The Effects of Self-Regulation Depletion and Race on the Willingness to Interact with Individuals with Mental Illness

Although the discrimination that Black individuals encounter is unique, it is similar in some ways to the discrimination experienced by individuals with mental illness (Corrigan & Wassel, 2008; Follmer & Jones, 2018; Jackson & Stewart, 2003). Research has found that these kinds of stigma can be overridden (Baumeister et al., 1998), but doing so requires self-regulation, which can be depleted (Gailliot et al., 2007). Because stigma exists against both Black individuals and those with mental illness, and because self-regulation is necessary to override those stigmas, the purpose of this project was to examine the relationships to which Black participants would want to interact with a person with mental illness depending on their level of self-regulation. The results, however, indicated that the race of the target on desire for future interaction was significant. The participants had more desire for future interaction with the Black target than the White target

Use of Pregnancy Associated Glycoproteins to Determine Fetal Age Throughout Gestation in Cattle

Objective The objective of the current study was to determine if a commercially available blood pregnancy test could be modified to detect differences in pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) concentrations to indicate stage of pregnancy or fetal age in cattle. Study Description Previously identified pregnant females were grouped by age (pre-primiparous or multiparous). Blood samples were collected between day 27 and 190 of pregnancy (n = 176 from pre-primiparous and n = 240 from multiparous) and serum was tested in duplicate using a commercially available blood pregnancy test, IDEXX Alertys Pregnancy Test. Procedures were adapted to allow concentrations to fall within the detectible range of the assay. Animals were grouped by parity (pre-primiparous vs multiparous) into 4 gestational groups (group 1 - \u3c 30 days, group 2 - 30 to 90 days, group 3 - 91 to 178 days, and group 4 - \u3e178 days). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with parity and gestational age in the model. There was an effect of parity, gestational age, and a parity by gestational age interaction (P \u3c 0.01). Pre-primiparous animals had greater concentrations of PAGs compared to multiparous animals. Among pre-primiparous animals, serum PAG concentrations did not differ between gestational age groups 1, 2, or 3 (P \u3e 0.37), but group 4 had greater PAG concentrations than all other groups (P \u3c 0.01). Among multiparous animals, serum PAG concentrations decreased from group 1 to 2 (P \u3c 0.01), and then increased throughout gestation (P \u3c 0.01). Data were then analyzed using the REG procedure in SAS within gestational age group. There was a positive correlation between gestational age and PAG concentrations among both pre-primiparous (P \u3c 0.01; R2 = 0.25) and multiparous (gestational age 30 and greater P \u3c 0.01; R2 = 0.64)

Defining Failure of Passive Transfer in South Dakota Beef Calves

Failure of calves to ingest and absorb immunoglobulin from colostrum is a risk factor for illness and decreased performance. Blood samples were taken from 752 calves at three SDSU research units. Total protein in blood, closely correlated to colostral immunoglobulin absorption, was determined and calf health records were collected. Using this data, a classification table of sensitivity and specificity was constructed to determine the relationship between total protein and calf illness and to classify calves as having adequate colostral absorption or inadequate colostral absorption (failure of passive transfer). Along with sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated to identify a suitable cutoff point to separate calves that would become ill from those that would remain healthy. The cutoff point selected was a serum total protein level of 5.5 g/dL, which produced a sensitivity of 30% and specificity of 87%. Calves with total protein levels below 5.5 g1dL were 3.07 (95% CI 1.73-5.43, p=0.0002) times as likely to become ill as calves with total protein levels above 5.5 g/dL. In beef production situations similar to those in these herds, producers should be able to limit disease if calves\u27 total protein at 24 hours following birth is equal to or greater than 5.5 g/dL

Use of Pregnancy Associated Glycoproteins to Determine Fetal Age Throughout Gestation and Clearance Rate in Postpartum Beef Cattle

Study Description: Previously identified pregnant females from four different herds and postpartum females from one herd were utilized. Blood samples were collected (n = 1,753; study 1) between d 28 and 285 of gestation and (heifers n = 418 and cows n = 657; study 2) once a week for up to 12 weeks after calving. Serum was tested in duplicate using a commercially available blood pregnancy test, IDEXX Alertys Pregnancy Test. In study 1, procedures were modified to allow PAG concentrations to fall within the detectible range of the assay. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with cow age and gestational age (also divided into four gestational age groups: 1) \u3c 30 d; 2) 30-90 d; 3) 91-180 d; 4) \u3e 180 d) in the model and then analyzed further using the REG procedure in SAS within gestational age group. In study 2, data were analyzed as repeated measure using the MIXED procedure of SAS with cow age, days postpartum (dpp), and cow age by dpp in the model, then data were analyzed further using the REG procedure in SAS. In study 1, there was a significant effect of gestational age and cow age by gestational age interaction (P \u3c 0.01) as well as a tendency of cow age (P = 0.08). Among heifers and cows, serum PAG concentrations did not differ between gestational age groups 1 and 2 (P \u3e 0.84), however, PAG concentrations differed between groups 2 and 3 (P \u3c 0.0001) and 3 and 4 (P \u3c 0.0001). There was a positive correlation between gestational age and PAG concentrations (P \u3c 0.01; r2 = 0.2604). In study 2, there was a significant effect of days postpartum (dpp; P \u3c 0.01) on PAG concentrations; however, PAG concentrations were not influenced by cow age (P = 0.73) or cow age by dpp (P = 0.55). Concentrations of PAGs rapidly decreased from d 0 to 50 postpartum and then continued to gradually decrease (P \u3c 0.01; r2 = 0.8083). Prior to 42 dpp, PAG concentrations were sufficiently elevated which resulted in false positive readings

New Instruments at IPNS: POSY II and SAD II

Three new instruments are currently in varying degrees of development/construction at IPNS. One of these, the Glass, Liquid, and Amorphous Materials Diffractometer (GLAD) is the subject of a separate paper in these Proceedings, and so will not be discussed further here. The other two, a second neutron reflectometer (POSY II) and a second small-angle diffractometer (SAD II) are described briefly below. 5 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab

Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Dead Crow Reports Associated with a West Nile Virus Epidemic

[[abstract]]We apply the Space-Time AutoRegressive Moving Average (STARMA) modeling methods in an investigation of the spreading dynamics of a West Nile virus (WNV) epidemic in crows in the Detroit Metro area in 2002. The data fit very closely those expected from a purely STAR (Space-Time AutoRegressive) process having low spatial and temporal orders. The model can be used to characterize the past and possibly even predict the future dynamics of spreading behavior and, most importantly, to provide information about the factors which govern the spreading behavior. Use of the STARMA model allows estimation of the rate of spread of WNV at different spatial scales and thus characterization of the spatial and temporal scales expected. Determination of spatial-temporal autoregressive parameters using STARMA holds considerable promise for characterizing emerging infectious diseases

Comparison of Lateral Flow to Other Pregnancy Determination Methods in Order to Determine Accuracy of Pregnancy Status in Beef Cattle Pre and Postpartum

Study Description: Blood samples were collected from six different Bos taurus herds between day 27 and 285 of gestation (heifers n = 1,205 and cows n = 1,539). Blood samples to determine PAG clearance interval were collected weekly postpartum for up to 12 weeks (heifers n = 418 and cows n = 657). Serum was tested using the lateral flow test and were read by two technicians who were blind to pregnancy status. Level of agreement between the tests were determined by Pearson’s correlation coefficients and Kappa scores. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to evaluate the effect of dpp and age (heifers or cows) on postpartum test results. There was a positive correlation between transrectal ultrasonography and the lateral flow test (r2 = 0.71; P \u3c 0.01), and agreement between the two tests was very good (Kappa = 0.84). Of the animals that were diagnosed nonpregnant by transrectal ultrasonography, 5.61% were called pregnant by the lateral flow test. Of the animals diagnosed pregnant by transrectal ultrasonography, 2.00% were called not pregnant by the lateral flow test. Thus, a 92.38% agreement occurred between the two methods. For postpartum samples, there was no effect (P = 0.21) of age, but there was an effect of dpp (P \u3c 0.01) and a tendency for a dpp by age interaction (P = 0.06). All animals were still considered pregnant from the previous pregnancy through 35 dpp (100 ± 2.58%). The percentage of females receiving a false positive test result further decreased with time postpartum, by 77 dpp there were 13.72 ± 3.16% of the females positive for pregnancy and at 84 dpp there were 4.11 ± 4.39% positive for pregnancy detection

Interactions of Change in Nutrition After AI on Plasma Metabolites, Steroid Hormone Production, and Uterine Environment

Objective The objective was to evaluate the impact of nutritional changes post artificial insemination (AI) on plasma metabolites, steroid hormones, and uterine environment. Study Description Beef heifers (n = 43) were randomly assigned to two dietary treatment groups (High = 161.5% or Low = 77.5% of maintenance energy) for 14 d after AI (post-AI). Post-AI dietary treatments continued until uteri were flushed for embryo recovery (d 14 post-AI). Blood samples were collected on d -3, 0 (day of AI), 3, 6, 9, 12, and 14 for analysis of plasma glucose, proteins, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and cholesterol using colorimetric assays. Plasma collected on d 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 14 was analyzed for progesterone concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Uterine flushes were analyzed for mineral concentrations of Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Cu, Zn, Se, Mn, Co, B, Cr, and Fe by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Plasma progesterone, NEFAs, protein, glucose and cholesterol (repeated measures) and uterine mineral concentrations were analyzed using the MIXED procedures in SAS. Plasma NEFA concentrations differed between treatments (P = 0.03) with heifers on the low diet treatment having elevated NEFA concentrations. Plasma NEFA concentrations weren’t affected by embryo recovery (P \u3e 0.10), treatment by embryo recovery (P \u3e 0.10), and treatment by embryo recovery by day (P \u3e 0.10). Plasma progesterone, glucose, protein, and cholesterol concentrations were not influenced by treatment (P \u3e 0.10), embryo recovery (P \u3e 0.10), treatment by embryo recovery (P \u3e 0.10), and treatment by embryo recovery by day (P \u3e 0.10). Uterine mineral concentrations were affected by embryo presence for Mg (P = 0.02) and S (P = 0.01) a tendency for Ca (P = 0.08) with decreased concentrations in uterine flushes when an embryo was recovered. A tendency for increased concentration of Mn (P = 0.06) was observed in uterine flushes when an embryo was recovered. Additionally, treatment tended to impact Fe concentrations (P = 0.09), with heifers on the restricted diet having reduced uterine Fe concentrations. In conclusion, changing plane of nutrition post-AI had an effect on NEFA plasma concentrations, but no effect on plasma progesterone, protein, glucose, and cholesterol concentrations. The presence of an embryo however affected uterine mineral concentrations