ESTUDIO DE LA HIDRÓLISIS ENZIMATICA Y DE LAS BIOPELICULAS ANAEROBIAS, COMO ALTERNATIVA PARA EL TRATAMIENTO CONTINUO EN DOS FASES DE LA FRACCION ORGANICA DE LOS RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS

RESUMENEl proceso de digestión anaerobia para el tratamiento de Fracción Orgánica de Residuos Sólidos Urbanos FO-RSU en una fase ha demostrado tener buenos resultados al remover la totalidad del carbono fácilmente biodegradable para un sustrato procedente de la FO de los RSU [3]. Investigaciones recientes muestran también que la separación de las fases en la digestión anaerobia favorece el desempeño global del proceso, obteniéndose un mayor porcentaje de metano en el biogás generado y un biosólido más estable comparado con el proceso en una fase. Sin embargo uno de los factores que más influye en el tratamiento anaerobio en una y dos fases es el desarrollo de la hidrólisis enzimática, siendo esta la etapa inicial del proceso en la cual se obtiene la degradación de la FO de los RSU hasta ácidos orgánicos, alcoholes, aminoácidos y carbohidratos [5]. La digestión anaerobia se analiza en un sistema de dos fases y los parámetros más relevantes a estudiar son: el tiempo de retención hidráulica (TRH), la temperatura, la formación, la caracterización y la evaluación de la microbiota en la Biopelícula Anaerobia, la caracterización de la microbiota responsable de la Hidrólisis, la evaluación del índice de hidrólisis de la fracción celulósica, además del diseño y construcción de un nuevo sistema de biorreactores y la medición de la producción específica de metano. En el desarrollo de la investigación se hace énfasis en la caracterización y la correlación de los microorganismos que intervienen en el proceso de digestión anaerobia en dos fases y el seguimiento in-situ de la biopelícula sobre un soporte seleccionado. Palabras clave: Digestión anaerobia, Biopelícula, Hidrólisis, Metanogénesis. ABSTRACTThe anaerobic digestion process for the urban solid waste organic fraction (USWOF) by one phases had showed good results for removing of the biodegradable total carbon for a substrate of the USWOF. The recent researches had also showed that anaerobic digestion in two phases favors the global performance of the process, obtaining itself a greater methane percentage in the biogas and a more stable biosolid if it is compared with a process in one phase. However, one of the factors more influence in the anaerobic treatment in one and two phases is the development of the enzymatic hydrolysis, being this first stage of the process in which the degradation of the USWOF is obtained until organic acids, alcohol, amino acids and carbohydrates. [5] The anaerobic digestion will be analyzed in a two phases system and the most relevant parameters to study are: the time of hydraulic retention (THR), the temperature, the formation, the characterization and the evaluation of microbiota in the anaerobic biofilm, the characterization of microbiota responsible for hydrolysis, the evaluation of the hydrolysis index of the cellulose fraction, in addition of the design and construction of a new system of bioreactors and the measurement of the specific methane production. In the development of the research emphasis in the characterization and the correlation of the microorganisms that take part in the process of anaerobic digestion in two phases and the follow in-situ of the biofilm on a selected support. Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Biofilm, Hydrolysis, Metanogénesis

ESTUDIO DE LA HIDRÓLISIS ENZIMATICA Y DE LAS BIOPELICULAS ANAEROBIAS, COMO ALTERNATIVA PARA EL TRATAMIENTO CONTINUO EN DOS FASES DE LA FRACCION ORGANICA DE LOS RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS

RESUMENEl proceso de digestión anaerobia para el tratamiento de Fracción Orgánica de Residuos Sólidos Urbanos FO-RSU en una fase ha demostrado tener buenos resultados al remover la totalidad del carbono fácilmente biodegradable para un sustrato procedente de la FO de los RSU [3]. Investigaciones recientes muestran también que la separación de las fases en la digestión anaerobia favorece el desempeño global del proceso, obteniéndose un mayor porcentaje de metano en el biogás generado y un biosólido más estable comparado con el proceso en una fase. Sin embargo uno de los factores que más influye en el tratamiento anaerobio en una y dos fases es el desarrollo de la hidrólisis enzimática, siendo esta la etapa inicial del proceso en la cual se obtiene la degradación de la FO de los RSU hasta ácidos orgánicos, alcoholes, aminoácidos y carbohidratos [5]. La digestión anaerobia se analiza en un sistema de dos fases y los parámetros más relevantes a estudiar son: el tiempo de retención hidráulica (TRH), la temperatura, la formación, la caracterización y la evaluación de la microbiota en la Biopelícula Anaerobia, la caracterización de la microbiota responsable de la Hidrólisis, la evaluación del índice de hidrólisis de la fracción celulósica, además del diseño y construcción de un nuevo sistema de biorreactores y la medición de la producción específica de metano. En el desarrollo de la investigación se hace énfasis en la caracterización y la correlación de los microorganismos que intervienen en el proceso de digestión anaerobia en dos fases y el seguimiento in-situ de la biopelícula sobre un soporte seleccionado. Palabras clave: Digestión anaerobia, Biopelícula, Hidrólisis, Metanogénesis. ABSTRACTThe anaerobic digestion process for the urban solid waste organic fraction (USWOF) by one phases had showed good results for removing of the biodegradable total carbon for a substrate of the USWOF. The recent researches had also showed that anaerobic digestion in two phases favors the global performance of the process, obtaining itself a greater methane percentage in the biogas and a more stable biosolid if it is compared with a process in one phase. However, one of the factors more influence in the anaerobic treatment in one and two phases is the development of the enzymatic hydrolysis, being this first stage of the process in which the degradation of the USWOF is obtained until organic acids, alcohol, amino acids and carbohydrates. [5] The anaerobic digestion will be analyzed in a two phases system and the most relevant parameters to study are: the time of hydraulic retention (THR), the temperature, the formation, the characterization and the evaluation of microbiota in the anaerobic biofilm, the characterization of microbiota responsible for hydrolysis, the evaluation of the hydrolysis index of the cellulose fraction, in addition of the design and construction of a new system of bioreactors and the measurement of the specific methane production. In the development of the research emphasis in the characterization and the correlation of the microorganisms that take part in the process of anaerobic digestion in two phases and the follow in-situ of the biofilm on a selected support. Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Biofilm, Hydrolysis, Metanogénesis

Plasma lipid profiles discriminate bacterial from viral infection in febrile children

Fever is the most common reason that children present to Emergency Departments. Clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of bacterial infection are often non-specific, and there is no definitive test for the accurate diagnosis of infection. The 'omics' approaches to identifying biomarkers from the host-response to bacterial infection are promising. In this study, lipidomic analysis was carried out with plasma samples obtained from febrile children with confirmed bacterial infection (n = 20) and confirmed viral infection (n = 20). We show for the first time that bacterial and viral infection produces distinct profile in the host lipidome. Some species of glycerophosphoinositol, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylcholine and cholesterol sulfate were higher in the confirmed virus infected group, while some species of fatty acids, glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoserine, lactosylceramide and bilirubin were lower in the confirmed virus infected group when compared with confirmed bacterial infected group. A combination of three lipids achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.911 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.98). This pilot study demonstrates the potential of metabolic biomarkers to assist clinicians in distinguishing bacterial from viral infection in febrile children, to facilitate effective clinical management and to the limit inappropriate use of antibiotics

Plasma lipid profiles discriminate bacterial from viral infection in febrile children

Fever is the most common reason that children present to Emergency Departments. Clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of bacterial infection are often non-specific, and there is no definitive test for the accurate diagnosis of infection. The 'omics' approaches to identifying biomarkers from the host-response to bacterial infection are promising. In this study, lipidomic analysis was carried out with plasma samples obtained from febrile children with confirmed bacterial infection (n = 20) and confirmed viral infection (n = 20). We show for the first time that bacterial and viral infection produces distinct profile in the host lipidome. Some species of glycerophosphoinositol, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylcholine and cholesterol sulfate were higher in the confirmed virus infected group, while some species of fatty acids, glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoserine, lactosylceramide and bilirubin were lower in the confirmed virus infected group when compared with confirmed bacterial infected group. A combination of three lipids achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.911 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.98). This pilot study demonstrates the potential of metabolic biomarkers to assist clinicians in distinguishing bacterial from viral infection in febrile children, to facilitate effective clinical management and to the limit inappropriate use of antibiotics

Genomic investigations of unexplained acute hepatitis in children

Since its first identification in Scotland, over 1,000 cases of unexplained paediatric hepatitis in children have been reported worldwide, including 278 cases in the UK1. Here we report an investigation of 38 cases, 66 age-matched immunocompetent controls and 21 immunocompromised comparator participants, using a combination of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and immunohistochemical methods. We detected high levels of adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) DNA in the liver, blood, plasma or stool from 27 of 28 cases. We found low levels of adenovirus (HAdV) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) in 23 of 31 and 16 of 23, respectively, of the cases tested. By contrast, AAV2 was infrequently detected and at low titre in the blood or the liver from control children with HAdV, even when profoundly immunosuppressed. AAV2, HAdV and HHV-6 phylogeny excluded the emergence of novel strains in cases. Histological analyses of explanted livers showed enrichment for T cells and B lineage cells. Proteomic comparison of liver tissue from cases and healthy controls identified increased expression of HLA class 2, immunoglobulin variable regions and complement proteins. HAdV and AAV2 proteins were not detected in the livers. Instead, we identified AAV2 DNA complexes reflecting both HAdV-mediated and HHV-6B-mediated replication. We hypothesize that high levels of abnormal AAV2 replication products aided by HAdV and, in severe cases, HHV-6B may have triggered immune-mediated hepatic disease in genetically and immunologically predisposed children

Plasma lipid profiles discriminate bacterial from viral infection in febrile children

Fever is the most common reason that children present to Emergency Departments. Clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of bacterial infection ar

SARS‐CoV‐2 acute bronchiolitis in hospitalized children: Neither frequent nor more severe

Introduction: Endemic coronaviruses have been found in acute bronchiolitis, mainly as a coinfecting virus. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been responsible for respiratory illness in hospitalized children. The characteristics of patients with bronchiolitis have not been extensively described. Methods: Cross-sectional study of patients with bronchiolitis and SARS-CoV-2 infection enrolled in a prospective multicenter cohort of children hospitalized with COVID-19 in Spain from March 1, 2020 to February 28, 2021. Results: Twelve of 666 children infected with SARS-CoV-2 who required hospital admission met the diagnostic criteria for bronchiolitis (1.8%). Median age was 1.9 months (range: 0.4-10.1). Six cases had household contact with a confirmed or probable COVID-19 case. Main complaints were cough (11 patients), rhinorrhea (10), difficulty breathing (8), and fever (8). Eleven cases were classified as mild or moderate and one as severe. Laboratory tests performed in seven patients did not evidence anemia, lymphopenia, or high C-reactive protein levels. Chest X-rays were performed in six children, and one case showed remarkable findings. Coinfection with metapneumovirus was detected in the patient with the most severe course; Bordetella pertussis was detected in another patient. Seven patients required oxygen therapy. Albuterol was administered in four patients. One patient was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. Median length of admission was 4 days (range: 3-14). No patient died or showed any sequelae at discharge. Two patients developed recurrent bronchospasms. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 infection does not seem to be a main trigger of severe bronchiolitis, and children with this condition should be managed according to clinical practice guidelines.Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness)4.090 JCR (2021) Q1, 21/130 Pediatrics0.927 SJR (2021) Q1, 49/320 Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child HealthNo data IDR 2021UE

Immunogenicity of the Conjugate Meningococcal ACWY-TT Vaccine in Children and Adolescents Living with HIV

2023 Descuento MDPIBackground: Children and adolescents living with HIV (CALHIV) are at high risk of meningococcal infections and may present lower immune responses to vaccines. The objectives of this study were to assess the immunogenicity of the quadrivalent Men ACWY-TT vaccine (Nimenrix®) in CALHIV after a two-dose schedule and to describe possible HIV-related factors that may affect the immunogenic response. Methods: A multicenter prospective study was designed, including CALHIV followed in five hospitals in Madrid, between 2019 and 2021. Two doses of the Men ACWY-TT vaccine were administered. Serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assays using rabbit complement (rSBA) against serogroups C, W, and Y were used to determine seroprotection and vaccine response (the proportion achieving a putative protective titer of ≥eight or a ≥four-fold rise in titer from baseline). Serum was collected at baseline, and at 3 and 12 months after vaccination. Results: There were 29 CALHIV included, 76% of whom were perinatally infected. All were receiving TAR and presented a good immunovirological and clinical status overall. At baseline, 45% of CALHIV had seroprotective titers to at least one serogroup, with individual seroprotection rates of 24%, 28%, and 32% against C, W, and Y, respectively. After a two-dose schedule, vaccine response was 83% for each serogroup, eliciting a vaccine response to all serogroups in 69% of them. One year after vaccination, 75% of CALHIV maintained seroprotective titers against the C serogroup, and 96% against W and Y. None of the HIV-related characteristics analyzed could predict vaccine response or antibody duration. Conclusions: CALHIV who received effective TAR and presented a good immuno-virological situation achieved an appropriate vaccine response after two doses of the Men ACWY-TT vaccine, and antibody-mediated protection against serogroups C, W, and Y was maintained in more than 70% of the patients one year after vaccination.Familia Alonso FoundationInstituto de Salud Carlos IIISpanish AIDS Research NetworkDepto. de MedicinaFac. de MedicinaTRUEpubDescuento UC