Income Distribution and Poverty in Nevada

In his famous visit to the U.S. early in the nineteenth century, the French observer Alexis de Tocqueville was surprised by what he saw as “an equality of condition” in his travels around the country. Although he commented on the existence of wealth in the new nation, he was impressed by what he saw as its relative lack of concentration (de Tocqueville 1969). Recent studies by social historians, however, discovered that de Tocqueville was mistaken. Further research suggests that a pattern of highly unequal distributions of wealth and income persisted from the time of the Revolution up through the end of the Civil War, peaking during the period from 1850 to 1870 (Sturm 1977). In subsequent years, patterns of income and wealth inequality fluctuated only slightly until the late 1970’s, when the income disparity began to rise again, with the gap growing ever since (Keister and Moller 2000; Hurst 2004)

Social representations in the academic program in rural education / natural sciences teacher education: investigating students and teachers

Apresenta-se um estudo de caso acerca de um curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo / Ciências da Natureza, vinculado a uma universidade federal localizada no município de Porto Alegre/ Rio Grande do Sul. Buscou-se investigar, através da aplicação de questionários, as representações sociais de estudantes e docentes a respeito de temas relacionados à especificidade do curso (opção pela licenciatura; interdisciplinaridade; ensino de Ciências da Natureza na Educação Básica; características de um bom professor) e a ocorrência de convergências ou divergências destas com referenciais teóricos educacionais correlacionados. Os dados textuais obtidos foram interpretados através da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados do estudo mostraram que a maior parte dos sujeitos representa: a escolha pela licenciatura com base na função social do magistério, no interesse pela Educação do Campo ou pelas Ciências da Natureza; a interdisciplinaridade, presente como eixo organizador do curso, como forma de interação relativamente restrita, associada a disciplinas escolares; o ensino de Ciências da Natureza, na Educação Básica, como uma prática educacional vinculada à necessidade de que as pessoas saibam lidar com situações cotidianas e tomar decisões, com impacto na vida de todos, de forma criteriosa; o bom professor como um indivíduo cujo perfil está atrelado à dimensão profissional, à dimensão estratégica e à dimensão relacional. Este trabalho aponta um arcabouço de reflexões para que a formação de docentes na/da Educação do Campo, com especificidade da área de Ciências da Natureza, possa continuar sendo investigada, planejada e/ou repensada, em diferentes espaços acadêmicos do país.A case study is presented about an academic program in Rural Education / Natural Sciences Teacher Education linked to a federal university located in the city of Porto Alegre/Rio Grande do Sul. We sought to investigate through the application of questionnaires the social representations of students and teachers regarding topics related to the specificity of the academic program (option for teacher education; interdisciplinarity; Natural Sciences teaching in Basic Education; characteristics of a good teacher) and the occurrence of convergences or divergences of these with correlated educational theoretical references. The textual data obtained were interpreted through content analysis. The results obtained showed that most of the research participants represent: the option for teacher education based on the social function of teaching, interest in Rural Education or Natural Sciences; interdisciplinarity, present as the organizing axis of the academic program, as a form of relatively restricted interaction associated with school subjects; the Natural Sciences teaching in Basic Education as an educational practice linked to the need for people to know how to deal with everyday situations and make decisions, with an impact on everyone's lives, in a judicious way; the good teacher as an individual whose profile is linked to the professional dimension, the strategic dimension and the relational dimension. This work points to a framework of reflections so that the teacher education in Rural Education with specificity in the Natural Sciences area can continue to be investigated, planned and/or rethought in different academic spaces in the country

Chemistry teacher education in the context of a Federal Institute : investigation of some dimensions

Este trabalho, sendo um estudo de caso qualitativo, investiga um curso de Licenciatura em Química do campus de um Instituto Federal, localizadono Rio Grande do Sul. Através da aplicação de questionários a docentes e discentes, a pesquisa busca determinar indicadores sobreo curso citado, sendoutilizada a análise de conteúdo como referencial interpretativo dos dados. Os resultados apontam que há aspectos positivos relacionados ao curso, vinculados à qualidade do corpo docente e à oportunidade de atividades de práticas deensino, pesquisa e extensão. Os sujeitos definem o ensino de Ciências da Natureza com base nos conteúdos a serem desenvolvidos e, de forma menos significativa, na interação com a sociedade. Sobre as definições relacionadas ao que seria um bom professor, os informantes destacam dimensões relacionais e estratégicas, indicando carência de uma visão sobre o papel social crítico e transformador do docente a ser formado nesse espaço institucional.This work, being a qualitative case study,investigates a Academic Program in Chemistry Teacher Education on the campus of a Federal Institute, located in Rio Grande do Sul. Through the application of questionnaires to docents and students, the research seeks to determine indicators on the aforementioned Academic Program, using content analysis as an interpretive framework for the data. The results show that there are positive aspects related to the course, linked to the quality of the docents and the opportunity for practical activities in teaching, research and extension. The subjects define the teaching of Natural Sciences based on the contents to be developed and to a lesser extent on the interaction with society. Regarding the definitions related to what would be a good teacher, the informants highlight relational and strategic dimensions, indicating a lack of a vision about the critical and transforming social role of the teacher to be trained in this institutional space.Este trabajo, al ser un caso de estudio cualitativo, investiga una Licenciatura en Química en el campus de un Instituto Federal, ubicado en Rio Grande do Sul. Mediante la aplicación de cuestionarios a profesores y estudiantes, la investigación busca determinar indicadores sobre el curso mencionado, utilizando el análisis de contenido como marco interpretativo de los datos. Los resultados muestran que existen aspectos positivos relacionados con el curso, ligados a la calidad del profesorado y la oportunidad de realizar actividades prácticas en docencia, investigación y extensión. Las asignaturas definen la enseñanza de las Ciencias Naturales en función de los contenidos a desarrollar y, en menor medida, de la interacción con la sociedad. En cuanto a las definiciones relacionadas con lo que sería un buen docente, los informantes destacan dimensiones relacionales y estratégicas, indicando una falta de una visión sobre el rol social crítico y transformador del docente para formarse en este espacio institucional

Natural HLA Class I Polymorphism Controls the Pathway of Antigen Presentation and Susceptibility to Viral Evasion

HLA class I polymorphism creates diversity in epitope specificity and T cell repertoire. We show that HLA polymorphism also controls the choice of Ag presentation pathway. A single amino acid polymorphism that distinguishes HLA-B*4402 (Asp116) from B*4405 (Tyr116) permits B*4405 to constitutively acquire peptides without any detectable incorporation into the transporter associated with Ag presentation (TAP)-associated peptide loading complex even under conditions of extreme peptide starvation. This mode of peptide capture is less susceptible to viral interference than the conventional loading pathway used by HLA-B*4402 that involves assembly of class I molecules within the peptide loading complex. Thus, B*4402 and B*4405 are at opposite extremes of a natural spectrum in HLA class I dependence on the PLC for Ag presentation. These findings unveil a new layer of MHC polymorphism that affects the generic pathway of Ag loading, revealing an unsuspected evolutionary trade-off in selection for optimal HLA class I loading versus effective pathogen evasion

Gestação de alto risco: epidemiologia e cuidados, uma revisão de literatura / High risk pregnancy: epidemiology and care, a literature review

Introdução: A gestação é um processo fisiológico que ocorre sem complicações na maioria dos casos. No entanto, algumas mulheres apresentam comorbidades, agravos ou desenvolvem problemas relacionados à gravidez. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo realizado através de levantamento bibliográfico na modalidade revisão integrativa de literatura sobre perfil clínico epidemiológico. A pesquisa de periódicos foi realizada através dos bancos de dados PubMed e Scielo. Resultados e discussão: Por meio dos 13 artigos utilizados neste estudo foi possível compreender o perfil epidemiológico das gestantes acompanhadas no pré-natal de alto risco, assim como os cuidados voltados às mesmas. Ressaltando a responsabilidade dos profissionais da saúde em atuar na educação das gestantes de modo especial aquelas consideradas de alto risco. A fim de informá-las sobre suas condições clínicas, fatores de riscos, estilo de vida saudável, relacionamento social, fatores que implicam como forma de prevenção capazes de induzir as mesmas ao autocuidado. Conclusão: Todos os estados têm investido em ações de enfrentamento da mortalidade materna e de fortalecimento da atenção à saúde materna. A redução da mortalidade materna no Brasil é ainda um desafio para os serviços de saúde e para a sociedade como um todo

Les droits disciplinaires des fonctions publiques : « unification », « harmonisation » ou « distanciation ». A propos de la loi du 26 avril 2016 relative à la déontologie et aux droits et obligations des fonctionnaires

The production of tt‾ , W+bb‾ and W+cc‾ is studied in the forward region of proton–proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98±0.02 fb−1 . The W bosons are reconstructed in the decays W→ℓν , where ℓ denotes muon or electron, while the b and c quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions.The production of $t\overline{t}$, $W+b\overline{b}$ and $W+c\overline{c}$ is studied in the forward region of proton-proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98 $\pm$ 0.02 \mbox{fb}^{-1}. The $W$ bosons are reconstructed in the decays $W\rightarrow\ell\nu$, where $\ell$ denotes muon or electron, while the $b$ and $c$ quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions

Observation of the B0 → ρ0ρ0 decay from an amplitude analysis of B0 → (π+π−)(π+π−) decays

Proton–proton collision data recorded in 2011 and 2012 by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb−1 , are analysed to search for the charmless B0→ρ0ρ0 decay. More than 600 B0→(π+π−)(π+π−) signal decays are selected and used to perform an amplitude analysis, under the assumption of no CP violation in the decay, from which the B0→ρ0ρ0 decay is observed for the first time with 7.1 standard deviations significance. The fraction of B0→ρ0ρ0 decays yielding a longitudinally polarised final state is measured to be fL=0.745−0.058+0.048(stat)±0.034(syst) . The B0→ρ0ρ0 branching fraction, using the B0→ϕK⁎(892)0 decay as reference, is also reported as B(B0→ρ0ρ0)=(0.94±0.17(stat)±0.09(syst)±0.06(BF))×10−6

Measurement of the (eta c)(1S) production cross-section in proton-proton collisions via the decay (eta c)(1S) -> p(p)over-bar

The production of the $\eta_c (1S)$ state in proton-proton collisions is probed via its decay to the $p \bar{p}$ final state with the LHCb detector, in the rapidity range $2.0 6.5$ GeV/c. The cross-section for prompt production of $\eta_c (1S)$ mesons relative to the prompt $J/\psi$ cross-section is measured, for the first time, to be $\sigma_{\eta_c (1S)}/\sigma_{J/\psi} = 1.74 \pm 0.29 \pm 0.28 \pm 0.18 _{B}$ at a centre-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.7 fb$^{-1}$, and $\sigma_{\eta_c (1S)}/\sigma_{J/\psi} = 1.60 \pm 0.29 \pm 0.25 \pm 0.17 _{B}$ at $\sqrt{s} = 8$ TeV using 2.0 fb$^{-1}$. The uncertainties quoted are, in order, statistical, systematic, and that on the ratio of branching fractions of the $\eta_c (1S)$ and $J/\psi$ decays to the $p \bar{p}$ final state. In addition, the inclusive branching fraction of $b$-hadron decays into $\eta_c (1S)$ mesons is measured, for the first time, to be $B ( b \rightarrow \eta_c X ) = (4.88 \pm 0.64 \pm 0.25 \pm 0.67 _{B}) \times 10^{-3}$, where the third uncertainty includes also the uncertainty on the $J/\psi$ inclusive branching fraction from $b$-hadron decays. The difference between the $J/\psi$ and $\eta_c (1S)$ meson masses is determined to be $114.7 \pm 1.5 \pm 0.1$ MeV/c$^2$.The production of the $\eta _c (1S)$ state in proton-proton collisions is probed via its decay to the $p\overline{p}$ final state with the LHCb detector, in the rapidity range $2.0 6.5 \mathrm{{\,GeV/}{ c}}$ . The cross-section for prompt production of $\eta _c (1S)$ mesons relative to the prompt ${{ J}}/{\psi }$ cross-section is measured, for the first time, to be $\sigma _{\eta _c (1S)}/\sigma _{{{{ J}}/{\psi }}} = 1.74\, \pm \,0.29\, \pm \, 0.28\, \pm \,0.18 _{{\mathcal{B}}}$ at a centre-of-mass energy ${\sqrt{s}} = 7 {~\mathrm{TeV}}$ using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.7 fb$^{-1}$ , and $\sigma _{\eta _c (1S)}/\sigma _{{{{ J}}/{\psi }}} = 1.60 \pm 0.29 \pm 0.25 \pm 0.17 _{{\mathcal{B}}}$ at ${\sqrt{s}} = 8 {~\mathrm{TeV}}$ using 2.0 fb$^{-1}$ . The uncertainties quoted are, in order, statistical, systematic, and that on the ratio of branching fractions of the $\eta _c (1S)$ and ${{ J}}/{\psi }$ decays to the $p\overline{p}$ final state. In addition, the inclusive branching fraction of ${b}$ -hadron decays into $\eta _c (1S)$ mesons is measured, for the first time, to be ${\mathcal{B}}( b {\rightarrow } \eta _c X ) = (4.88\, \pm \,0.64\, \pm \,0.29\, \pm \, 0.67 _{{\mathcal{B}}}) \times 10^{-3}$ , where the third uncertainty includes also the uncertainty on the ${{ J}}/{\psi }$ inclusive branching fraction from ${b}$ -hadron decays. The difference between the ${{ J}}/{\psi }$ and $\eta _c (1S)$ meson masses is determined to be $114.7 \pm 1.5 \pm 0.1 {\mathrm {\,MeV\!/}c^2}$ .The production of the $\eta_c (1S)$ state in proton-proton collisions is probed via its decay to the $p \bar{p}$ final state with the LHCb detector, in the rapidity range $2.0 6.5$ GeV/c. The cross-section for prompt production of $\eta_c (1S)$ mesons relative to the prompt $J/\psi$ cross-section is measured, for the first time, to be $\sigma_{\eta_c (1S)}/\sigma_{J/\psi} = 1.74 \pm 0.29 \pm 0.28 \pm 0.18 _{B}$ at a centre-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.7 fb$^{-1}$, and $\sigma_{\eta_c (1S)}/\sigma_{J/\psi} = 1.60 \pm 0.29 \pm 0.25 \pm 0.17 _{B}$ at $\sqrt{s} = 8$ TeV using 2.0 fb$^{-1}$. The uncertainties quoted are, in order, statistical, systematic, and that on the ratio of branching fractions of the $\eta_c (1S)$ and $J/\psi$ decays to the $p \bar{p}$ final state. In addition, the inclusive branching fraction of $b$-hadron decays into $\eta_c (1S)$ mesons is measured, for the first time, to be $B ( b \rightarrow \eta_c X ) = (4.88 \pm 0.64 \pm 0.29 \pm 0.67 _{B}) \times 10^{-3}$, where the third uncertainty includes also the uncertainty on the $J/\psi$ inclusive branching fraction from $b$-hadron decays. The difference between the $J/\psi$ and $\eta_c (1S)$ meson masses is determined to be $114.7 \pm 1.5 \pm 0.1$ MeV/c$^2$