Dual work roles : the joint effect of hybrid entrepreneurs’ regulatory focus and wage work to entrepreneurial work enrichment on entrepreneurial performance

Hybrid entrepreneurial is phenomenal but remains under-studied in the management literature. This paper investigated the joint influence of hybrid entrepreneurs’ trait regulatory focus and wage work to entrepreneurial work enrichment (WE enrichment) on their entrepreneurial engagement and the subsequent proficient, adaptive, and proactive performance in entrepreneurial work. I first interviewed 16 hybrid entrepreneurs to obtain the understanding of their reasons for being in hybrid entrepreneurship, their regulatory focus tendencies, and the resources they transfer from wage work to entrepreneurial work. To validate the measurement scales of promotion and prevention focus, I conducted a pilot study among 66 hybrid entrepreneurs. Then, I conducted a multi-source questionnaire survey among 329 hybrid entrepreneurs and their entrepreneurial partners in Ghana. The final sample included 272 completed and matched responses. I used structural equation modeling of Mplus 7.4 to test the hypothesized model. Results of the questionnaire survey provided strong support to my hypothesized model. Promotion focus and prevention focus had positive and negative relationships with these three types of entrepreneurial performance, respectively. I also found that the opposite relationships of promotion focus and prevention focus with these three types of entrepreneurial performance were mediated by entrepreneurial engagement. Furthermore, hybrid entrepreneurs work across the wage-work and entrepreneurial roles, and I found that WE enrichment played a moderating role. Specifically, WE enrichment strengthened the positive relationship between promotion focus and entrepreneurial engagement as well as the positive indirect relationships between promotion focus and the three types of entrepreneurial performance through entrepreneurial engagement. In contrast, WE enrichment weakened the negative relationship between prevention focus and entrepreneurial engagement as well as the negative indirect relationships between prevention focus and the three types of entrepreneurial performance through entrepreneurial engagement. This research sheds light on how personality traits and dual-work context affect hybrid entrepreneurs’ entrepreneurial processes and performance outcomes. Thus, I provide theoretical implications for the literature of hybrid entrepreneurial and dual work roles. Further, this research offers important practical implications for hybrid entrepreneurs and their entrepreneurial partners, as well as investors

Adinkra: An Epitome of Asante Philosophy and History

This paper investigated into the philosophical and historical representations of the celebrated Adinkra cloth production using the case study approach at Ntonso in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Data were solicited through personal and telephone interview as well as participant observation from respondents who were purposively sampled.  The study revealed that the Badie dye was locally obtained and prepared using the barks from the Badie tree. There are no additives mixed with the prepared dye as purported by several writers. It was also realized that the entire Adinkra cloth process from the acquisition of the tools and materials, production processes and the symbols usually printed in the cloth was firmly rooted in an interesting and thought provoking philosophical and historical foundation which portrays the African as a wise, creative artist. The study more importantly voiced out that though Asantes and Africans in general usually do not have written documentaries of their histories and philosophy that in anyway does not imply that these literally are absent. The rich artistic productions of residents in Africa are in fact a visual representation of their unadulterated histories and philosophies. The Adinkra cloth is but one example of such inspiring assets of the Asantes that are repositories of their rich philosophy and history.   Keywords: Adinkra Cloth; History; Philosophy; Badie dy

Surviving an infectious disease outbreak: How does nurse calling influence performance during the COVID‐19 fight?

Aim: To assess the performance of frontline nurses, who believed they were living out their calling, during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: Although as a profession nursing generally requires high levels of performance, the disruption arising from an infectious disease outbreak increases the work stress and decreases the performance of frontline nurses. How this situation can be improved has yet to be thoroughly examined. Method: We used a snowball sampling technique to recruit 339 nurses who were originally from outside of Hubei but volunteered to join medical teams going to Hubei to tackle COVID-19. Results: Drawing on the theory of work as a calling, we found that living a calling had a positive effect on frontline nurses’ performance through the clinical and relational care they provided. Perceived supervisor support strengthened these mediated relationships. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that despite the constraints associated with pandemics, frontline nurses who are living a calling are able to provide better clinical and relational care to infected patients, which in turn improves their performance. Implications for Nursing Management: The findings of this study suggest that hospitals can introduce career education interventions to enhance nurses’ ability to discern and live out their calling to improve their performance

Being an employee and an entrepreneur simultaneously : two essays on hybrid entrepreneurs’ wage work and entrepreneurial work outcomes

In this dissertation, I examine the effects of venturing activities on hybrid entrepreneurs’ wage work and venture work outcomes through the development of two inter-related empirical essays. In Essay 1, I examine how different levels and congruence of hybrid entrepreneurs’ wage work and entrepreneurial identities influence their effort and subsequent performance in both wage work and entrepreneurial work roles. Specifically, I examine how wage work and entrepreneurial work effort are affected when one identity is higher than the other as well as how they are affected when both wage work and entrepreneurial identities are high versus when they are low. How these congruence and incongruence are conveyed to wage work and entrepreneurial performance through work effort were also investigated. To do this, I draw on the role identity theory and utilized polynomial regression and response surface methodology. Using a multi-wave and multi-source data, I found that when wage work identity is higher than entrepreneurial identity, wage work effort is high and when entrepreneurial identity is higher than wage work identity, entrepreneurial effort is high. Moreover, the results also show that effort in both roles is better when both identities are low than when they are high. Further, wage work and entrepreneurial work effort served as explanatory mechanisms and carried the (in)congruence effects to wage work and entrepreneurial performance. In Essay 2, I shift my attention to how hybrid entrepreneurs’ involvement in venture activities facilitates or harms team members’ social exchange behaviors with them at wage work and how such exchanges affect their venture and wage work outcomes. I take a crossover perspective and distinguish between two experiences that hybrid entrepreneurs can transfer from their venture to their wage work team members. Specifically, I differentiate between when hybrid entrepreneurs’ involvement in venture activities enriches versus when it conflicts with teamwork. I draw on relational identity theory and examine how such enrichment or conflict affects the quality of exchange relations between the team members and the focal hybrid entrepreneurs. I further examine how these exchange relations affect hybrid entrepreneurs’ wage work, entrepreneurial work, and identity outcomes. Using data collected from four sources over five waves, I found that team members’ relational identification with hybrid entrepreneurs is stronger when they receive enriching venturing experiences. This leads team members to exhibit more psychosocial support and less social undermining toward their hybrid entrepreneurial coworkers. However, receiving conflicting venturing experiences harms team members’ relational identification with hybrid entrepreneurs. This leads team members to exhibit more social undermining and less psychosocial support toward their hybrid entrepreneurial coworkers. I also found that receiving psychosocial support positively impacted hybrid entrepreneurs’ wage work, entrepreneurial work, and identity outcomes. In contrast, being socially undermined had negative consequences on their wage work, entrepreneurial work, and identity outcomes. Together, these two essays shed light on the double-edged effect of the dual-work context of hybrid entrepreneurs on venturing and wage work roles. By highlighting the pivotal roles played by role identity and resource transfers, the results provide evidence that although being a hybrid entrepreneur has its merits, there are also some associated demerits that must be noted

THE HIGH IMPACTS OF ASANTE INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ISSUES IN GHANA: THE CASE OF THE ABONO AND ESSUMEJA TOWNSHIPS IN ASHANTI REGION

The time-tested, resilient and proactive indigenous knowledge of the Asantes were and are still indispensable in the conservation of the biodiversity resources in the Ghanaian community. The researcher critically analysed the high impacts of Asante indigenous knowledge systems in the areas of taboos, cosmological beliefs and totems in conservation issues in the Abono and Essumeja townships. Using the qualitative research approach with descriptive study, document analysis and case study research methods, the study revealed the enormous impacts of the of indigenous knowledge systems in constantly monitoring the attitudes of residents toward the wanton destruction of the biodiversity resources in the environment. Key informants like Asante chiefs, elders, old indigenes, caretakers of some reserves in the area as well as some youths were purposively and stratified random sampled and interviewed to solicit for their views on the impacts of these Asante knowledge systems in conserving the high taxas of flora and fauna species in the traditional area. Direct observations of the impacts were carried out by the researcher and his research assistants while analyzing historical documents of the Abono and Essumeja Townships. The study concluded that these indigenous knowledge systems must not be brushed off as superstitious nonsense. Rather, they must be critically weighed with the assistance of culturists to select the valid and modern-applicable aspects of the indigenous knowledge systems and synergize them with the academic scientific knowledge systems in formulating biodiversity conservation policies and strategies in Ghana

An employee–employer relationship gone bad? Examining the double‐edged effect of psychological contract violation on employees' helping behaviors

An important concept that depicts the nature of employee–employer relationship is the psychological contract. Prior research has argued that all forms of extra‐role behaviors suffer once employees' psychological contracts are violated. Helping behaviors are a specific form of extra‐role behaviors that may suffer due to psychological contract violation. We argue that this predominantly negative relationship between psychological contract violation and helping behaviors is because the literature has not adequately examined the different types of helping behaviors. Using the latent moderated structural equation approach with multiwave and multisource data from a survey of 269 full‐time employees and their coworkers from the hospitality industry in Ghana, we show that psychological contract violation is positively related to reactive helping behaviors and negatively associated with anticipatory helping behaviors through anticipatory anxiety

Expanding self, breaking stereotypes, and building hospitality: resident mindfulness’ role in host-tourist interaction

Mindfulness is a critical instrument in sustainable tourism development. However, existing literature on mindfulness’ role in hospitality and tourism sustainability has mostly focused on tourists’ perspective. In this study, we shift perspective to gain insight into how and when residents’ mindfulness relates to their attitudes and behaviors in host-tourist relation. Integrating mindfulness and motivated information processing theories, we develop and test a theoretical model examining the effect of mindfulness on resident hospitality and tourist negative stereotypes via resident self-transcendence (i.e., residents’ attunement with tourists). Residents’ ability to take tourists’ perspective is proposed to enhance the effect of mindfulness on their sense of attunement with tourists, further augmenting the positive and negative indirect effect of mindfulness on resident hospitality and tourist negative stereotypes, respectively. In a 2-week interval time-lagged study with 429 US residents, we found robust evidence supporting our model. Implications of our findings for host-tourist relationship management are thoroughly discussed