Why We Help The Wronged: Emotional And Evolutionary Determinants Of Victim Compensation

Why do third parties choose to help the victims of norm violations? In Chapter 1, we address this question at the emotional level. We show a relationship between environment and motivating emotion, in which moral outrage motivates the compensation of norm violation victims, whereas empathic concern drives compensation in other situations, at both the trait (Study 1) and state (Studies 2 and 3) levels. This finding presents a novel question for evolutionary psychology. Differing emotional drivers are taken to represent distinct underlying cognitive systems. While previous evolutionary models based on social insurance through indirect reciprocity can account for domain-general empathically driven compensation, they fail to address morally outraged compensation of norm violation victims. In Chapter 2, we extend two evolutionary models of punishment, showing how those same selection pressures may also account for victim compensation. We first propose the reputation-signaling hypothesis, under which compensators signal their community status and knowledge of local norms, making observers more likely to select them as future interaction partners. We also develop the norm stabilization hypothesis, in which compensators broadcast their endorsement of the violated norm, leading conditional conformists to continue to comply, thereby stabilizing the norm within the group. In Chapter 3, we develop and test empirical predictions of both hypotheses. In Study 4, we find support for the joint prediction of both the reputation-signaling and norm stabilization hypotheses that compensation is increased when observed by others. In Study 5, we show that, consistent with the norm stabilization hypothesis, those who observe compensation of a victim of a norm violation are more likely to conform to that norm. In Study 6, we test the prediction of the reputation-signaling hypothesis that those who compensate are preferred as interaction partners to those who act similarly pro-socially, but not through compensation. Here we find mixed results, with compensators being preferred to those who show general pro-sociality, but less attractive than those who conform to an unrelated norm. Together, this work provides the first emotional and evolutionary account for the compensation of norm violation victims

Hållbar stadsutveckling enligt principerna Cradle to Cradle

Vad är egentligen hållbar stadsutveckling och kommer vi i framtiden att kunna planera stadsmiljöer som har en positiv inverkan, på både natur och människa, i stället för en negativ? En av de grundläggande principerna för designteorin Cradle to Cradle är att vi ska agera hållbart i stället för mindre ohållbart. Dock är teorin ännu relativt outforskad inom fysisk planering. Utöver att undersöka Cradle to Cradle som designteori för hållbar stadsutveckling är syftet med uppsatsen att dess resultat och slutsatser ska kunna utgöra verktyg för hållbar fysisk planering. Uppsatsen syftar också till att inspirera med innovativa idéer och lösningar i den byggda miljön. Uppsatsen inleds med en teoretiskt grundad diskussion kring vad som kan utgöra normativa principer för hållbar stadsutveckling. Efter en grundlig objektiv översikt av Cradle to Cradle ställs designteorin i relation till de normer som ställts upp. Intentionerna med Cradle to Cradle är goda men designteorin är i dag främst inriktad mot ekologisk och ekonomisk hållbarhet och den viktiga sociala aspekten är inte utvecklad. För ett förverkligande av teorins visioner skulle en övergång till Cradle to Cradle, som står för det vi kallar ekologisk modernisering, behöva ske parallellt med beteendeförändring genom ett ifrågasättande av de normer, för till exempel produktion och konsumtion, som vi lever efter i dag. Ekologisk modernisering i kombination med normativa principer för beteendeförändring kan således vara en väg till hållbar stadsutveckling. Uppsatsens analysresultat överförs sedan från teori till praktik i utvecklingsområdet Kilen i Ronneby, Sverige. Den övergripande konceptuella gestaltning som uppsatsen presenterar, ger exempel på hur det är möjligt att fysiskt planera inom Ronneby kommuns olika fokusområden energi, vatten, biologisk mångfald i utemiljön och social mångfald. Samtidigt som det planeras hållbart är det essentiellt att också göra det enkelt och självklart för medborgaren att leva hållbart. Medborgardeltagande i planeringsprocessen är en viktig komponent för att ett område som Kilen ska ge det mervärde som kommunen önskar och spegla de goda intentioner som ligger till grund för utvecklingen. Att planera ett område enligt principerna för Cradle to Cradle kan vid rätt tillvägagångssätt utgöra ett viktigt steg i den hållbara stadsutvecklingen. Inte minst som en manifestation av goda intentioner, en plattform för innovation inom ekologisk modernisering, ett pedagogiskt exempel samt en uppmaning till brukaren och betraktaren att också leva hållbart.What is sustainable urban development and will it in the future be possible to plan urban environments, which have a positive impact on both nature and people, instead of negative? One of the basic principles of the design theory Cradle to Cradle is for us to act sustainable, rather than less unsustainable, but the theory is still relatively unexplored in spatial planning. In addition to examining Cradle to Cradle as a design theory for sustainable urban development, the purpose of this paper is that its findings and conclusions should serve as tools for sustainable spatial planning. The paper also aims to inspire with innovative ideas and solutions in the built environment. The essay begins with a theoretically based discussion of what may constitute normative principles for sustainable urban development. After an objective review of Cradle to Cradle Design, the theory is set in relation to these standards. The intentions of Cradle to Cradle are good but the main focus of the design theory today is on ecological and economic sustainability and the important social aspect is not developed. For realization of the visions of the theory, transferring to Cradle to Cradle, which stands for what we call ecological modernization, need to be accompanied by behavioral change. A comprehensive behavior change requires a questioning of the standards, regarding for example production and consumption, that we live by today. Ecological modernization in combination with normative principles of behavior change can thus be a path to sustainable urban development. The analytical results of the essay are then transferred from theory to practice in the development area Kilen in Ronneby, Sweden. The overall conceptual design the essay presents, gives examples of how it is possible to physically plan within the municipality of Ronneby's various focus areas - energy, water, biodiversity in the outdoor environment and social diversity. While planning sustainable, it is also essential to make it easy and natural for people to live sustainable. Civic participation in the planning process is an important component to make an area like Kilen provide the added value that the municipality wishes, and to let it reflect the good intentions underlying the development. Designing an area using the principles of Cradle to Cradle may, at the right approach, represent an important step in the sustainable urban development. Not least as a manifestation of good intentions, a platform for innovation in ecological modernization, a pedagogical example, and a call to the user and the viewer to also live sustainable

Musculoskeletal pain patterns and association between dizziness symptoms and pain in patients with long term dizziness – a cross-sectional study

Background The impact of long-term dizziness is considerable both on the personal level and in society and may lead to self-imposed restrictions in daily activities and social relations due to fear of triggering the symptoms. Musculoskeletal complaints seem to be common in persons with dizziness, but studies addressing these complaints as a widespread occurrence, are scarce. This study aimed to examine the occurrence of widespread pain in patients with long-term dizziness and investigate the associations between pain and dizziness symptoms. Further, to explore whether diagnostic belonging is related to the occurrence of pain. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in an otorhinolaryngology clinic and included 150 patients with persistent dizziness. The patients were categorized into three groups: episodic vestibular syndromes, chronic vestibular syndromes, and non-vestibular group. The patients completed questionnaires on dizziness symptoms, catastrophic thinking, and musculoskeletal pain when entering the study. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the population, and associations between pain and dizziness were investigated by linear regression. Results Pain was reported by 94.5% of the patients. A significantly higher prevalence of pain was reported in all the ten pain sites examined compared to the general population. Number of pain sites and pain intensity were associated with the dizziness severity. Number of pain sites was also associated with dizziness-related handicap, but not with catastrophic thinking. There was no association between pain intensity and dizziness-related handicap or catastrophic thinking. Pain was equally distributed in the diagnostic groups. Conclusion Patients with long-term dizziness have a considerably higher prevalence of pain and number of pain sites than the general population. Pain co-exists with dizziness and is associated with dizziness severity. These findings may indicate that pain should be systematically assessed and treated in patients with persisting dizziness.publishedVersio

Inhibition of STAT3 prevents bone metastatic progression of prostate cancer in vivo

Background: Prostate cancer (PC) metastasizes to the skeleton forming predominantly sclerotic lesions, and there is currently no cure for bone metastatic disease. The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is implicated as a metastatic driver, but its potential as therapeutic target in bone metastasis has not been investigated. In this study, we evaluated for the first time a STAT3 inhibitor, Napabucasin, as a therapeutic option for bone metastatic PC.Methods: Effects of STAT3 inhibitors, Stattic and Napabucasin, on metastatic potential in PC cells were studied in vitro by assessment of migration capacity, self-renewal potential, and tumorsphere formation. For evaluation of the role of STAT3 in initial skeletal establishment of PC cells as well as in progressed castration-resistant PC (CRPC) in bone, human VCaP prostate cancer cells were inoculated in the tibia of mice which subsequently were treated with the STAT3 inhibitor Napabucasin. Bone specimens were analyzed using computed tomography (CT), immunohistochemistry, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results: The small molecule STAT3 inhibitors Stattic and Napabucasin both effectively impaired metastatic potential of PC cells in vitro. Furthermore, treatment with Napabucasin prevented metastatic establishment in tibial bones in vivo and thereby also the tumor-induced sclerotic bone response seen in vehicle-treated VCaP xenografts. In addition, treatment with Napabucasin of established bone CRPC significantly decreased both tumor burden and tumor-induced trabecular bone volume compared with effects seen in vehicle-treated animals. Anti-mitotic effects were confirmed by decreased Ki67 staining in Napabucasin-treated xenografts compared with vehicle-treated xenografts. Alterations of gene expression in the femoral bone marrow (BM) niche toward the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells and the myeloid lineage were demonstrated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and were further reflected by a substantial increase in the number of erythrocytes in BM of Napabucasin-treated mice. Furthermore, a unique pattern of STAT3 phosphorylation in osteoblasts/stromal cells surrounding the areas of tumor cells was demonstrated immunohistochemically in bone xenograft models using several different PC cell lines.Conclusion: Inhibition of STAT3 activity disrupts the bone metastatic niche and targets both the skeletal establishment of PC and advanced bone metastatic CRPC in mice, suggesting STAT3 as a candidate for molecular targeted therapies of skeletal metastatic disease.</div

Sector Sustainability Check: Rural Open Defecation Free (ODF) & Rural (Drinking) Water Supply Schemes (RWSS) Punjab & Sindh Provinces

This study focused on the behavioral sustainability of latrine use and continued functionality of rural water supply systems in ODF certified villages in the Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. Our chief role was to develop, integrate and analyze social norms measures as part of the larger sustainability check. This report presents those methods, measures and findings. PennSONG served as an associate partner in the report, working with lead partner AAN Associates (www.aanassociates.com) and associate partner Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (iese.nuse.edu.pk). The study was substantially supported by the Ministry of Climate Change (MOCC), the Government of Pakistan, and UNICEF Pakistan

Hållbar Stadsutveckling enligt principerna för Cradle to Cradle - Från teori till praktik i Kilen, Ronneby

Vad är egentligen hållbar stadsutveckling och kommer vi i framtiden att kunna planera stadsmiljöer som har en positiv inverkan, på både natur och människa, i stället för en negativ? En av de grundläggande principerna för designteorin Cradle to Cradle är att vi ska agera hållbart i stället för mindre ohållbart. Dock är teorin ännu relativt outforskad inom fysisk planering. Utöver att undersöka Cradle to Cradle som designteori för hållbar stadsutveckling är syftet med uppsatsen att dess resultat och slutsatser ska kunna utgöra verktyg för hållbar fysisk planering. Uppsatsen syftar också till att inspirera med innovativa idéer och lösningar i den byggda miljön. Uppsatsen inleds med en teoretiskt grundad diskussion kring vad som kan utgöra normativa principer för hållbar stadsutveckling. Efter en grundlig objektiv översikt av Cradle to Cradle ställs designteorin i relation till de normer som ställts upp. Intentionerna med Cradle to Cradle är goda men designteorin är i dag främst inriktad mot ekologisk och ekonomisk hållbarhet och den viktiga sociala aspekten är inte utvecklad. För ett förverkligande av teorins visioner skulle en övergång till Cradle to Cradle, som står för det vi kallar ekologisk modernisering, behöva ske parallellt med beteendeförändring genom ett ifrågasättande av de normer, för till exempel produktion och konsumtion, som vi lever efter i dag. Ekologisk modernisering i kombination med normativa principer för beteendeförändring kan således vara en väg till hållbar stadsutveckling. Uppsatsens analysresultat överförs sedan från teori till praktik i utvecklingsområdet Kilen i Ronneby, Sverige. Den övergripande konceptuella gestaltning som uppsatsen presenterar, ger exempel på hur det är möjligt att fysiskt planera inom Ronneby kommuns olika fokusområden energi, vatten, biologisk mångfald i utemiljön och social mångfald. Samtidigt som det planeras hållbart är det essentiellt att också göra det enkelt och självklart för medborgaren att leva hållbart. Medborgardeltagande i planeringsprocessen är en viktig komponent för att ett område som Kilen ska ge det mervärde som kommunen önskar och spegla de goda intentioner som ligger till grund för utvecklingen. Att planera ett område enligt principerna för Cradle to Cradle kan vid rätt tillvägagångssätt utgöra ett viktigt steg i den hållbara stadsutvecklingen. Inte minst som en manifestation av goda intentioner, en plattform för innovation inom ekologisk modernisering, ett pedagogiskt exempel samt en uppmaning till brukaren och betraktaren att också leva hållbart.What is sustainable urban development and will it in the future be possible to plan urban environments which have a positive impact on both nature and people, instead of negative? One of the basic principles of the design theory Cradle to Cradle is for us to act sustainable, rather than less unsustainable, but the theory is still relatively unexplored in spatial planning. In addition to examining Cradle to Cradle as a design theory for sustainable urban development, the purpose of this paper is that its findings and conclusions should serve as tools for sustainable spatial planning. The paper also aims to inspire with innovative ideas and solutions in the built environment. The essay begins with a theoretically based discussion of what may constitute normative principles for sustainable urban development. After an objective review of Cradle to Cradle Design, the theory is set in relation to these standards. The intentions of Cradle to Cradle are good but the main focus of the design theory today is on ecological and economic sustainability and the important social aspect is not developed. For realization of the visions of the theory, transferring to Cradle to Cradle, which stands for what we call ecological modernization, need to be accompanied by behavioral change. A comprehensive behavior change requires a questioning of the standards, regarding for example production and consumption, that we live by today. Ecological modernization in combination with normative principles of behavior change can thus be a path to sustainable urban development. The analytical results of the essay are then transferred from theory to practice in the development area Kilen in Ronneby, Sweden. The overall conceptual design the essay presents, gives examples of how it is possible to physically plan within the municipality of Ronneby's various focus areas - energy, water, biodiversity in the outdoor environment and social diversity. While planning sustainable, it is also essential to make it easy and natural for people to live sustainable. Civic participation in the planning process is an important component to make an area like Kilen provide the added value that the municipality wishes, and to let it reflect the good intentions underlying the development. Designing an area using the principles of Cradle to Cradle may, at the right approach, represent an important step in the sustainable urban development. Not least as a manifestation of good intentions, a platform for innovation in ecological modernization, a pedagogical example, and a call to the user and the viewer to also live sustainable