ASSESSMENTS AND CONTROVERSIES ON THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS – IFIS - WITHIN A GLOBALIZED MARKET

The world economy registered within the last decades a series of transformations which had as a result astounding economic growth, yet also violent crises, a maturing of the international cooperation with positive effects, yet also negative aspects as a cinternational financial institutions, multilateral development institutions, globalization, international capital flows

Using the Multivariate Data Analysis Techniques on the Insurance Market

In the present financial theory, we confront with complex economic phenomena and activities which cannot be studied or analyzed profoundly because of the plurality of existing variables, ratios and information. The economic, financial and social activity carried on under crisis or economic growth conditions registered year by year a development of the products and instruments in use. The complexity of the economic area may be simplified through techniques of multi-dimensional analysis. Such a method is the analysis of the principal components which allows the decreasing of the initial causal space dimension generated by the functional links which are established among the initial explanatory variables. The dimension of this space is determined by the number of explanatory variables identified as causes of the economic phenomenon and the higher their number, the more difficult it is to analyze the initial causal space because the information volume, the complexity of calculations, the risk not to identify the contribution of each variable to the creation of the initial causal space variability and the decrease in the initial variables significance in case they would be inter-correlated grow. The simplification of the initial causal space means the determination of a change which consists in transition from a space with a large number of variables to another one of fewer dimensions, equivalent but on the conditions of keeping maximum information from the initial space and maximizing the variability of the new space (called principal space). Variables from the principal space represent the principal components, they are un-correlated and the vectors which define them have a unitary length.original variables, covariance matrix, eigenvalue, eigenvector, principal components, total variance, generalized variance, factor matrix, factor loadings, factor scores, classification

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN UNEMPOYMENT AND REAL GDP GROWTH.A STUDY CASE ON ROMANIA

A sustainable rate of real GDP growth is one of the best ways to promote the rise of living standards. From a neoclassical point of view the underlying factors that affect economic growth are saving, population growth and technological progress. UnemploymEconomic growth, Natural rate of unemployment, Okuns's law

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Loan Products Included in the Offer of Commercial Banks

A bank loan is the main form of economical credit. It is for corporate activities – for medium and big companies and for retail activities – for small companies and individuals. The conditions for credit mainly depend on the quality of customers, it means their ability to perform a profitable activity and to be able to pay back the credits. For reasons which are mainly connected to marketing, bank practice has developed a large range of credit names, trying to emphasize some of the parts of the products or to take profit of some competition advantages in relation with customers’ products. We are trying to include the offer of bank loans in a typology which takes into account the law, the bank field rules and the main technical features of the offered products

Guarantees in Banking Operations with Bank Customers

In a crediting relationship, one of the parties involved – namely the creditor – is exposed to certain risks which impose taking measures to guarantee a debt. If, at the due date, the debtor cannot pay his/her debts and meet the assumed liabilities, the creditor can execute the legally constituted guarantees, on a contract basis, thus covering the debt.There are also situations when the state, being directly interested in promoting trade and cooperation with other economies or simply out of the wish to ensure a competitive and safer business environment, gets involved in insurance and guarantee operations. In such situations, the state does not interv

Characteristics of Criteria for Selecting Investment Projects under Uncertainty

Within financial theory and practice, there are used five main criteria for selecting investment projects: the net present value (NPV) criterion, the internal rate of return (IRR) criterion, the return term (RT) criterion, the profitability ratio (PR) criterion and the supplementary return (SR) criterion. The assay will emphasize several new properties of said indexes for investment assessment, having as starting point the hypotheses of (approximately) normal repartition of cash-flows generated by an investment project. The obtained results point to the fact that the NPV indexes (the analysis of this criterion was carried out in the article “The NPV Criterion for Valuing Investments under Uncertainty”, Daniel Armeanu, Leonard Lache, Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics Studies and Research no. 4/2009, pp. 133-143), IRR, PR, RT and SR register normal repartitions, therefore simplifying the investment analysis under economic uncertainty, by the capacity of building confidence intervals and assessing probabilities for the inferior limits of said investment assessment indexes

Loan Products Included in the Offer of Commercial Banks

A bank loan is the main form of economical credit. It is for corporate activities - for medium and big companies and for retail activities - for small companies and individuals. The conditions for credit mainly depend on the quality of customers, it means their ability to perform a profitable activity and to be able to pay back the credits. For reasons which are mainly connected to marketing, bank practice has developed a large range of credit names, trying to emphasize some of the parts of the products or to take profit of some competition advantages in relation with customers’ products. We are trying to include the offer of bank loans in a typology which takes into account the law, the bank field rules and the main technical features of the offered products.loan products; short term credit; long and medium term credit; commercial banks; risk.

ASSESSMENTS AND CONTROVERSIES ON THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS – IFIS - WITHIN A GLOBALIZED MARKET

The world economy registered within the last decades a series of transformations which had as a result astounding economic growth, yet also violent crises, a maturing of the international cooperation with positive effects, yet also negative aspects as a

New Advances in Space SHM Project

This paper is based on a consistent family of experimental data obtained in a national research project. More accurate, specimens representing spacecraft structures, accomplished from aluminum circular plates with PWAS bonded on them were subjected to extreme temperature variations and radiations, both specific to space applications. The structure itself is affected by mechanical damages caused by fatigue and aging. These mechanical damages were simulated by laser fabricated slit cuts. The signature of structure’s health is seen as the real part of electromechanical impedance (EMI) curves of a PWAS bonded on structure. Whatever the EMI signature (recorded via special devices) changes, it is important that it be signaled online. It is shown that a neural network (NN) has the willingness to “learn”, thus identifying a function more or less complicated, as it is the case with the real part of EMI characteristic. In view of NN preparation for in-situ installing, at least the following aspects must be elucidated: setting the number of iterations to learning; evaluation of common damages that can appear in the structure; investigations on their evolution time; investigations on the possible values of learning errors; the default value of error to stop the learning process