The Response of Marital Fertility to Short term Macroeconomic Crisis An Event History Analysis, Ethiopia: 1973-2011

Abstract: This thesis combined the individual level longitudinal data, from the 2011 Ethiopian demographic and health survey, with annual GDP and price indicators, to examine the response of marital fertility to short term macroeconomic stress that Ethiopians has been facing in the last forty years. A two-level discrete time random effect models were employed to estimate the risk of next birth. Rural households, landed and agrarians responded strongly to short term economic stresses. The death of the previous child, education and service sector employment are important moderates of the effect of economic hardships. Strong and significant response is observed only in the second year after the crisis, which evidenced to the absence of planned and deliberate birth controls in this agrarian society. Instead, it pointed to the importance of temporary migration of family member as a coping mechanism to shocks. Similarly, a crisis –induced malnutrition was a plausible mechanism to lower marital fertility in the second year of economic crisis. The study calls for policy measures in improving the productivity and diversified income sources of the small holder agrarians, and reduction of infant and child mortality as a an important tool to lower total fertility rate in the country

Investment climate and manufacturing performance in Ethiopia

The objectives of the study is to show the effects of investment climate variables on the operation of manufacturing firms with emphasis on small scale producers in Ethiopia. Investment Climate Survey dataset of World Bank (2006) is used. The findings are complemented from other recent survey based studies and annual reports of Central Statistical Authority to cross check the relevance of the data soruce and timing. The data is analyzed through descriptive and econometric techniques. The descriptive analysis shows that infrastructural costs share to the yearly sales account 52% in the small size firms. The quality of infrastructures are also not adequate. Access to formal sources of finance is not easy due to requirement of high value collaterals. Taxes and tax administrations are macropolicy related major constraints to the small size firms. Instituions services more specifically that of the municipal are not satisfactory. The institutional aspect doesn’t necessarily hold for the recent conditions due to BPR implementations. Education status of workers and manager, under capacity use and low involvment in R&D are observed especially in small size firms. The econometric result is also consistent with the descriptive evidence. A significant labor variable is one indicator of size advantage. Alternatively, firm size dummies are used and found with the expected signs. A negative significant for power interruption dummy unveils the effects of poor infrastructures. Value of collateral requirement and access to overdraft facility are finance related variables that affect the performance of firms. In sum one can say that the investment climate is at least not attractive and measures need to be taken to improve infrastructures cost and quality, revisiting collateral value in the formal credit markets to address financial constraints. Supports in the form of training opportunities and market search are advantageous especially to the smaller firms

農地再分配政策、公的農業普及活動、社会学習がもたらす技術普及と農業生産性への効果: エチオピア農村の事例

政策分析プログラム / Policy Analysis Program政策研究大学院大学 / National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies論文審査委員: 松本 朋哉 (主査), 大塚 啓二郎, 山内 慎子, 園部 哲史, 木島 陽子 (筑波大学 准教授

The Social Implications of Some Wolaita Proverbs on Children

This article is intended to depict the social implications of some of Wolaita proverbs on children. To conduct this study, the researcher used qualitative research design. Using two tools of data collection: interview and direct observation 33 theme related proverbs and sayings were collected. For the interview, 10 elders from various social groups in Wolaita were systematically selected. The result showed that, Wolaita’s oral tradition includes proverbs and saying that threaten small children. These proverbs and sayings represent children as source of problems, unsuccessful, incapable, thoughtless, unimportant, and uneducable and so on. This affects the children’s development in various ways. There are also proverbs and sayings that encourage the children’s holistic development. The study recommends that Wolaita Proverbs and sayings that encourage or praise children’s physical, moral and cognitive development should be promoted. On the contrary, others that do have negative implications against children should be demoted. Wolaitas should understand that the outdated abuses and biases held by Wolaita elders or forefathers towards small children since early times should be changed. Wolaitas should know that carelessly using sayings that threaten small children is a breach of children’s right. Keywords: children, Wolaita, proverbs and sayings, threaten small children, oral tradition, encourag

Exploring the incidence and variability of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain symptoms in colorectal cancer patients, comparative in vivo / in vitro modelling of oxaliplatin/ 56MESS(IV) as an alternative cancer treatment, and minocycline administration as a prophylactic agent for chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain

Oxaliplatin is commonly used for the treatment of advanced and recurrent colorectal cancer (CRC). However, oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain remains a challenge for the healthcare systems worldwide. In chapter II, the incidence and impact of acute oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain on chemotherapy treatment in colorectal cancer patients in the first cycle from the published research literature was explored. In chapter III, the variability of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain symptoms from the Southwestern Sydney Local Health District Hospitals (SWLHDHs) database of patients who received oxaliplatin based chemotherapy treatment (2011-2015) and the implications for the management of colorectal cancer patients was assessed. In chapter IV, it was explored whether oxaliplatin can induce behavioural hypersensitivity in healthy rats using the dosing regimen that mimics the standard clinical protocols (oxaliplatin 2.5 mg/kg i.p every two weeks). In chapter V, the effects of oxaliplatin and 56MESS(IV) on the viability, PI staining (cell death) and activation (nitrite production) of RAW264.7 (macrophages) and N11 (microglia) cell lines were explored in vitro. In summary, oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain remains a big problem as it affects treatment compliance in quarter of CRC patients during cycle 1 and as neuropathic pain symptoms oscillate across cycles for individual patients. This warrants further detailed patient-by-patient analysis of pain symptoms in future clinical trials. Additionally, the in vivo and in vitro data showed that minocycline pre-treatment has a potential to ameliorate oxaliplatin and 56MESS(IV) induced production of pro-inflammatory chemical mediators such as nitrite in vitro cell lines, which may be relevant to in vivo models of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. However, oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain is more likely multifactorial and research should be continued on the mechanisms of neuropathy and potential therapeutic drugs

Developing alternative leadership training model for evangelical church leaders in Ethiopia : an evaluative study in the Hiwot Berhan Church

https://place.asburyseminary.edu/ecommonsatsdissertations/1889/thumbnail.jp

Review on Plant Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of Sacred and Church Forests in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is the richest country in biodiversity particularly by plant species. However, most forest resource aggressively damaged by anthropogenic pressure; it is very sever in highland parts of the country. As a result, numerous forest biodiversity and ecosystem service loss.  Wonderful, there is patchy left forest around Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church and sacred forest. Religious institution (EOTC) and traditional norms are the main central point for why these forests conserved. Mostly, the place and all available resources particularly plant biodiversity are highly respected by the community because they account as God's commandment and a convent for EOTC and memorabilia for culturati. Sacredness is playing an uncountable role in conserving biodiversity resource particular plant biodiversity and ecosystem service. Both forests might assists as in situ conservation for native plant species. Church with stonewall has high species number than without similar sacred forest has high species number than non-sacred forest. Their ecosystem services are multiple such as environment, social-culture, economic, and combat climate change besides spiritual and religiousness. Likely plays a central role in alleviating poverty by providing fruit and seeds for food and income. However, due to population growth, overgrazing, farmland expansion, settlement, climate change, land use change and modernization some scared and church forests have been worsening. Therefore, to ensure the ecosystem service of forest (Church and sacred) and to control from further damaged it should be safeguarded by the affiliate as well as by other stakeholders particularly the government put a target for such forest conservation. Keywords: Biodiversity, church, ecosystem service, sacred, plant DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/86-03 Publication date:June 30th 202

Will the appointment of Tedros Ghebreyesus mark a turning point for WHO?

Dorcas Gwata and Tarik Endale analyse the top priorities for Dr Tedros Gebreyesus as he takes over the leadership of the World Health Organisation

Availability of Adequately Iodized Salt at Household Level and Associated Factors in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, Iodine Deficiency Disorder has been recognized as a serious public health problem for the past six decades. In 2011, an estimated 12 million school-age children were living with inadequate iodine, and 66 million people were at risk of iodine deficiency. One out of every 1000 people is a cretin mentally handicapped, due to a congenital thyroid deficiency, and about 50000 prenatal deaths are occurring annually due to iodine deficiency disorders. Only 5.7% of the households were using iodized salt in Dire Dawa city Administration, which is below the legal requirement.This study assessed availability of adequately iodized salt at household level and associated factors in Dire Dawa town, East Ethiopia. Community based cross-sectional study was carried out among households in Dire Dawa town during March 16-26, 2015. Multistage sampling technique was used. Data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire by a face-to-face interview technique. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to check associations and control confounding. A total of 694 participants were participated. The availability of adequately iodized salt (≥15 parts per million) in the study area was 7.5% (95% CI; 5.6-9.5). Multivariate result showed that health information about iodized salt (AOR=8.96, 95% CI; 4.68-17.16) (p=0.03), good knowledge about iodized salt (AOR=9.23, 95% CI; 3.34-25.5) (p=0.01) and using packed salt (AOR=3.99, 95% CI; 1.48-10.73) (p=0.006) were associated with availability of adequately iodized salt at household level. Availability of adequately iodized salt at household level was very low. Hence, households should be sensitized about importance of iodized salt and its proper handling at the household level