An Overview of Nd:YAG Laser Capsulotomy

Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy is accepted as standard treatment for posterior capsule opacification (PCO). Although, Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy is a noninvasive and safe treatment it carries risk of some complications. Using less total energy and performing smaller capsulotomies are effective choices to decrease complications after Nd:YAG capsulotomy

Pentoxifylline May Restore Kanamycin-Induced Renal Damage in Rats

Background: Kidney damage can be caused by many factors, such as using certain drugs in high doses or over the longterm. The use of one such group of drugs, aminoglycosides, which act as Gram-negative antibacterial therapeutic agents,can lead to nephrotoxicity. It has been hypothesized that aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity might be prevented byusing pentoxifylline, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and improves microcirculation. The objectiveof this present research was to determine the protective effects of pentoxifylline on kanamycin-induced kidney damage.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups as follows: control, pentoxifylline,kanamycin, and kanamycin + pentoxifylline. The control group received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of 0.5 mL normalsaline solution once a day (d) (SID) for 20 d; the pentoxifylline group received IP injections of 50 mg/kg pentoxifyllinetwice a day (BID) for 20 d, the kanamycin group received subcutaneous (SC) injections of 500 mg/kg kanamycin SID for20 d, and the kanamycin + pentoxifylline group received both SC injections of 500 mg/kg kanamycin SID and IP injectionsof 50 mg/kg pentoxifylline BID for 20 d. At the end of 20 d, blood samples were taken from the heart by cardiac punctureunder general anesthesia. After euthanizing the rats by cervical dislocation under anesthesia, the kidneys were immediatelyremoved, relative kidney weights were calculated, and routine pathologic evaluations were conducted. Hemogramparameters were measured using a blood cell count apparatus and serum biochemical parameters were measured usingan autoanalyzer. Kanamycin also caused (P < 0.05) tubular degeneration and tubular dilatation. Although pentoxifyllinesignificantly reduced the level of kanamycin-induced tubular degeneration (P < 0.05), it did not significantly reduce tubulardilatation. Increases in relative kidney weights (P < 0.05) and in interstitial mononuclear cell (MNC) infiltrates wereobserved in the kanamycin and kanamycin + pentoxifylline groups compared to those in the control and pentoxifyllinegroups. Statistically significant changes were determined in the levels of some hemogram and biochemical parameterswithin reference ranges (P < 0.05).Discussion: In this study, both tubular degeneration and dilatation were observed in the kanamycin group. Pentoxifyllineinhibited (P < 0.05) kanamycin-induced tubular degeneration and appeared to also reduce tubular dilatation, although thisreduction was not significant. Tubular necrosis, epithelial edema of proximal tubules, tubular fibrosis, and perivascularinflammation might also be observed in aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity. In current research, pentoxifylline preventedtubular damage induced by kanamycin, but did not inhibit infiltration by MNCs. Pentoxifylline also amelioratedamikacin- or gentamycin-induced histopathologic changes, especially those associated with tubular structures. The protectiveeffects of pentoxifylline on kanamycin-induced tubular nephrotoxicity in this research might be a result of its stimulatingthe production of prostaglandin, a vasodilator, and of its improving microcirculation. Although the anti-inflammatoryeffects of pentoxifylline have been reported, these did not inhibit kanamycin-induced infiltration by interstitial MNCs inthe present study. These results could indicate that the anti-inflammatory effects of pentoxifylline are not obvious and/orare dose dependent. Statistically significantly changes were determined in the levels of some hemogram and biochemicalparameters in reference ranges. However, these changes were within the reference ranges for rats. These results suggestedthat kanamycin-induced tubular degeneration and dilatation might be prevented by administering pentoxifylline

Effect of macular hole volume on postoperative central macular thickness

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the association between macular hole volume (MHV) and postoperative central macular thickness (CMT) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods: Thirty-three eyes of 30 patients with a large full-thickness idiopathic macular hole with or without vitreomacular traction who underwent surgical intervention were included in this cross-sectional study. Complete ophthalmological examination, including SD-OCT, was performed for all participants during the pre- and postoperative visits. MHV was preoperatively measured using SD-OCT, which captured the widest cross-sectional image of the hole. For normal distribution analysis of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed, and for statistical analyses, chi-square, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient test were performed. Results: Mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and MHV were found to be 0.99 ± 0.36 (range, 0.3-2.0) logMAR and 0.139 ± 0.076 (range, 0.004-0.318) mm3, respectively. Mean follow-up was 16.3 ± 14.3 (range, 3-50) months. No statistical correlations were found between MHV and postoperative BCVA (p=0.588) and between MHV and disease recurrence (p=0.544). A weak negative correlation existed between MHV and final CMT scores (p=0.04, r=-0.383). Conclusions: Greater MHV was found to be weakly associated with lower postoperative CMT scores

Point-of-Care Ultrasound as a Diagnostic Tool for Nutcracker Syndrome in Pediatric Emergency Department

Abdominal pain is one of the most common causes of admission to pediatric emergency department. Point-of care ultrasonography combined with appropriate history and physical examination provides rapid and accurate management of abdominal pain in emergency setting. Here, we report a 15-year-old girl with abdominal pain who was diagnosed with Nutcracker syndrome by the guidance of point-of-care ultrasound findings

Matbaa mürekkeplerinde kullanılabilir renkli mikrokapsül üretimi ve basılabilirlik özelliklerinin incelenmesi

Mürekkepler yapıları gereği; renklendiriciler, bağlayıcılar, çözücüler ve katkı maddelerinden oluşur. Buna ek olarak mürekkeplere farklı özellikler kazandırmak, mürekkeplerin kullanım alanlarını genişletmektedir. Kazandırılan bu özellikler mürekkeplerin yapılarında olumlu ve olumsuz etkiler yaratmaktadırlar. Mürekkeplerin temel parametrelerinden olan ışık haslığı, dayanım, renk şiddeti gibi özelliklerin olumsuz etkilenmesi mürekkebin basılabilirliğini ve böylelikle kullanılabilirlik ve tercih edilebilir olma özelliklerini büyük oranda etkilemektedir. Aynı zamanda bazı mürekkeplerin sahip olduğu birtakım özelliklerin belli bir alanda ya da zaman içerisinde ortaya çıkması istenebilir. Bu da ekstra işlemleri ve bu işlemlerden kaynaklanan olumsuzlukları meydana getirmektedir. Bu nedenle mürekkebin içinde bulunan özellikli maddelerin korunması etki alanına kadar dış faktörlerden etkilenmeden taşınabilmesi ve stabil halde kalması için mikrokapsülasyon tekniğinin kullanılması ve uygulanması amaçlanmıştır.Bu tez çalışmasında, ilk olarak mikrokapsüller üretilerek tez çalışmasına başlanmıştır. Öncelikle; pigment-yağ ikilisi ile en uyumlu kabuk malzemesi olan poliüretan formaldehit mikrokapsülü (PUF), in-situ polimerizasyonu yöntemi kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Kapsülasyon işlemi için saf su içerisinde üre, resorsinol ve yüzey aktif madde eklenmiş ve ısıtma olmaksızın mekanik karıştırıcı vasıtasıyla karıştırılarak, renklendirici karışımı eklendikten sonra pH değiştirilerek asidik ortam olması sağlanarak, üzerine formaldehit eklendikten sonra yavaşça ısı yükseltilerek, kapsülasyon işlemi yüksek sıcaklıkta gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen kapsüller süzülüp yıkanmış, vakum etüvünde kurutulmuştur. Bu kapsüllerin kimyasal yapısı fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi spektrofotometresi (ATR-FTIR) ile aydınlatılmış, renk özellikleri UV spektroskopisi ile belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra, farklı çekirdek malzeme miktarı, karıştırma tipi, döngü sayısı, pH, vb. parametreler ve farklı bir kabuk malzemesi olan polimelaminfenolformaldehit (PMF) kullanılarak ve farklı formülasyonlarda ele alınmış ve karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Daha sonra çekirdek öz materyali olan pigment yerine termokromik pigment eklenerek aynı işlemler tekrarlanmıştır. Farklılığın araştırılması için in-situ polimerizasyonu yerine basit koaservasyonla kapsül üretilmiştir. Elde edilen bütün kapsüllerin kimyasal yapısı, ATR-FTIR ile aydınlatılıp, dalga boyları UV spektroskopisi ile, termal dayanımları termal gravimetri (TGA) ile belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen tüm kapsüllerin yüzey özellikleri ve boyutları taramalı elektron mikroskobu ve optik mikroskop ile aydınlatılmıştır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde, elde edilen ticari pigment içeren, termokromik boyar madde içeren PUF mikrokapsüller ve yine ticari pigment içeren, termokromik boyar madde içeren PMF mikrokapsüller ile alkid reçine ve mineral yağ yüksek hızlı karıştırıcı ve 3 silindirli karıştırıcı kullanılarak yağ bazlı mürekkepler hazırlanmış ve bu mürekkepler ile 80g/m2 ofis kâğıdı yüzeyine, ARUS yarı otomatik serigrafi baskı makinesi ile, 75° rakle açısı ve 75shore rakle sertliği, 77tpc dokuma sıklığı, baskı parametrelerinde zemin baskılar yapılmıştır. Baskıları gerçekleşen numunelerin renk, parlaklık, ışık haslığı ve termal renk değişimleri belirlenmiş olup ve basım endüstrisinde kullanılabilirliği incelenmiştir.Sonuç olarak, mikro kapsülleme işleminin pigment içeren mürekkebin ışık haslığını, kararlılığını ve termal mukavemetini artırırken parlaklığı çok küçük bir miktarda düşürdüğü bulunmuştur. Mikrokapsülleme işlemi, termokromik boyarmaddenin renk değişim döngüsünü ve ışık haslığını artırmış, parlaklığını bir miktar azaltmış ve göz ardı edilebilecek belirli bir miktarda opaklığa neden olmuştur.--------------------Inks by their nature; It consists of colorants, binders, solvents and additives. In addition, giving different features to the inks expands the usage areas of the inks. These gained features create positive and negative effects on the structure of the inks. The negative effects of the basic parameters of the inks such as light fastness, durability, and color intensity affect the printability of the ink, and thus its usability and preferable properties. At the same time, some properties of some inks may be desired to appear in a certain area or over time. This creates extra transactions and the negativities arising from these transactions. For this reason, it is aimed to use and apply the microencapsulation technique so that the special substances in the ink can be transported to the protection area without being affected by external factors and remain stable.In this thesis, microcapsules were first produced. Firstly; Polyurethane formaldehyde microcapsule (PUF), which is the most compatible shell material with the pigment-oil duo, was prepared using the in-situ polymerization method. For the encapsulation process, urea, resorcinol and surfactant were added in pure water and by mixing without heating by means of a mechanical mixer, after adding the colorant mixture, the pH was changed to provide an acidic environment, formaldehyde was added and the temperature was slowly raised, and the encapsulation process was carried out at high temperature. The obtained capsules were filtered, washed, dried in a vacuum oven. The chemical structure of these capsules was illuminated by Fouirer Transform Infrared spectrophotometer (ATR-FTIR), and their color properties were determined by UV spectroscopy. Then, different amount of core material, type of mixing, number of cycles, pH, etc. parameters effects have been investigated. Comparisons were made by forming different capsules using a different shell material, polymelamine phenolformaldehyde (PMF). Then, the same processes were repeated by adding thermochromic pigment instead of pigment, which is the core material. The chemical structure of all the capsules obtained was illuminated by ATR-FTIR, their color characteristics were determined by UV spectroscopy, and their thermal strength by thermal gravimetry (TGA). Surface properties and dimensions of all obtained capsules were illuminated by scanning electron microscope and optical microscope.In the second part of the study, oil-based inks were prepared by using PUF microcapsules containing commercial pigment or thermochromic dyestuff and PMF microcapsules containing commercial pigment or thermochromic dyestuff, using alkyd resin and mineral oil high speed mixer and 3-roller mixer. With the prepared inks, the solid printings made with ARUS semi-automatic screen printing machine, which is printing parameters were 75° squeegee angle and 75 shore squeegee hardness, 77tpc weaving density, onto 80g/m2 office paper. The color, brightness, contact angle, surface energy of the printed samples was compared with conventional pigments and their usability for offset printing was determined. Finally, the light fastness and thermal color changes of the capsulation were determined and its usability in the printing industry was examined.As a result, the microcapsulation process was found to increase the light fastness, stability and thermal strength of pigment-containing ink, while reducing the brightness by a very small amount. The microcapsulation process has increased the color change cycle and light fastness of thermochromic dyestuff, reduced its brightness somewhat, and caused a certain amount of opacity that can be ignored

Crıterıa in Selectıng Chıldren‟S Lıterature Books and Suggestıons for Turkısh Chıldren Abroad

T.C. KÜLTÜR VE TURİZM BAKANLIĞI Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar BaşkanlığıThe aim of this study is to prepare a criteria in selecting children’s literature books and suggestions as an additional education material based on language levels (5th, 6th, 7th and 8th grade), the themes indicated in Turkish and Turkish Culture Course Curriculum and children literature criteria for Turkish children living abroad. For this purpose, first of all the catalogs of eleven publishing houses, which are determined according to their corporate identity, current and active status, were scanned and seventy books were determined. The suggested books describe in detail which level the book is appropriate, which themes it handles and what features it has for the Turkish and Turkish Culture course. At the end of the research, in this work which consists of eight themes, children's literature criteria and seventy books that are linguistic level-appropriate, gives information about which book what for and which level to Turkish teachers who teach abroad.Bu çalışma, yurt dışında yaşayan Türk çocuklarına yönelik MEB Türkçe ve Türk Kültürü Dersi 2018 Öğretim Programı’nda yer alan sekiz tema çerçevesinde 5, 6, 7 ve 8. dil seviyelerine ve çocuk edebiyatı ölçütlerine uygun ek materyal niteliğinde kitap seçme ölçütleri hazırlamayı ve kitap önerileri sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda ilk olarak kurumsal kimliği, güncel ve aktif olma durumuna göre belirlenen on bir yayınevinin katalogları taranıp yetmiş kitap belirlenmiştir. Önerilen kitapların hangi seviyeye uygun olduğu, hangi temaları işlediği ve TTK dersi açısından hangi özellikleri taşıdığı detaylı bir şekilde değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonunda MEB TTK Öğretim Programı’nda belirtilen sekiz temaya, çocuk edebiyatı eserleri kitap seçme ölçütlerinin ve yaş seviyesine uygun yetmiş kitabın yer aldığı bu çalışma yurt dışında eğitim veren Türkçe öğretmenlerinin ve ilgili kişilerin hangi seviyede hangi kitabı ne amaçla okutacakları konusuna ışık tutmanın yanı sıra kitap seçiminde aranacak özelliklere de rehberlik etme niteliği taşımaktadır

Risk factors for multiple retinal tears in patients with acute posterior vitreous detachment

WOS: 000428760800037PubMed ID: 28160191Purpose To evaluate possible risk factors for multiple retinal tears in patients with acute posterior vitreous detachment. Materials and methods Three hundred and seventy-six consecutive patients presenting with symptoms of floaters and/or flashes were examined. The associations of retinal tears with the duration of symptoms, multiple floaters, flashing, a family history of retinal detachment, peripheral retinal degeneration, lens status, myopia, tobacco dust, and retinal or vitreous hemorrhage were analyzed. Results Fifty-four (14.4%) of the 376 patients had 71 initial retinal tears. Forty of the 54 eyes had one retinal tear, and 14 eyes had multiple retinal tears. The presence of retinal or vitreous hemorrhage increased the risk of multiple retinal tears 6.1 times using univariate analysis and 7.0 times using multivariate analysis. Conclusion Unrecognized retinal tears in patients with acute posterior vitreous detachment can cause subsequent retinal detachment. It is therefore important to consider multiple retinal tears, especially in patients with retinal or vitreous hemorrhage

A new proposal for early stage diagnosis of urinary tract infection using computers aid systems

Hundreds of newborns everyday are affected by urinary tract infection worldwide. Urinary tract infection can cause serious illness over the long term. Early diagnosis is crucial for the treatment of the disease and the health of the newborn baby. In this study, a decision support system was established for the preliminary diagnosis of whether the newborn who was infected with urinary tract. For this purpose, artificial neural network methods and other bioinformatics techniques for comparison were used. Tests conducted with artificial neural networks resulted in: The probabilistic neural network method gave the best result for the test with 91.4251 ratio, whereas the multilayer neural network method showed the best result with 98.9130 ratio in training. Thus, it has been shown that the classification process with accuracy rate that can be considered important in the use of flexible computation and bioinformatics techniques in diagnosing urinary tract infections in newborn infants is successful