Assessment of tree species diversity and above-ground biomass in two disturbed tropical dry evergreen forests of Coromandel coast of India

The tree diversity and carbon stock of all woody plants were investigated in two-hectare square plots (100 m x 100 m) were established in Suryanpet (SP) and Velleripet (VP) which is tropical dry evergreen forest (TDEF) sites on the Coromandel Coast of peninsular India. All trees ? 10 cm girth at breast height measured at 1.3 m from the rooting point were enumerated. A total of 35 tree species (? 10 cm gbh) belonging to 34 genera and 23 families were recorded in tropical dry evergreen forests. Tree species richness in 27 (dominant species Dimorphocalyx glabellus Thw.) and 18 (dominant species Strychnos nux-vomica L.) in SP and VP respectively. A total density of woody plants 671 and 1154 individuals in SP and VP respectively. The basal area of trees in the two study sites SP (40.70 m2 ha-1) and VP (45.46 m2 ha-1). Most abundant families are Loganiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Rutaceae and its family index value (FIV) is 56.14, 39.12 and 21.40 respectively. The aboveground biomass (AGB) of trees totaled in site SP (405.3 Mg ha-1) and VP (721.3 Mg ha-1). The extent of tree species diversity and estimated carbon stock of the TDEF sites, which provides the baseline data on the floristic structure and diversity of this forest for better management and conservation

Assessment on performance and emission characteristics of the CRDI engine fueled with ethanol/diesel blends in addition to EGR

In this research, the CRDI engine characteristics were analyzed with the aid of exhaust gas recirculation rate (EGR) adoption fueled with ethanol blends. The test fuels were the various blends with ethanol, such as (10% of ethanol + 90% of diesel) E10D90 (20% of ethanol + 80% of diesel), E20D80, and (30% of ethanol + 70% of diesel) E30D70. From the results, it was revealed that performance characteristics were reduced when using a higher concentration of the alcohols mixed with diesel fuel. The blend E30D70 showed that brake thermal efficiency (BTE) without EGR drops by 3.8%, increased by 9.14% of BSFC, a 9.25% decrease in oxides of nitrogen emissions, and slightly decreased CO and HC emissions compared to baseline diesel operation at 60% load condition. The blend E10D90 with 20% EGR shows the highest BTE of 8.87% when compared with base fuel, due to proper fuel mixture taking place in the inlet manifold. The results indicate that the engine runs smoothly, and E30D70 has chosen an optimum blend. A further experiment was performed using E30D70 with different rates of exhaust gas recirculation system. The addition of exhaust gas recirculation with E30D70 in the common rail diesel engine exhibits oxides of nitrogen emission, but in contrast, it was noticed to have inferior performance characteristics and drastically decreased HC and CO emissions. The hydrocarbon emission decreased E10D90, E20D80, and E30D70 at 60% load condition by 21.42%, 37.38%, and 48.76%, respectively. The blends E10D90, E20D80, and E30D70 decreased carbon dioxide by 7.9%, 30.08%, and 31.98%, respectively. The maximum reduction of NOx emission was observed at about 51.06% at an EGR rate of 20% with E30D70.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijceam2023Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineerin

Size-segregated particulate matter and its association with respiratory deposition doses among outdoor exercisers in Dhanbad City, India

<p>Regular exercise improves physiological processes and yields positive health outcomes. However, it is relatively less known that particulate matter (PM) exposure during outdoor exercises may increase several respiratory health problems depending on PM levels. In this study, the respiratory deposition doses (RDDs) in head airway (HD), tracheobronchial (TB), and alveolar (AL) regions of various PM size fractions (<10, <2.5, and <1 μm; PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁) were estimated in healthy male and female exercisers in urban outdoors and within house premises. The highest RDDs were found for PM during morning hours in winter compared with remaining periods. RDDs in AL region for males and females, respectively, were 34.7 × 10⁻² and 28.8 × 10⁻² µg min⁻¹ for PM₁₀, 65.7 × 10⁻² and 56.9 × 10⁻² µg min⁻¹ for PM_2.5, and 76.5 × 10⁻² and 66.3 × 10⁻² µg min⁻¹ for PM₁. The RDD values in AL region were significantly higher in PM₁ (27%) compared with PM_2.5 (13%) and PM₁₀ (2%) during exercise in all periods. This result showed that the morning peak hours in winter are more harmful to urban outdoor exercisers compared with other periods. This study also showed that the AL region would have been the main affected zone through fine particle (PM₁) to all the exercisers.</p> <p><i>Implications</i>: Size-segregated particle concentrations in urban outdoors and within house premises were measured. The highest respiratory deposition doses (RDDs) were found for PM during morning hours in winter compared with remaining periods. During light exercise, the RDD values in alveolar (AL) region for PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁ for male exercisers were significantly higher, 20.4%, 15.5%, and 15.4%, respectively, compared with female exercisers during morning peak hours in winter.</p

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Not AvailableA graded Murrah, she-buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) was presented with clinical signs of anorexia, occasional cough and regurgitation through nostrils and mouth for the past 15 days. Physical examination revealed fluctuation on the ventral neck and rumen intubation caused discomfort and regurgitation of watery, greenish ingesta through nostrils and mouth. Plain and contrast radiography of the neck was carried out. Endoscopy was performed as per standard procedure to visualize the esophagus and bronchi. The animal was found to have severe esophageal dilatation with stagnated ingesta and mild aspiration into the trachea. Further, the esophageal dilatation was confirmed in contrast radiography of esophagus.Not Availabl

Recent Developments in Heteroatom/Metal-Doped Carbon Dot-Based Image-Guided Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer

Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are advanced nanomaterials with a size of 2–10 nm and are considered zero-dimensional carbonaceous materials. CNDs have received great attention in the area of cancer theranostics. The majority of review articles have shown the improvement of CNDs for use in cancer therapy and bioimaging applications. However, there is a minimal number of consolidated studies on the currently developed doped CNDs that are used in various ways in cancer therapies. Hence, in this review, we discuss the current developments in different types of heteroatom elements/metal ion-doped CNDs along with their preparations, physicochemical and biological properties, multimodal-imaging, and emerging applications in image-guided photodynamic therapies for cancer

Substituted spiro [2.3'] oxindolespiro [3.2″]-5,6-dimethoxy-indane-1″-one-pyrrolidine analogue as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase

Series of pyrolidine analogues were synthesized and examined as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. Among the compounds, compounds 4k and 6k were the most potent inhibitors of the series. Compound 4k, showed potent inhibitory activity against acetyl cholinesterase enzyme with IC(50) 0.10 μmol/L. Pyrolidine analogues might be potential acetyl cholinesterase agents for AD

Synthesis and discovery of novel hexacyclic cage compounds as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase

Hexacyclic derivatives share vital pharmacological properties, considered useful in Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was synthesis and its evaluation for acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory activity of novel hexacyclic analogues. Compound 4f, showed potent inhibitory activity against acetyl cholinesterase enzyme with IC(50) 0.72 μmol/L