Predicting adolescents' continuation in club sports: A prospective cohort study of the importance of personal and contextual motivational factors in five sports in Denmark

Purpose: The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the influence of types of motivation, basic psychological needs satisfaction and of a coach-created motivational climate on continued participation in youth sports across types of sport, competitive levels, ages, and gender. Methods: Participants were 7110 adolescent (age 12–20 years) members of leisure time club organized in basketball, handball, football, badminton, and gymnastics in Denmark. Motivational regulation was measured with BRSQ-6, basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration were measured with PNSS-S, and coach-created climate was measured with the EDMCQ-C. The participants' continuation or dropout was measured at the beginning of the following season with a short electronic questionnaire. Results: Intrinsic motivation, identified behavior regulation, experiences of competence, relatedness, and autonomy, as well as a coach-created empowering motivational climate, were associated with continuation both in the sport and in the club the following season across different sports, genders, age groups, and competitive levels. Introjected and external behavior regulation, frustrations with the need to experience competence, relatedness, and autonomy, as well as a disempowering coach-created climate, were associated with dropout. Conclusion: In Danish youth sports, autonomous motivation, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and an empowering coach-created motivational climate have a positive impact on the continuation of the sport and the club the following season. In contrast, controlled types of motivation, needs frustration, and a disempowering coach-created climate are associated with dropout. This is the case at both elite and recreational levels, for boys and girls, adolescents, and youth

Parous women perform less moderate to vigorous physical activity than their nulliparous peers: a population-based study in Denmark

Objectives The World Health Organization (WHO) highlights parous women as a key population for monitoring trends of physical activity (PA). We aimed to estimate the proportion of Danish women non-adhering to WHO PA guidelines in parous women compared with nulliparous women and to describe leisure-time PA intensity in each of these groups. Study design Cross-sectional study. Methods This population-based study builds on a sample of 27,668 women aged 16–40 years from the Danish National Health Survey 2021. These data were linked with childbirth data from the Danish National Birth Registry. The primary outcome was self-reported weekly hours of moderate to vigorous leisure-time PA (MVPA) dichotomized into: (i) adhering to WHO guidelines for MVPA or (ii) not adhering to WHO guidelines for MVPA. Binomial regression analysis was used to calculate prevalence proportions (PP) and prevalence proportion ratios (PPR). Results Of the 27,668 women, a total of 20,022 were included; 9338 (46.6%) parous women and 10,684 (53.4%) nulliparous women. The PP of women non-adhering to WHO PA guidelines was 63.8% (95% CI 62.9–64.8) for parous and 51.3% (95% CI 50.4–52.3) for nulliparous women, corresponding to a PPR of 1.24 (95% CI 1.21; 1.27). Conclusions The proportion of parous women who did not adhere to WHO PA guidelines for MVPA was 24% higher than that of nulliparous women. This highlights parous women as a subgroup of the adult population at increased risk of non-adherence to WHO PA guidelines. These findings call for future research to inform new strategies aiming to promote PA in parous women

Potential role of endocrine gastrin in the colonic adenoma carcinoma sequence

The role of hyper-gastrinaemia in the incidence of colonic cancer remains to be clarified. The aim of this study was to determine whether cholecystokinin-2 (CCK-2) receptor expression predicts the sensitivity of human colonic adenomas to the proliferative effects of serum hyper-gastrinaemia. Gene expression of the classical (74 kDa) CCK-2 receptor in human colonic adenoma specimens and cell lines, was quantified by real-time PCR. Western blotting, using a CCK-2 receptor antiserum, confirmed protein expression. A transformed human colonic adenoma was grown in SCID mice, with hyper-gastrinaemia induced by protein pump inhibitors. CCK-2 receptor blockade was achieved by using neutralising antiserum. Both human colonic adenoma cell lines and biopsies expressed CCK-2 receptor mRNA at levels comparable with CCK-2 receptor transfected fibroblasts and oxyntic mucosa. Western blotting confirmed immunoreactive CCK-2 receptor bands localised to 45, 74 and 82.5 kDa. Omeprazole and lansoprazole-induced hyper-gastrinaemia (resulting in serum gastrin levels of 34.0 and 153.0 pM, respectively) significantly increased the weight of the human adenoma grafts (43% (P=0.016) and 70% (P=0.014), respectively). The effect of hypergastrinaemia on tumour growth was reversed by use of antiserum directed against the CCK-2 receptor. Hyper-gastrinaemia may promote proliferation of human colonic adenomas that express CCK-2 receptor isoforms

PARP14 is a PARP with both ADP-ribosyl transferase and hydrolase activities

This is the final version. Available on open access from the American Association for the Advancement of Science via the DOI in this recordData availability: The MS proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE (92) partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD043452.PARP14 is a mono-ADP-ribosyl transferase involved in the control of immunity, transcription, and DNA replication stress management. However, little is known about the ADP-ribosylation activity of PARP14, including its substrate specificity or how PARP14-dependent ADP-ribosylation is reversed. We show that PARP14 is a dual-function enzyme with both ADP-ribosyl transferase and hydrolase activity acting on both protein and nucleic acid substrates. In particular, we show that the PARP14 macrodomain 1 is an active ADP-ribosyl hydrolase. We also demonstrate hydrolytic activity for the first macrodomain of PARP9. We reveal that expression of a PARP14 mutant with the inactivated macrodomain 1 results in a marked increase in mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation of proteins in human cells, including PARP14 itself and antiviral PARP13, and displays specific cellular phenotypes. Moreover, we demonstrate that the closely related hydrolytically active macrodomain of SARS2 Nsp3, Mac1, efficiently reverses PARP14 ADP-ribosylation in vitro and in cells, supporting the evolution of viral macrodomains to counteract PARP14-mediated antiviral response.Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)Wellcome TrustOxford University Challenge Seed FundEdward Penley Abraham Research FundOvarian Cancer Research AllianceResearch Council of NorwaySwedish Research CouncilMedical Research Council (MRC)Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchDanish Council of Independent ResearchDanish Cancer Societ

Setting a baseline for global urban virome surveillance in sewage

The rapid development of megacities, and their growing connectedness across the world is becoming a distinct driver for emerging disease outbreaks. Early detection of unusual disease emergence and spread should therefore include such cities as part of risk-based surveillance. A catch-all metagenomic sequencing approach of urban sewage could potentially provide an unbiased insight into the dynamics of viral pathogens circulating in a community irrespective of access to care, a potential which already has been proven for the surveillance of poliovirus. Here, we present a detailed characterization of sewage viromes from a snapshot of 81 high density urban areas across the globe, including in-depth assessment of potential biases, as a proof of concept for catch-all viral pathogen surveillance. We show the ability to detect a wide range of viruses and geographical and seasonal differences for specific viral groups. Our findings offer a cross-sectional baseline for further research in viral surveillance from urban sewage samples and place previous studies in a global perspective

Self-talk and emotions in tennis players during competitive matches

A theory-driven classification recently introduced to sport psychology distinguishes between goal-directed self-talk as a controlled type of self-talk, and spontaneous self-talk as an uncontrolled type of self-talk. Based on this classification, the aim of this study was to explore the relationship between self-talk and emotions. To this end, twenty competitive tennis matches were video-recorded. Shortly after the match, the players were confronted with situations from the match and asked to rate the intensity of their emotions experienced, the intensity of their outward emotional reactions, and to report on their self-talk. Multilevel fixed and random effect models showed that the intensity of emotions experienced (fixed model: β = −1.40; p <.01; random model: β = −1.40; p <.01) and outward emotional reactions (fixed model: β = −0.79; p <.01; random model: β = −0.76; p <.05) were lower in instances where players reported solely goal-directed self-talk than in instances where players reported solely spontaneous self-talk. Moreover, in the fixed model, the intensity of emotions experienced was also lower in instances where players reported goal-directed self-talk in conjunction with spontaneous self-talk, compared to instances where players reported solely spontaneous self-talk (β = −0.46; p <.01). Finally, exploratory analyses suggest that these effects are mostly true for negative emotions rather than positive ones. Overall, the findings support the relevance of dual-process self-talk approaches. These findings encourage players to gain awareness about their emotions through spontaneous self-talk, while they can use goal-directed self-talk for emotion regulation. © 2020 Association for Applied Sport Psychology