Влияние вспомогательных веществ на физико-химические свойства и токсичность инсектицидов

The paper shows the possibility of using various substances with insecticide to reduce the norms of the drug per unit area. Preparations Sumi-alpha and Kurakron in full and half-norms jointly and severally with the subsidiary additives slightly altered physico-chemical properties of solutions. Oils increases the toxicity of solutions.В работе показана возможность использования различных веществ совместно с инсектицидами для снижения норм препарата на единицу площади. Препараты Суми-альфа и Куракрон в полной и половинной нормах в отдельности и совместно с вспомогательными добавками несколько изменяли физико-химические свойства растворов. Масла повышали токсичность растворов

A review on activated carbon: process, application and prospects

Activated carbon (AC) is used in different states of applications after its discovery as a strong and reliable adsorbent. An overview on AC is presented together with revisiting the sources of AC generation; methods used to generate AC comprising of pyrolysis activation; physical activation; chemical activation and steam pyrolysis. The important factors affecting the AC production, the possible applications of AC and their future prospects are also discussed. AC is applied in water, wastewater and leachate treatments in many countries, especially to polish the color, remove the odor and some heavy metals. It is cheap and available, and can be produced from agricultural waste materials, e.g. rice husk, palm oil shell and coconut shell. The AC’s fine and porous structure and an extremely large particle surface area (>1000 m2/g) results in making it possessed powerful adsorptive properties. Therefore, the adsorption process using AC is found to be a potentially viable method of removing pollutants from aqueous solutions

Recent advances on palm oil mill effluent (POME) pretreatment and anaerobic reactor for sustainable biogas production

Palm oil is one of the leading agricultural crops in the world, as it dominates 34% of the global vegetable oil market, with approximately 64.6*103 million kgs of production in 2017. However, along with its breakthrough, the generation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) as uncontrolled waste has become a serious matter and requires proper management to reduce its negative effects on the environment. Subsequently, the high organic content of POME makes it possible to convert waste into value-added products, such as biogas. A ratio of 0.5 for biological oxygen demand to chemical oxygen demand (BOD/COD) indicates a high possibility for biological treatment. Recently, the utilisation of POME as a cheap source for biogas production has gained an extraordinary amount of attention, and intensive research has been conducted on the upstream to downstream process. Finding the most suitable and efficient pretreatment technique and reactor configuration are vital parameters for the treatment and conversion of POME to biogas. This review describes existing pretreatment processes for POME and recommends recently manufactured high-rate anaerobic reactors as the most suitable and efficient pretreatment technique for maximising the extraction of biogas from POME

Analysis and modelling of predation on biofilm activated sludge process: Influence on microbial distribution, sludge production and nutrient dosage

The influence of predation on the biofilm activated sludge (BAS) process is studied using a unified model that incorporates hydrolysis and predation phenomena into the two stages of the BAS system: moving bed biofilm reactor pre-treatment (bacterial-predator stage) and activated sludge (predator stage). The unified model adequately describes the experimental results obtained in a cellulose and viscose full-scale wastewater plant and has been used to evaluate the role and contribution of predator microorganisms towards removal of COD, nutrient requirements, sludge production and microbial distribution. The results indicate that predation is the main factor responsible for the reduction of both nutrient requirements and sludge production. Furthermore, increasing the sludge retention time (SRT) does not influence the total biomass content in the AS reactor of a BAS process in two different industrial wastewater treatments

Chemical characteristics of native soil in shrimp Gher and agricultural land

This study was conducted to characterize the native soil at shrimp Gher and agricultural land in Khulna, Bangladesh. Eight locations were selected and among them five Ghers from south part of Dumuria which is about 60 km away from KUET campus, Khulna, Bangladesh. In the laboratory, various parameters such as salinity, organic content, chloride, pH, alkalinity, conductivity and moisture content were determined by following standard methods. The chloride and alkalinity were determined manually and pH, conductivity and salinity were determined by digital meter. The organic and moisture content both were highest at 30 cm depth for both the cases of shrimp Gher and agricultural land. Chloride was highest at 15 cm depth for both the cases shrimp Gher and agricultural land. Alkalinity was highest at 30 cm depth for shrimp Gher, however, the lowest was for agricultural land. It is concluded that the salinity and organic content vary with depth, age and soil condition

Optimizing the performance of a paper mill effluent treatment

The paper making industry is characterized by high rate of water consumption and hence high rate of wastewater generation. The purpose of this research was to assess and optimize the existing complete mix activate sludge treatment plant that is used to treat the high strength paper mill effluent with the highest possible efficiency at a reasonable cost. The collected paper mill wastewater is equalized in an equalization tank before being pumped to the treatment plant. The treatment plant includes chemical treatment unit, complete mix activated sludge and granular media filtration unit. The results showed that effluent of a chemical treatment unit was found to be relatively similar to the laboratory simulated plain sedimentation unit. It can be concluded that addition of chemical coagulant can be eliminated with an overall saving of chemical addition costs. The complete mixing activated sludge achieved good removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Furthermore, the results showed that the plant is operated under low BOD:P ratio. The treatment efficiency of the plant can be improved by increasing the phosphorous dose to the plant to have BOD:P ratio of 100:0.5 to 100:1. It was found that 50% of the treated effluent is recycled to the manufacturing process, however this percentage can be increased through proper plant optimization and control of nutrient addition to the activated sludge unit

PARTICLE ENGINEERING FOR MULTIPARTICULATE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (FOS

Effect of certain substances on the physical-chemical properties and toxicity insecticides

The paper shows the possibility of using various substances with insecticide to reduce the norms of the drug per unit area. Preparations Sumi-alpha and Kurakron in full and half-norms jointly and severally with the subsidiary additives slightly altered physico-chemical properties of solutions. Oils increases the toxicity of solutions

Descriptive and Geographical Analysis of Flood Disaster Evacuation Modelling

ABSTRACT The planning of evacuation operations for a riverine flood disaster is vital for minimizing their negative impacts on human lives. This paper aims to develop a systematic method to model and plan evacuation trip generation and distribution for riverine floods. To achieve this aim, it adapts the transportation or Hitchcock problem, an operations research technique employed in conventional four-stage transportation modeling, and that is used to plan and model transport in normal situations, so that it is appropriate for flood disaster situations focusing on the first two stages. Concentrating on pre-flood hazard planning, our evacuation modelling considers two types of flood disaster data environments: certain environs, in which all decision variables are known, and uncertain environs, when probabilities of decision variables are considered in the evacuation plans

Evacuation Trip Generation and Distribution Methods for Riverine Flood Disaster by combination of geographic information system capabilities and operations research models

Floods in populated areas expose humans to serious threats to life. In light of this fact, evacuation of flood-affected populations is considered the most appropriate protective measure to minimize the negative impacts of floods. Yet, unplanned or spontaneous evacuations during flood disasters can cause severe traffic congestion that makes evacuees more vulnerable and exposes them to further risk. Therefore, efficient and effective planning of flood disaster evacuation operations is important for minimising the devastating consequences of flood disasters. In Australia, flooding caused by rainfall is the costliest natural disaster. Flood hazards range in scale and intensity from regular, planned-for events to manageable emergencies, and sometimes even to devastating disasters. Similarly, affected population evacuation modelling methods might range from simple, certain models to complicated, uncertain models, hence, not every evacuation model is appropriate for every flood hazard event. Riverine flood-related risks are usually manageable due to the gradual development of the flood and the predictability of the factors causing them, such as rainfall, floodplain locations, and flooding’s spatial and temporal distributions. Safer evacuations are possible when the evacuation is pre-warned, and evacuation can therefore be used as a protective measure for riverine flood disasters. Therefore, the planning of evacuation operations for a riverine flood disaster is vital for minimising their negative impacts on human lives. This research’s ultimate objective is to develop a systematic method to simulate, model and optimise riverine flood evacuation trip distribution between flood-affected areas and disaster relocation shelters. To achieve this ultimate objective, three stages of this research have been devised. Stage 1 describes how to utilise the theoretical contributions that have been identified from the analysis of flood-related resources outlined in the literature review. These contributions and knowledge gaps are explained in detail in chapter 2 and are then incorporated in the proposed model. Stage 2 discusses the methodology, and the requirements of building a robust evacuation model are explained in detail. The model inputs, processing, and outputs from different data and information sources are described, including geographical information requirements, and utilisation of a strategic transport planning model (STPM). In stage 3, the adaptation of transportation problem (also known as the Hitchcock problem) is described and compared with the shortest path method for a single evacuee simulation and the gravity distribution model, which is used in strategic transport planning modelling.Stage 3 clarifies that traditional strategic transportation planning focuses on long-term and strategic transport issues, and it does not adequately consider short-term operational issues and problems, including planning for riverine flood disaster evacuation trip purposes. Moreover, by focusing only on traffic assignment modelling, it does not take into account the effects of generated trips from flood-affected areas and the inundation of some disaster relocation shelters to which evacuees will be distributed. Stage 3 has proven the feasibility of adapting the transportation problem to optimise and plan riverine flood disaster evacuation trip distributions, achieving shorter total evacuation times than the strategic transport planning model method. Flood-affected dynamic populations and the evacuation travel time matrix between flood-affected areas and disaster relocation shelters, as estimated and calculated in the riverine flood disaster GIS developed in stage 2, were used as inputs in the investigation of three evacuation trip distribution methods. These three methods include the 1) single evacuee method (shortest path method), 2) the gravity distribution method, which is used in strategic transport planning modelling during normal peak periods, and 3) the proposed evacuation planning and optimisation method. These three evacuation methods are investigated using three types of evacuation time certainty environments that might coincide with different flood disaster severity levels. These three evacuation time knowledge environments are 1) the certain, 2) the approximate, and 3) the uncertain evacuation time certainty levels.Maps and statistical analytical tools are used to analyse and compare the evacuation trip distribution methods. These analyses have indicated that the evacuation distribution optimisation method achieves shorter total and average evacuation times between flood-affected areas and disaster relocation shelters than the single evacuee and strategic transport planning methods