Viagra (R) and Cialis (R) blister packaging fingerprinting using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) allied with chemometric methods

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)The production of counterfeit drugs is a criminal problem that carries serious risks to public health worldwide. Herein, the chemical fingerprinting of blister packaging using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of authentic and counterfeit samples of Viagra (R) and Cialis (R) is demonstrated. Fifteen commercial samples (Viagra (R) and Cialis (R)) and thirty two counterfeit samples (Viagra and Cialis) were analyzed, and the FTIR data was subjected to chemometric treatment via unsupervised pattern recognition methods (principal component analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis) and a supervised pattern recognition method (partial least squares discriminant analysis). ATR-FTIR spectra of the blister packaging of authentic Cialis (R) and counterfeit Cialis samples showed bands at 2976, 2904, 1431, 1326, 1243, 973, 691 and 608 cm(-1), suggesting the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in its chemical composition. For authentic Viagra (R) and counterfeit Viagra samples, several distinct chemical profiles were observed in the ATR-FTIR spectra. Using unsupervised methods, samples were separated into three large groups: (i) counterfeit Viagra (seven samples made of PVC); (ii) authentic Viagra (R) (three samples made of poly(ethylene terephthalate)); (iii) Cialis (authentic and counterfeit) and some samples of Viagra (thirty seven made of PVC with additives of stearic acid derivatives, butyl hydroxy toluene or bisphenol A). Therefore, this suggests that three different types of forming films are used in the market for blister packaging used to contain inhibitors of PDE-5. Using supervised methods, all samples were correctly classified into their respective classes.6827222728Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)FINEPConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties as well as the phenolic content of the extract from Hancornia speciosa Gomes

Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae) is a fruit tree, popularly known as mangabeira, and it is widely distributed throughout Brazil. Several parts of the plant are used in folk medicine, and the leaf and bark extracts have anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition of the ethanolic extract of Hancornia speciosa leaves (EEHS) and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities as well as the mechanisms involved in cell death. The chemical compounds were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The antioxidant activity of the EEHS was investigated using the method that involves the scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals as well as the inhibition of oxidative hemolysis and lipid peroxidation induced by 2,2’-azobis (2-amidinopropane) in human erythrocytes. The antimicrobial activity was determined by calculating the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration, and zone of inhibition. Kasumi-1 leukemic cells were used to assess the cytotoxic activity and mechanisms involved in cell death promoted by the EEHS. The chemical compounds identified were quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, rutin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-rutinoside, and catechin-pentoside. The EEHS demonstrated antioxidant activity via the sequestration of free radicals, inhibition of hemolysis, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes incubated with an oxidizing agent. The antimicrobial activity was observed against American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and hospital strains of bacteria and fungi, filamentous fungi and dermatophytes. The cytotoxic activity of the EEHS was induced by apoptosis, reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and activation of cathepsins. Together, these results indicate the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the EEHS and that their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities in acute myeloid leukemia cells are mediated by apoptosis.This work was supported by grants from Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT, Brazil), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brazil) and PRODER, (24.073 – Â, Portugal). E.L.S.; E.J.P.G e C.A.L.C., were recipient of felowship from CNPq, Brazil. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript