. Ayrıca çalışmada klorat ilave edilmiş besi ortamında nit mutantı elde edilen 56 Fon izolatı eşleştirmeler sonrası üç farklı VCG grubuna ayrılmıştır. Bu izolatlardan 28’i VCG 0080, 13’ü VCThe death of watermelon plants is a major limiting problem in commercial watermelon production in Aydın Province. Among the factors that known as a cause of death in watermelon, Fusarium wilt is one of the most common one worldwide. In this study, the field surveys were conducted in the watermelon producing areas of Aydın and its counties to determine prevalence and incidence of the disease and to collect diseased plant samples. The surveys revealed that the disease prevalence ranged between %45-100 in the counties. A total of 185 Fusarium spp. isolates were recovered from 470 samples collected from the watermelon plants exhibiting wilting symptoms. As a result of pathogenicity and diagnosis studies, 73 isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum (Fon). In the fields where the Fon isolates obtained, the incidence of Fusarium wilt was found to be between %0.17-12. Of these isolates %28.8 were identified as race 0, %37.0 were Race 1 and %34.2 were Race 2. Race 3, known as the most virulent race of Fon, was not detected. According to the reactions of five current commercial watermelon cultivars (Crimson Sweet, Crimson Tide, Galaxy, Wonder and Anthem F1) to native and tester isolates, Wonder and Crimson Sweet were determined as the least and the most susceptible ones, respectively. On the other hand as a result of pairings, nit mutants of the 56 isolates were gathered under three different VCGs. Among them 28 isolates were VCG 0080 and 13 were VCG 0082. The rest (15) were formed an another group

Morphological Analysis of Frontier Villages in Cyprus

[EN] Borders may be built for security reasons however; they also demarcate administrative, economic, socio-cultural, ethnic or religious divergence. Borders change the destinies of the societies at both sides because they affect the process of urban development and delimit the economic and socio-cultural interactions. Cyprus has been experiencing an interrupted continuity along the border, i.e. green line, under the rule of UN that divides north from the south. In this regard the aim of the study is to figure out how the de facto borders affect the configuration of villages upon their existing position. As a part of an ongoing research which investigates all eleven frontier villages and towns located along the border line, this paper only focuses on the morphological and syntactic comparison of four frontier villages. Within this context, initial exploration is about the village morphologies by means of Morphological Regions based on the evolutionary insights of Conzen (2004) and Whitehand (2009). Additionally, considering shifted centrality and transformed social gathering spaces, research discusses the applicability of the comparative analyses of syntactic and morphological methods in order to reveal the characteristics of the frontier villages. The preliminary findings of the research indicates that edge villages located along the green line have a controlled spatial development with dead ends and loop layouts, where the spatial configuration presents an introverted structure. On the other hand, villages divided by the green line, presents a relatively integrated spatial structure developed on both sides of the border, maintaining traditional centrality along with emphasizing forced territoriality.Edgu, E.; Zafer Comert, N.; Ozgece, N. (2018). Morphological Analysis of Frontier Villages in Cyprus. En 24th ISUF International Conference. Book of Papers. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 1255-1264. https://doi.org/10.4995/ISUF2017.2017.5128OCS1255126

Susceptibility of commercial faba bean cultivars to ascochyta fabae speg., the causal agent of faba bean antracnose.

Bu çalışmada 10 farklı bakla (Vicia faba L.) çeşidi antraknoz hastalığı etmeni Ascochyta fabae'ye karşı duyarlılıkları yönünden saksı koşullarında test edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre bakla çeşitleri arasında etmene karşı duyarlılıkları yönünden farklılıklar görülmüştür. 'Filiz 99' ve 'Eresen 87', 'Sevilla', 'Verde' ve 'Seher' çeşitlerinde hastalık şiddeti düşük seviyede meydana gelmiştir. En yüksek hastalık şiddeti erkenci çeşitler olan 'Karel' ve 'Tanyeri' den elde edilmiştir. 'Lara', 'Tarzan' ve 'Yörükali' çeşitlerinin de 'Karel' ve 'Tanyeri' kadar olmasa da etmene karşı duyarlı oldukları saptanmıştır.The susceptibility of 10 faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars to Ascochyta fabae, the causal agent of faba bean antracnose, were evaluated by artificial inoculations under controlled conditions. Significant differences in disease severity were found among cultivars. 'Filiz 99', 'Eresen 87', 'Sevilla', 'Verde' and 'Seher' exhibited less disease severity comparing to the other cultivars. The high disease severities were detected on the cultivars of 'Karel' and 'Tanyeri'. The cultivars, 'Lara', 'Tarzan' and 'Yörükali' displayed less disease severity comparing to 'Karel' and 'Tanyeri'; however, their responds can also be characterized as susceptible

Relation of the house preferences with space syntax parameters

Evler kendi iç düzenlerinden, oluşturdukları şehir ölçeğindeki çevrelere kadar, insan yaşamını, insan davranışlarını ve toplum düzenini etkileyecek güce sahiptir. Makale konut kullanıcısının kendi davranışları ile mekanın dizinsel verileri arasındaki ilişkinin varlığını ve niteliğini araştırmayı hedeflemektedir. Konut kullanıcılarının mekansal davranışları ve konutun mekansal dizin özellikleri arasındaki ilişkilerin, konut tercihlerini etkilediği hipotezini desteklemek üzere çeşitli ölçütler belirlenmiştir. Bu ölçütler konut kullanıcılarının sosyodemografik özellikleri, yaşam biçimleri ve konuta ait mekansal özellikleridir. Bu makalede konutların kullanıcılarının yaşam biçimi, sosyal statüsü ve mekansal tercihleri arasındaki ilişkileri yansıttığı; diğer yandan, kullanıcıların da konutun olanaklarına ya da kısıtlamalarına uyum sağladığı  ortaya koyulmuştur.Houses can form spaces in various scales, which are consequently capable of affecting human behaviour and communal organizations. The paper aims to examine the existence and quality of relations between the behavioural inclinations of the user and the spatial syntax of the house. Space syntax is a theory and a mathematical based method that generates different spatial arrangements, in order to define the structural environment. The essential concept of syntactic approach assumes that the interior and exterior forms of spaces are shaped according to certain cultural considerations and these forms also affect social relations. In order to support the hypothesis, which indicates that the relations between the user's spatial behaviours and the syntactic properties of the space affects to the house preferences, there were some criteria determined through a two staged case study performed in Atasehir Satellite City, Istanbul. These critera are the sociodemographic characteristics of the users, life styles of the users and the syntactic characteristics of the house. The results of the case study provide data about the socio demographic background of the users, their life styles and spatial preference, living room usage and furniture grouping, which were substantially converted to numerical database in order to be analysed by "Georgia Institute of Technology" licensed "Spatialist" software. In this paper it is exposed that the houses reflect and demonstrate the relationship between parameters such the social status, life style and the spatial preferences of the occupiers. On the other hand, the occupiers also adjust to the possibilities or restrictions provided by the houses

Prevalence, incidence and severity of plum rust [tranzschelia discolor (fuckel) tranzschel and litv.] in the Aydın province

2007 yılında Aydın ilinin erik yetiştiriciliği açısından önemli ilçelerinde (Merkez ilçe, ıncirliova, Köşk, Nazilli, Buharkent, Çine ve Bozdoğan ) yapılan sörvey çalışmalarında, incelenen bahçelerin büyük bir kısmında (88%) erik pası hastalığına rastlanmıştır. Hastalık şiddeti en yüksek olarak yaprak başına ortalama 82.3 püstül sayısı ile ıncirliova ilçesinde bulunmuştur. Hastalık şiddeti ve yaprak dökülmeleri yörede en yaygın olarak yetiştirilen 2 çeşitten 'Papaz' da oldukça yüksek bulunurken, 'Bekiroğlu'nda düşük olduğu saptanmıştır. 2008 yılı vejetasyon döneminde hastalık çıkışından itibaren 10 gün arayla sezon sonuna kadar yapılan sayımlarda hastalık şiddetinin, Mayıs ortasından Haziran ortasına kadar düşük olduğu, Haziran sonunda ve Temmuz - Ağustos boyunca hızla arttığı saptanmıştırIn the growing season of 2007, surveys carried on in eight important plum-producer counties (Central Country, Ýncirliova, Köþk, Nazilli, Buharkent, Çine, and Bozdoðan) of Aydýn Province revealed that plum rust was found in most of the orchards ( 88%). The highest mean disease severity (82.3 lesions per leaf) was found in Ýncirliova County. Of two plum varieties commonly grown in the Province, 'Papaz' was found to be heavily infected and exhibited severe premature defoliation; however 'Bekiroðlu' showed less disease severity and lower leaf fall In 2008, monitoring changes of rust severity throughout the season revealed that the severity was low from mid-May to early-June and sharply increased in late-June, July and August

A Space Syntax based model in evacuation of hospitals

Özellikle karmaşık dolaşım sistemleri olan binalarda algılama ve güvenlik problemleri mimari tasarım kavramını etkiler. Bu durumun oluşmasındaki ana nedenlerden biri, bu tür karmaşık binalarda birçok işlevin, farklı davranış kalıplarıyla bir arada yer alıyor olmasıdır. İşlevsel karmaşıklığın yanı sıra, bu tür binaların tasarımında mekânlar da algısal olarak karışık görüntüler sergileyebilir. Karmaşık binalar, tasarım sürecinde, belirsiz dolaşım sistemleri ve zihinde yer etmeyen giriş çıkışları olan mekânsal kurgulara dönüşebilir. Karmaşık binalara örnek olarak, hastaneler de benzer dolaşım sistemi problemlerine sahiptirler. Hastaneler birçok işlevden oluşur ve kullanıcılarının değişken becerilerine bağlı olarak gelişir. Diğer yandan, hastane acil kaçış sistemleri, hastaların farklı özelliklerine bağlı olarak tasarım sürecine önemli sorunlar getirir. Bu tür karışık binaların tahliyesinde, binanın okunulabilirliği ve yön bulma becerisi önemli etkenlerdendir. Hastanelerin okunulabilirliğine etki eden değişkenler arasında koridorların geometrik şekli, kullanıcıların özellikleri ve mekânların ergonomisi bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, acil durum güvenlik sistemleri içinde yer alan aktif önlem etkenleri göz ardı edilerek, hastanelerin tahliye sistemlerindeki pasif önlem etkenleri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada yer alan bütünleşmiş acil çıkış modelinde, mekândaki kalabalıklık, kullanıcıların becerisi, mekânın ferahlık değeri, mekânın bütünleşiklik değeri, kullanıcıların görüş açısı, mekân ve çıkış noktası arasındaki uzaklık gibi altı değişken ortaya konmaktadır. Çalışma, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul TıpFakültesi, Genel Cerrahi Binasını araştıma konusu olarak ele almakta, hastaneler için örnek olabilecek bir acil kaçış sistemini incelemekte ve mekânsal, ergonomik ve algısal parametrelere dayanan bir modeli ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırmada önerilen model, insan faktörü, geometrik yapı ve mekânsal dizim girdilerinin, acil durumlardaki etkilenebilirliğin (vulnerability) değerlendirilmesinde özellikle etkili olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Acil kaçış, kalabalık davranışı, mekansal dizim, görüş açısı, hastane tasarımı.The concept of architectural design comprises problems such as perception and security especially in buildings having complicated circulation systems. In complex buildings many functions take place at the same time and within different behaviour modes. Besides their functional complexity, the designs of these buildings present perceivably complicated spatial appearances.Either linear or circular in architectural geometry, the shape of the building, affects the legibility of the spaces. In design process complicated buildings turn into some spatial plots with unclear circulation systems where entrances and exits have no significance in memory. As an example of a complex building, hospitals reflect similar circulation system problems. Considering the different characteristics of the patients, the hospital emergency evacuation systems present questions to the design process. The legibility of the building and the means of way finding are important aspects of evacuation. The parameters affecting the legibility of hospitals may be considered as the geometric shape of the corridors, the ergonomics of the spaces as well as the characteristics of occupants. These parameters are considered as passive prevention factors against any event or disaster. This research eliminates the active prevention factors of emergency safety system. The evacuation of hospitals can be discussed within the context of architectural legibility. Architectural theory mainly focuses on this issue especially in scope of perceptive and cognitive studies. The architectural path analysis in way finding, "node theory"and "graph theory", are considered as an extent of circuit theories. The evacuation of buildings can be argued with occupants' movements. The occupants' flow on circulation systems, confrontations with others in emergency cases, occupant's competence such as speed and even their postures can shape the nature of occupant traffic in buildings.  The theoretical framework depends on an intersection area of various disciplines such as crowding of occupants in fluid-flow model in traffic engineering, competence of occupants in crowd behaviour model in psychology and real integration, visibility area - isovist values of Space Syntax model. The integrated model of egress proposes six factors based on various models; the crowding in the space, the competence of the occupants,the spaciousness factor of the space,the integration value of the space,the visibility area of the occupants and the distance between the egress point and the space. This research deals with one of the wings of the plastic surgery department located at the fifth floor of the General Surgery Building of Istanbul University, Istanbul Medicine Faculty as the case study; examines the exemplary emergency hospital evacuation systems and presents a model related to the spatial, ergonomic and perceptive parameters. The plan layout of the selected wing is subjected to five analyses. The real integration values of the selected wing are obtained through s-partition analysis of Spatialist. The values obtained from the s-partition analysis presents 56 visual space cells enabling a virtual base for the determinations, as well as the isovist areas. The cells located on the circulation routes are more integrated compared to the cells located on rooms. Certain central spaces in the system, used mainly by the staff, have the highest mean depth values of the whole plan indicating a level of emergency vulnerability. The isovist area analysis points out that the visibility area of the cells located on the corners of the circulation routes have the highest values indicating a wider angle of way finding thus, a lower level of  emergency vulnerability. The queuing crowd data indicates that especially spaces including more people such as the wards for patients are more vulnerable compared to professors' offices. Distance parameter presents that farther the space cell is located from the egress point, the more vulnerable the cell gets. Spaciousness factor analysis indicate that as the l/w ratio gets lesser than 1, the value of emergency vulnerability tends to decrease. The correlations of parameters with the total VEV emphasize that the vulnerability of a building in emergency cases, is directly related with the syntactic value of real integration and the dimensional value of distance between the starting cell and the egress point. It is exposed that, although the distance from the starting point to egress point may quite be within the limits of existing standards and codes, the results may not be sufficient enough to avoid vulnerability. However, in this research, the model emphasizes that human factor, geometrical structure and the Space Syntax inputs are especially effective for the evaluation of evacuation vulnerability. Keywords: Emergency evacuation, crowd behaviour, Space Syntax, visibility, hospital design

2000 Ohio-Grape Wine Short Course

Air, water, sun, and fire--the cooper's footprint on the barrel / Henry Work -- Keeping the bugs unhappy; successful barrel sanitation and maintenance / Henry Work -- Recommended methods for cleaning and maintaining oak cooperage / Phil Burton and Henry Work, with Jim Yerkes -- Chip me, stave me, oak me! The romance, dollars and sense of barrel alternatives / Tim DiPlacido -- Oak experiments / Roland Riesen -- Barrel experiment / Nick Ferrante -- Exploring the versatility and potential of vidal / Roland Riesen -- Ferrante: 1999 vineyard planting / Nick Ferrante -- Breeding rootstocks for current and impending viticultural problems / Andrew Walker -- Grape expectations looking toward traditional and non-traditional sponsors to enhance your event / Doniella Winchell -- Assessing grape maturity by taste and by numbers / Thomas Henick-Kling -- Influence of fruit condition on wine quality / James F. Gallander -- Influence of post bottling storage temperature and SO2 on wine quality / T. E. Steiner -- What we do at harvest to help wine quality / Tony Debevc -- Delivering wine quality / Nick Ferrante -- Criteria for selecting rootstocks / Andrew Walker -- A comparison of Pinot noir production in New York and Burgundy / Pascal Durand and Leslie Weston -- A unique approach to harvest labor / Fran Massaro -- New fungicide registrations for grapes in the year 2000 / Michael Ellis -- Studies to determine time of susceptibility of grape berry and rachis tissues to infection by Phomopsis viticola / O. Erincik, L. V. Madden, D. C. Ferree and M. A. Ellis -- Rootstock performance in Ohio / Arnie Esterer -- Growing your own: vinifera grafting experiments (1999) / Ron Barrett -- Developing an effective fungicide spray program for wine grapes in Ohio / Michael Ellis -- Light and fruit set / David C. Ferree, David M. Scurlock and John C. Schmid -- Soil amendments and mulches in tree health management / Harry Hoitink, Matthew Krause and Randy Zondag -- Report of 5th International Symposium on Cool Climate Viticulture and Enology / Roland Riesen -- Control strategies for soil insects in the vineyard / Roger Williams and Dan Fickl

Distinctive expansion of gene families associated with plant cell wall degradation, secondary metabolism, and nutrient uptake in the genomes of grapevine trunk pathogens

BackgroundTrunk diseases threaten the longevity and productivity of grapevines in all viticulture production systems. They are caused by distantly-related fungi that form chronic wood infections. Variation in wood-decay abilities and production of phytotoxic compounds are thought to contribute to their unique disease symptoms. We recently released the draft sequences of Eutypa lata, Neofusicoccum parvum and Togninia minima, causal agents of Eutypa dieback, Botryosphaeria dieback and Esca, respectively. In this work, we first expanded genomic resources to three important trunk pathogens, Diaporthe ampelina, Diplodia seriata, and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, causal agents of Phomopsis dieback, Botryosphaeria dieback, and Esca, respectively. Then we integrated all currently-available information into a genome-wide comparative study to identify gene families potentially associated with host colonization and disease development.ResultsThe integration of RNA-seq, comparative and ab initio approaches improved the protein-coding gene prediction in T. minima, whereas shotgun sequencing yielded nearly complete genome drafts of Dia. ampelina, Dip. seriata, and P. chlamydospora. The predicted proteomes of all sequenced trunk pathogens were annotated with a focus on functions likely associated with pathogenesis and virulence, namely (i) wood degradation, (ii) nutrient uptake, and (iii) toxin production. Specific patterns of gene family expansion were described using Computational Analysis of gene Family Evolution, which revealed lineage-specific evolution of distinct mechanisms of virulence, such as specific cell wall oxidative functions and secondary metabolic pathways in N. parvum, Dia. ampelina, and E. lata. Phylogenetically-informed principal component analysis revealed more similar repertoires of expanded functions among species that cause similar symptoms, which in some cases did not reflect phylogenetic relationships, thereby suggesting patterns of convergent evolution.ConclusionsThis study describes the repertoires of putative virulence functions in the genomes of ubiquitous grapevine trunk pathogens. Gene families with significantly faster rates of gene gain can now provide a basis for further studies of in planta gene expression, diversity by genome re-sequencing, and targeted reverse genetic approaches. The functional validation of potential virulence factors will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis and virulence, which ultimately will enable the development of accurate diagnostic tools and effective disease management