British Perspectives on the Hungarian Post-war Settlement and the Treaty of Trianon

British foreign policy examined Hungary’s role with respect to its effect on the European powerbalance: it judged Hungary favourably as long as it was part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, but, as Hungarian separatist ambitions grew stronger, the country was treated as a threat. The paper looks at how the members of the British delegation at the Paris Peace Conference saw differently the way through which the maintenance of the above mentioned power balance could have been reached. Moreover, it is also scrutinised how various interest groups could exercise considerable impact on the outcome of the negotiations. On the one hand, Arthur Balfour, head of the British Foreign Office, thought that a long-term peace was possible only by strengthening the new, winner nation states, whose tasks were to hinder further German expansion towards the Balkans, and Bolshevism towards Europe. On the other hand, David Lloyd George, head of the British Cabinet, was on the opinion that only the extension of the Wilsonian Principles on the loser states could bring enduring peace in Europe. This study also investigates to what extent utilizing the nationalist movements proved to be  effective tactics for the Entente Powers in reaching their war aims. Namely, the Entente proclaimed independence for the nationalities and a just settlement, but at the same time, they tried to comply with the secret covenants concluded during the war. These secret agreements did not take nationalist interests into consideration at all, and they meant specifically unjust arrangement to Hungary. Consequently, the paper argues that the Trianon Treaty was not only the result of political instability in Hungary and the Carpathian Basin in general as well as the validation of the Great Powers’ political interests on the continent, which proposed to impede German expansion and Russian Bolshevism, but also the result of the more effective propaganda activity of the anti-Hungarian group of British political activists and their international network led by Wickham Steed and Seton-Watson

British perspectives on the Hungarian post-war settlement and the treaty of Trianon

British foreign policy examined Hungary’s role with respect to its effect on the European powerbalance: it judged Hungary favourably as long as it was part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, but, as Hungarian separatist ambitions grew stronger, the country was treated as a threat The paper looks at how the members of the British delegation at the Paris Peace Conference saw differently the way through which the maintenance of the above mentioned power balance could have been reached. Moreover, it is also scrutinised how various interest groups could exercise considerable impact on the outcome of the negotiations. On the one hand, Arthur Balfour, head of the British Foreign Office, thought that a long-term peace was possible only by strengthening the new, winner nation states, whose tasks were to hinder further German expansion towards the Balkans, and Bolshevism towards Europe. On the other hand, David Lloyd George, head of the British Cabinet, was on the opinion that only the extension of the Wilsonian Principles on the loser states could bring enduring peace in Europe. This study also investigates to what extent utilizing the nationalist movements proved to be effective tactics for the Entente Powers in reaching their war aims. Namely, the Entente proclaimed independence for the nationalities and a just settlement, but at the same time, they tried to comply with the secret covenants concluded during the war. These secret agreements did not take nationalist interests into consideration at all, and they meant specifically unjust arrangement to Hungary. Consequently, the paper argues that the Trianon Treaty was not only the result of political instability in Hungary and the Carpathian Basin in general as well as the validation of the Great Powers’ political interests on the continent, which proposed to impede German expansion and Russian Bolshevism, but also the result of the more effective propaganda activity of the anti-Hungarian group of British political activists and their international network led by Wickham Steed and Seton-Watson

SUBRANGE DATA TYPE APPLIED TO DEFINITION OF SUCH VIRTUAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS WHERE THE DOMAINS ARE CONSTRAINED BY GEOMETRIC BOUNDARIES OF EACH OBJECT

Modern dynamic program languages such as ADA, PASCAL, MODULA'2 give us further possibilities to generalize the idea of classical real numbers. There are many applications in GIS where it is not possible to effectively model the invidual values of attributes neither with integer data type (N) nor positive integer numbers (Z). For instance an elevation of object such as attributes could oscillate between lower and upper limits. Those limits are always determined by the information environment. In case of subrange data type the declaration may be the following: high-type = 200 ... 700, where 200 is the lower and 700 is the upper limit within a territory

HUNGARIAN GPS NETWORK TRANSFORMATION INTO DIFFERENT DATUMS AND PROJECTION SYSTEMS

The results of the GPS network adjustment are the adjusted co-ordinate components of vectors, the co-ordinates of network stations and accuracy data. We have more options to convert the co-ordinates into national datum depending on whether the co-ordinates of the national initial station are obtained from absolute point positioning (local datum) or the initial station is included in the EUREF network having known co-ordinates. In the latter case a quasi transformation can be performed with the known transformation parameters. To reduce discrepancies we apply 2D Helmert, affine and 5th order polynomial transformations

Biparental origin of the chromosome set is required for a developing human being

Conception sometimes results in products that are not capable of developing into an embryo and fetus. This group, designated with the term gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, comprises the benign hydatidiform mole, the invasive mole (chorioadenoma destruens) and the frankly malignant variety, choriocarcinoma. Another type of atypical oocyte activation occurs in parthenogenesis. In the human, two types of tumors, dermoid cysts and teratomas, can result from this process. The authors of this paper aim to elucidate the mechanisms how these abnormal growths ensue and provide explanations why they cannot be regarded as human individuals or human beings. They conclude that it is not the exact number of chromosomes that is required for a form of human life to become a human being but rather the biparental origin of the chromosome set

Magyarországi geodéziai vonatkozási rendszerek és vetületi síkkordináta-rendszerek vizsgálata = Investigation of the geodetic datums and planary coordinate systems in Hungary

Kitűzött kutatásaink értelmében behatóan foglalkoztunk Magyarország geodéziai vonatkoztatási rendszereinek és vetületi síkkoordináta-rendszereinek alapkutatási színtű korszerű vizsgálataival. Széleskörű irodalomkutatás alapján feltártuk a gyakorlatban jelenleg is alkalmazott geodéziai vonatkoztatási rendszereink dátumparamétereit. Előkészítettük a geodéziai alaphálózatunkban napjainkig rendelkezésre álló hagyományos és kozmikus geodéziai mérések kiegyenlítését. A GNSS-technika szélesebb körű alkalmazásának elősegítésére megoldottuk az ETRS89-, illetve a WGS84-rendszerben kapott koordináták átvitelét a hazánkban alkalmazott - jelenleg is heterogén - vetületi- és térképrendszerekbe. Ebből a célból szoftver-rendszereket készítettünk. | On the basis of our research plan, geodetic datums and corresponding map projection systems of Hungary have been thoroughly investigated. All relevant parameters of the geodetic reference systems used in practice are summarized. All traditional and space geodetic measurements made in the I. order triangulation network of Hungary up to now are prepared for a newly independent sophisticated adjustment. New mathematical and computational models are worked out for the transformation of GPS date (ETRS89, WGS84) into the map projection systems in Hungary. For this purpose software were developed and distributed

Proportion of Osteoporotic Women Remaining at Risk for Fracture Despite Adherence to Oral Bisphosphonates

Background Adherence to oral bisphosphonates is often low, but even adherent patients may remain at elevated fracture risk. The goal of this study was to estimate the proportion of bisphosphonate-adherent women remaining at high risk of fracture. Methods A retrospective cohort of women aged 50 years and older, adherent to oral bisphosphonates for at least two years was identified, and data were extracted from a multi-system health information exchange. Adherence was defined as having a dispensed medication possession ratio ≥ 0.8. The primary outcome was clinical occurrence of: low trauma fracture (months 7–36), persistent T-score ≤ − 2.5 (months 13–36), decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) at any skeletal site ≥ 5%, or the composite of any one of these outcomes. Results Of 7435 adherent women, 3110 had either pre- or post-adherent DXA data. In the full cohort, 7% had an incident osteoporotic fracture. In 601 women having both pre- and post-adherent DXA to evaluate BMD change, 6% had fractures, 22% had a post-treatment T-score ≤ − 2.5, and 16% had BMD decrease by ≥ 5%. The composite outcomes occurred in 35%. Incident fracture was predicted by age, previous fracture, and a variety of co-morbidities, but not by race, glucocorticoid treatment or type of bisphosphonate. Conclusion Despite bisphosphonate adherence, 7% had incident osteoporotic fractures and 35% had either fracture, decreases in BMD, or persistent osteoporotic BMD, representing a substantial proportion of treated patients in clinical practices remaining at risk for future fractures. Further studies are required to determine the best achievable goals for osteoporosis therapy, and which patients would benefit from alternate therapies

An Integrated-Photonics Optical-Frequency Synthesizer

Integrated-photonics microchips now enable a range of advanced functionalities for high-coherence applications such as data transmission, highly optimized physical sensors, and harnessing quantum states, but with cost, efficiency, and portability much beyond tabletop experiments. Through high-volume semiconductor processing built around advanced materials there exists an opportunity for integrated devices to impact applications cutting across disciplines of basic science and technology. Here we show how to synthesize the absolute frequency of a lightwave signal, using integrated photonics to implement lasers, system interconnects, and nonlinear frequency comb generation. The laser frequency output of our synthesizer is programmed by a microwave clock across 4 THz near 1550 nm with 1 Hz resolution and traceability to the SI second. This is accomplished with a heterogeneously integrated III/V-Si tunable laser, which is guided by dual dissipative-Kerr-soliton frequency combs fabricated on silicon chips. Through out-of-loop measurements of the phase-coherent, microwave-to-optical link, we verify that the fractional-frequency instability of the integrated photonics synthesizer matches the $7.0*10^{-13}$ reference-clock instability for a 1 second acquisition, and constrain any synthesis error to $7.7*10^{-15}$ while stepping the synthesizer across the telecommunication C band. Any application of an optical frequency source would be enabled by the precision optical synthesis presented here. Building on the ubiquitous capability in the microwave domain, our results demonstrate a first path to synthesis with integrated photonics, leveraging low-cost, low-power, and compact features that will be critical for its widespread use.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure

Increased Cardiac Myocyte PDE5 Levels in Human and Murine Pressure Overload Hypertrophy Contribute to Adverse LV Remodeling

Background: The intracellular second messenger cGMP protects the heart under pathological conditions. We examined expression of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), an enzyme that hydrolyzes cGMP, in human and mouse hearts subjected to sustained left ventricular (LV) pressure overload. We also determined the role of cardiac myocyte-specific PDE5 expression in adverse LV remodeling in mice after transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Methodology/Principal Findings: In patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing valve replacement, we detected greater myocardial PDE5 expression than in control hearts. We observed robust expression in scattered cardiac myocytes of those AS patients with higher LV filling pressures and BNP serum levels. Following TAC, we detected similar, focal PDE5 expression in cardiac myocytes of C57BL/6NTac mice exhibiting the most pronounced LV remodeling. To examine the effect of cell-specific PDE5 expression, we subjected transgenic mice with cardiac myocyte-specific PDE5 overexpression (PDE5-TG) to TAC. LV hypertrophy and fibrosis were similar as in WT, but PDE5-TG had increased cardiac dimensions, and decreased dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin with prolonged tau (P<0.05 for all). Greater cardiac dysfunction in PDE5-TG was associated with reduced myocardial cGMP and SERCA2 levels, and higher passive force in cardiac myocytes in vitro. Conclusions/Significance: Myocardial PDE5 expression is increased in the hearts of humans and mice with chronic pressure overload. Increased cardiac myocyte-specific PDE5 expression is a molecular hallmark in hypertrophic hearts with contractile failure, and represents an important therapeutic target