Sobre numeración internacional normalizada para libros y publicaciones periódicas

Desde hace unos años los libros y las publicaciones periódicas están adquiriendo carta de ciudadanía universal mediante la obtención de un número de identidad. Para los libros este número es único y exclusivo por unidad de volumen. Para las publicaciones periódicas se adjudica por título, o sea que no corresponde a cada entrega sino a la colección en total. Con ese fin, y teniendo como meta la posibilidad de llegar a obtener un Control Bibliográfico Universal, se han puesto en marcha dos sistemas que tienden a lograr la identificación de toda la producción editorial en el mundo, bajo un registro común. Estos sistemas son: para libros el de Numeración Internacional Normalizada de Libros (International Standard Book Number), conocido por las siglas ISBN. Para publicaciones periódicas y seriadas, el Número Internacional Normalizado para Publicaciones Periódicas y Seriadas (International Standard Seríals Number), ISSN.Departamento de Bibliotecologí

Beyond the conflict: religion in the public sphere and deliberative democracy

Traditionally, liberals have confined religion to the sphere of the ‘private’ or ‘non-political’. However, recent debates over the use of religious symbols in public spaces, state financing of faith schools, and tax relief for religious organisations suggest that this distinction is not particularly useful in easing the tension between liberal ideas of equality among citizens and freedom of religion. This article deals with one aspect of this debate, which concerns whether members of religious communities should receive exemptions from regulations that place a distinctively heavy burden on them. For supporters of exemptions, protection for diverse practices and religious beliefs justifies such a special treatment. For others, this is a form of positive discrimination incompatible with equal citizenship. Drawing on Habermas’ understanding of churches as ‘communities of interpretation’ this article explores possible alternative solutions to both the ‘rule-andexemption’ approach and the ‘neutralist’ approach. Our proposal rests on the idea of mutual learning between secular and religious perspectives. On this interpretation, what is required is, firstly, generation and maintenance of public spaces in which there could be discussion and dialogue about particular cases, and, secondly, evaluation of whether the basic conditions of moral discourse are present in these spaces. Thus deliberation becomes a touchstone for the building of a shared democratic etho

Sobre numeración internacional normalizada para libros y publicaciones periódicas

Desde hace unos años los libros y las publicaciones periódicas están adquiriendo carta de ciudadanía universal mediante la obtención de un número de identidad. Para los libros este número es único y exclusivo por unidad de volumen. Para las publicaciones periódicas se adjudica por título, o sea que no corresponde a cada entrega sino a la colección en total. Con ese fin, y teniendo como meta la posibilidad de llegar a obtener un Control Bibliográfico Universal, se han puesto en marcha dos sistemas que tienden a lograr la identificación de toda la producción editorial en el mundo, bajo un registro común. Estos sistemas son: para libros el de Numeración Internacional Normalizada de Libros (International Standard Book Number), conocido por las siglas ISBN. Para publicaciones periódicas y seriadas, el Número Internacional Normalizado para Publicaciones Periódicas y Seriadas (International Standard Seríals Number), ISSN.Departamento de Bibliotecologí

Preschool-age children maintain a distinct memory CD4 + T cell and memory B cell response after SARS-CoV-2 infection

International audienceThe development of the human immune system lasts for several years after birth. The impact of this maturation phase on the quality of adaptive immunity and the acquisition of immunological memory after infection at a young age remains incompletely defined. Here, using an antigen-reactive T cell (ARTE) assay and multidimensional flow cytometry, we profiled circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–reactive CD3 + CD4 + CD154 + T cells in children and adults before infection, during infection, and 11 months after infection, stratifying children into separate age groups and adults according to disease severity. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, children younger than 5 years old displayed a lower antiviral CD4 + T cell response, whereas children older than 5 years and adults with mild disease had, quantitatively and phenotypically, comparable virus-reactive CD4 + T cell responses. Adults with severe disease mounted a response characterized by higher frequencies of virus-reactive proinflammatory and cytotoxic T cells. After SARS-CoV-2 infection, preschool-age children not only maintained neutralizing SARS-CoV-2–reactive antibodies postinfection comparable to adults but also had phenotypically distinct memory T cells displaying high inflammatory features and properties associated with migration toward inflamed sites. Moreover, preschool-age children had markedly fewer circulating virus-reactive memory B cells compared with the other cohorts. Collectively, our results reveal unique facets of antiviral immunity in humans at a young age and indicate that the maturation of adaptive responses against SARS-CoV-2 toward an adult-like profile occurs in a progressive manner

Prosafe: a european endeavor to improve quality of critical care medicine in seven countries

BACKGROUND: long-lasting shared research databases are an important source of epidemiological information and can promote comparison between different healthcare services. Here we present ProsaFe, an advanced international research network in intensive care medicine, with the focus on assessing and improving the quality of care. the project involved 343 icUs in seven countries. all patients admitted to the icU were eligible for data collection. MetHoDs: the ProsaFe network collected data using the same electronic case report form translated into the corresponding languages. a complex, multidimensional validation system was implemented to ensure maximum data quality. individual and aggregate reports by country, region, and icU type were prepared annually. a web-based data-sharing system allowed participants to autonomously perform different analyses on both own data and the entire database. RESULTS: The final analysis was restricted to 262 general ICUs and 432,223 adult patients, mostly admitted to Italian units, where a research network had been active since 1991. organization of critical care medicine in the seven countries was relatively similar, in terms of staffing, case mix and procedures, suggesting a common understanding of the role of critical care medicine. conversely, icU equipment differed, and patient outcomes showed wide variations among countries. coNclUsioNs: ProsaFe is a permanent, stable, open access, multilingual database for clinical benchmarking, icU self-evaluation and research within and across countries, which offers a unique opportunity to improve the quality of critical care. its entry into routine clinical practice on a voluntary basis is testimony to the success and viability of the endeavor