The Two-Tiered Market in Western Water

I. Introduction II. Historical Development of the Project Market III. Federal Conditions Limiting the Transferability of Water Reclamation Projects … A. The Environmentalists’ Use of the Secretary of the Interior’s Lack of Authority as a Shield … b. The Small Farmers’ Use of Existing Statutes as a Sword … 1. The National Land for People Litigation … 2. The Yellen Litigation … 3. State Conditions Limiting Transferability … C. State Statutory Provisions That Restrict the Transfer of Project Water Rights IV. Impact of the Federal and State Conditions on the Market for Water Rights V. Private or Native Water … A. Improving the Market Allocation of Native Water … B. Quantification … C. Reducing the Cost of Necessary Quantification … D. Return Flow—The Intractable Problem … E. Avoiding Return Flow Problem

The Two-Tiered Market in Western Water

I. Introduction II. Historical Development of the Project Market III. Federal Conditions Limiting the Transferability of Water Reclamation Projects … A. The Environmentalists’ Use of the Secretary of the Interior’s Lack of Authority as a Shield … b. The Small Farmers’ Use of Existing Statutes as a Sword … 1. The National Land for People Litigation … 2. The Yellen Litigation … 3. State Conditions Limiting Transferability … C. State Statutory Provisions That Restrict the Transfer of Project Water Rights IV. Impact of the Federal and State Conditions on the Market for Water Rights V. Private or Native Water … A. Improving the Market Allocation of Native Water … B. Quantification … C. Reducing the Cost of Necessary Quantification … D. Return Flow—The Intractable Problem … E. Avoiding Return Flow Problem

Near-Threshold Production of omega Mesons in the pp -> pp omega Reaction

The total cross section for omega production in the pp -> pp omega reaction has been measured at five c.m. excess energies from 3.8 to 30 MeV. The energy dependence is easily understood in terms of a strong proton-proton final state interaction combined with a smearing over the width of the state. The ratio of near-threshold phi and omega production is consistent with the predictions of a one-pion-exchange model and the degree of violation of the OZI rule is similar to that found in the pi-p -> n omega/phi reactions.Comment: Report in LaTeX2e. 12 pages with 2 eps figure

Science and the Liberal Arts at Ursinus College

Science trend: Moving beyond industrialism • Founders\u27 Day address: Small colleges nurture young scientists well • Physics mentor changed a life • Complex world a challenge for scientists • In government, chemist finds his niche • Ursinus helps non standard student bloom • Ursinus let him explore inner space • Finding the problem is scientist\u27s hardest task • Most wanted: Insatiable curiosity • Real research: Practical or esoteric? • Flexibility is a matter of degree • Liberal arts education prepares minds • The way to encourage young scientistshttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/founders_programs/1053/thumbnail.jp

Kinetic theory of point vortices in two dimensions: analytical results and numerical simulations

We develop the kinetic theory of point vortices in two-dimensional hydrodynamics and illustrate the main results of the theory with numerical simulations. We first consider the evolution of the system "as a whole" and show that the evolution of the vorticity profile is due to resonances between different orbits of the point vortices. The evolution stops when the profile of angular velocity becomes monotonic even if the system has not reached the statistical equilibrium state (Boltzmann distribution). In that case, the system remains blocked in a sort of metastable state with a non standard distribution. We also study the relaxation of a test vortex in a steady bath of field vortices. The relaxation of the test vortex is described by a Fokker-Planck equation involving a diffusion term and a drift term. The diffusion coefficient, which is proportional to the density of field vortices and inversely proportional to the shear, usually decreases rapidly with the distance. The drift is proportional to the gradient of the density profile of the field vortices and is connected to the diffusion coefficient by a generalized Einstein relation. We study the evolution of the tail of the distribution function of the test vortex and show that it has a front structure. We also study how the temporal auto-correlation function of the position of the test vortex decreases with time and find that it usually exhibits an algebraic behavior with an exponent that we compute analytically. We mention analogies with other systems with long-range interactions

Quantum Fluctuations, Decoherence of the Mean Field, and Structure Formation in the Early Universe

We examine from first principles one of the basic assumptions of modern quantum theories of structure formation in the early universe, i.e., the conditions upon which fluctuations of a quantum field may transmute into classical stochastic perturbations, which grew into galaxies. Our earlier works have discussed the quantum origin of noise in stochastic inflation and quantum fluctuations as measured by particle creation in semiclassical gravity. Here we focus on decoherence and the relation of quantum and classical fluctuations. Instead of using the rather ad hoc splitting of a quantum field into long and short wavelength parts, the latter providing the noise which decoheres the former, we treat a nonlinear theory and examine the decoherence of a quantum mean field by its own quantum fluctuations, or that of other fields it interacts with. This is an example of `dynamical decoherence' where an effective open quantum system decoheres through its own dynamics. The model we use to discuss fluctuation generation has the inflation field coupled to the graviton field. We show that when the quantum to classical transition is properly treated, with due consideration of the relation of decoherence, noise, fluctuation and dissipation, the amplitude of density contrast predicted falls in the acceptable range without requiring a fine tuning of the coupling constant of the inflation field ($\lambda$). The conventional treatment which requires an unnaturally small $\lambda \approx 10^{-12}$ stems from a basic flaw in naively identifying classical perturbations with quantum fluctuations.Comment: 35 pages, latex, 0 figure

Contextualisation and authenticity in TBLT: voices from Chinese classrooms

In view of ongoing debates about the future of TBLT in EFL contexts (Thomas & Reinders, 2015; Zheng & Borg, 2014), we present a detailed case study of teacher beliefs and practices regarding TBLT conducted in a secondary school in mainland China with a long history of communicative and task-based teaching approaches. We used a mixed-methods approach to gather a broad range of triangulated data, combining individual interviews, material analysis and observations coded using a novel task-focused version of the COLT scheme (Littlewood, 2011; Spada & Fröhlich, 1995). Quantitative and qualitative findings revealed positive beliefs about TBLT principles in general, reflecting strong institutional support for communicative teaching. However, there was marked variability between beliefs and practices in using tasks, especially with beginner-level learners. Most teachers demonstrated an intrinsic lack of confidence in using tasks as more than a communicative ‘add-on’ to standard form-focused teaching. We argue this demonstrates a need for building teacher autonomy (Aoki, 2002; Benson, 2007), in implementing TBLT, even in supportive settings, to support successful authentic contextualising TBLT principles in different EFL contexts