286 research outputs found
Henry Kandrup's Ideas About Relaxation of Stellar Systems
Henry Kandrup wrote prolifically on the problem of relaxation of stellar
systems. His picture of relaxation was significantly more refined than the
standard description in terms of phase mixing and violent relaxation. In this
article, I summarize Henry's work in this and related areas.Comment: 11 pages. To appear in "Nonlinear Dynamics in Astronomy and Physics,
A Workshop Dedicated to the Memory of Professor Henry E. Kandrup", ed. J. R.
Buchler, S. T. Gottesman and M. E. Maho
Chaos and chaotic phase mixing in cuspy triaxial potentials
This paper investigates chaos and chaotic phase mixing in triaxial Dehnen
potentials which have been proposed to describe realistic ellipticals. Earlier
work is extended by exploring the effects of (1) variable axis ratios, (2)
`graininess' associated with stars and bound substructures, idealised as
friction and white noise, and (3) large-scale organised motions presumed to
induce near-random forces idealised as coloured noise with finite
autocorrelation time. Three important conclusions are: (1) not all the chaos
can be attributed to the cusp; (2) significant chaos can persist even for
axisymmetric systems; and (3) introducing a supermassive black hole can
increase both the relative number of chaotic orbits and the size of the largest
Lyapunov exponent. Sans perturbations, distribution functions associated with
initially localised chaotic ensembles evolve exponentially towards a nearly
time-independent form at a rate L that correlates with the finite time Lyapunov
exponents associated with the evolving orbits. Perturbations accelerate phase
space transport by increasing the rate of phase mixing in a given phase space
region and by facilitating diffusion along the Arnold web that connects
different phase space regions, thus facilitating an approach towards a true
equilibrium. The details of the perturbation appear unimportant. All that
matters are the amplitude and the autocorrelation time, upon which there is a
weak logarithmic dependence. Even comparatively weak perturbations can increase
L by a factor of three or more, a fact that has potentially significant
implications for violent relaxation.Comment: 17 pages, 17 figures -- revised and extended manuscript to appear in
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Societ
Chaos in cosmological Hamiltonians
This paper summarises a numerical investigation which aimed to identify and
characterise regular and chaotic behaviour in time-dependent Hamiltonians
H(r,p,t) = p^2/2 + U(r,t), with U=R(t)V(r) or U=V[R(t)r], where V(r) is a
polynomial in x, y, and/or z, and R = const * t^p is a time-dependent scale
factor. When p is not too negative, one can distinguish between regular and
chaotic behaviour by determining whether an orbit segment exhibits a sensitive
dependence on initial conditions. However, chaotic segments in these potentials
differ from chaotic segments in time-independent potentials in that a small
initial perturbation will usually exhibit a sub- or super-exponential growth in
time. Although not periodic, regular segments typically exhibit simpler shapes,
topologies, and Fourier spectra than do chaotic segments. This distinction
between regular and chaotic behaviour is not absolute since a single orbit
segment can seemingly change from regular to chaotic and visa versa. All these
observed phenomena can be understood in terms of a simple theoretical model.Comment: 16 pages LaTeX, including 5 figures, no macros require
Semi-Analytic Estimates of Lyapunov Exponents in Lower-Dimensional Systems
Recent work has shown that statistical arguments, seemingly well-justified in
higher dimensions, can also be used to derive reasonable, albeit less accurate,
estimates of the largest Lyapunov exponent in lower-dimensional
Hamiltonian systems. This letter explores the detailed assumptions incorporated
into these arguments. The predicted values of are insensitive to most
of these details, which can in any event be relaxed straightforwardly, but {\em
can} depend sensitively on the nongeneric form of the auto-correlation function
characterising the time-dependence of an orbit. This dependence on dynamics
implies a fundamental limitation to the application of thermodynamic arguments
to such lower-dimensional systems.Comment: 6 pages, 3 PostScript figure
Geometric Interpretation of Chaos in Two-Dimensional Hamiltonian Systems
Time-independent Hamiltonian flows are viewed as geodesic flows in a curved
manifold, so that the onset of chaos hinges on properties of the curvature
two-form entering into the Jacobi equation. Attention focuses on ensembles of
orbit segments evolved in 2-D potentials, examining how various orbital
properties correlate with the mean value and dispersion, and k, of the
trace K of the curvature. Unlike most analyses, which have attributed chaos to
negative curvature, this work exploits the fact that geodesics can be chaotic
even if K is everywhere positive, chaos arising as a parameteric instability
triggered by regular variations in K along the orbit. For ensembles of fixed
energy, with both regular and chaotic segments, simple patterns connect the
values of and k for different segments, both with each other and with the
short time Lyapunov exponent X. Often, but not always, there is a near one-to-
one correlation between and k, a plot of these quantities approximating a
simple curve. X varies smoothly along this curve, chaotic segments located
furthest from the regular regions tending systematically to have the largest
X's. For regular orbits, and k also vary smoothly with ``distance'' from
the chaotic phase space regions, as probed, e.g., by the location of the
initial condition on a surface of section. Many of these observed properties
can be understood qualitatively in terms of a one-dimensional Mathieu equation.Comment: 16 pages plus 9 figures, LaTeX, no macros required to appear in
Physical Review
Phase Space Transport in Noisy Hamiltonian Systems
This paper analyses the effect of low amplitude friction and noise in
accelerating phase space transport in time-independent Hamiltonian systems that
exhibit global stochasticity. Numerical experiments reveal that even very weak
non-Hamiltonian perturbations can dramatically increase the rate at which an
ensemble of orbits penetrates obstructions like cantori or Arnold webs, thus
accelerating the approach towards an invariant measure, i.e., a
near-microcanonical population of the accessible phase space region. An
investigation of first passage times through cantori leads to three
conclusions, namely: (i) that, at least for white noise, the detailed form of
the perturbation is unimportant, (ii) that the presence or absence of friction
is largely irrelevant, and (iii) that, overall, the amplitude of the response
to weak noise scales logarithmically in the amplitude of the noise.Comment: 13 pages, 3 Postscript figures, latex, no macors. Annals of the New
York Academy of Sciences, in pres
Invariant distributions and collisionless equilibria
This paper discusses the possibility of constructing time-independent
solutions to the collisionless Boltzmann equation which depend on quantities
other than global isolating integrals such as energy and angular momentum. The
key point is that, at least in principle, a self-consistent equilibrium can be
constructed from any set of time-independent phase space building blocks which,
when combined, generate the mass distribution associated with an assumed
time-independent potential. This approach provides a way to justify
Schwarzschild's (1979) method for the numerical construction of self-consistent
equilibria with arbitrary time-independent potentials, generalising thereby an
approach developed by Vandervoort (1984) for integrable potentials. As a simple
illustration, Schwarzschild's method is reformulated to allow for a
straightforward computation of equilibria which depend only on one or two
global integrals and no other quantities, as is reasonable, e.g., for modeling
axisymmetric configurations characterised by a nonintegrable potential.Comment: 14 pages, LaTeX, no macro
Phase space transport in cuspy triaxial potentials: Can they be used to construct self-consistent equilibria?
(Abridged) This paper studies chaotic orbit ensembles evolved in triaxial
generalisations of the Dehnen potential which have been proposed to model
ellipticals with a strong density cusp that manifest significant deviations
from axisymmetry. Allowance is made for a possible supermassive black hole, as
well as low amplitude friction, noise, and periodic driving which can mimic
irregularities associated with discreteness effects and/or an external
environment. The degree of chaos is quantified by determining how (1) the
relative number of chaotic orbits and (2) the size of the largest Lyapunov
exponent depend on the steepness of the cusp and the black hole mass, and (3)
the extent to which Arnold webs significantly impede phase space transport,
both with and without perturbations. In the absence of irregularities, chaotic
orbits tend to be extremely `sticky,' so that different pieces of the same
chaotic orbit can behave very differently for 10000 dynamical times or longer,
but even very low amplitude perturbations can prove efficient in erasing many
-- albeit not all -- these differences. The implications thereof are discussed
both for the structure and evolution of real galaxies and for the possibility
of constructing approximate near-equilibrium models using Schwarzschild's
method. Much of the observed qualitative behaviour can be reproduced with a toy
potential given as the sum of an anisotropic harmonic oscillator and a
spherical Plummer potential, which suggests that the results may be generic.Comment: 18 pages, including 19 figures; Accepted for publication by MNRAS;
higher quality figures available from
http://www.astro.ufl.edu/~siopis/papers
Phase mixing in time-independent Hamiltonian systems
Everything you ever wanted to know about what has come to be known as
``chaotic mixing:'' This paper describes the evolution of localised ensembles
of initial conditions in 2- and 3-D time-independent potentials which admit
both regular and chaotic orbits. The coarse-grained approach towards an
invariant, or near-invariant, distribution was probed by tracking (1) phase
space moments through order 4 and (2) binned reduced distributions f(Z_a,Z_b,t)
for a,b=x,y,z,p_x,p_y,p_z, computed at fixed time intervals. For ``unconfined''
chaotic orbits in 2-D systems not stuck near islands by cantori, the moments
evolve exponentially: Quantities like the dispersion in p_x, which start small
and eventually asymptote towards a larger value, initially grow exponentially
in time at a rate comparable to the largest short time Lyapunov exponent.
Quantities like ||, that can start large but eventually asymptote towards
zero, decrease exponentially. With respect to a discrete L^p norm, reduced
distributions f(t) generated from successive decay exponentially towards a
near-invariant f_{niv}, although a plot of Df(t)=||f(t)-f_{niv}|| can exhibit
considerable structure. Regular ensembles behave very differently, both moments
and Df evolving in a fashion better represented by a power law time dependence.
``Confined'' chaotic orbits, initially stuck near regular islands because of
cantori, exhibit an intermediate behaviour. The behaviour of ensembles evolved
in 3-D potentials is qualitatively similar, except that, in this case, it is
relatively likely to find one direction in configuration space which is ``less
chaotic'' than the other two, so that quantities like L_{ab} depend more
sensitively on which phase space variables one tracks.Comment: 19 pages + 11 Postscript figures, latex, no macros. Monthly Notices
of the Royal Astronomical Society, in pres
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