Bestimmung der radio-ulnaren Inkongruenz bei Hunden mit Ellbogengelenksdysplasie anhand von 3D-Rekonstruktionen

Einleitung Die klinische Bedeutung einer radio-ulnaren Inkongrunz (RUI) bei Hunden mit Ellbogengelenksdysplasie, sowie die präzise Bestimmung einer geringgradigen RUI sind umstrittene Fragestellungen in der Kleintierorthopädie. Zielstellung (1) die 3D-Technik zur Bestimmung einer RUI in ihrer Genauigkeit zu verbessern (2) mit Hilfe dieser verbesserten Technik, die Beziehung zwischen Ausprägung und Grad einer vorliegenden RUI und dem Ausmaß an damit verbundenen Gelenkschäden im medialen Kompartiment des Ellbogengelenkes zu untersuchen. Material und Methoden In einer ersten Studie wurden 63 CT-basierte 3D-Modelle der radio-ulnaren Gelenkpfanne mit bekannter RUI (-2mm, -1 mm, 0 mm, +1 mm, +2 mm), unter Verwendung einer Kugel, welche genau der Incisura trochlearis jedes individuellen Modells angepasst war, bezüglich der vorhanden RUI untersucht. Diese Messungen erfolgten geblindet in zufälliger Reihenfolge der 63 Modelle und wurden hinsichtlich Spezifität und Sensitivität ausgewertet. In der zweiten Studie wurden 86 Ellbogengelenke klinischer Patienten retrospektiv mit der neuen 3D-Kugel-Methode bezüglich ihrer RUI vermessen. Dieser Wert wurde in Beziehung mit dem in der Arthroskopie diagnostizierten Gelenkschaden im medialen Kompartiment gesetzt (Korrelation nach Pearson und logistische Regression), wobei die Gelenke in zwei Gruppen unterteilt wurden; die mit geringen Veränderungen (FPC-Gruppe) und solche mit fortgeschrittenen Schäden (MCD-Gruppe). Ergebnisse Unter Verwendung der Kugel-Methode betrug die mediane Sensitivität eine RUI auf einen Millimeter genau zu bestimmen 0,94 wobei die mediane Spezifität bei 0,89 lag. Der intra-Class-Korrelationskoeffizient für die interobserver Übereinstimmung betrug 0,99. 14 % der Gelenke wiesen eine negative RUI auf, 40 % zeigten keine messbare RUI und 46 % wiesen eine positive RUI auf. Das Quotenverhältnis (odds ratio) für das Vorliegen fortgeschrittener Gelenkschäden betrug für jeden Millimeter RUI 6,4. Schlussfolgerungen Die Anwendung der Kugel-Methode verbessert die Diagnose der RUI deutlich. Der vermutete Zusammenhang zwischen RUI und Gelenkschäden konnte mit der klinischen Studie bestätigt werden. Allerdings ist bemerkenswert, dass 40 % der Gelenke keine RUI aufwiesen. Somit ist davon auszugehen, dass andere Faktoren neben einer RUI an der Pathogenese klinisch beobachteter Gelenkschäden beteiligt sind. Ebenso ist festzustellen, dass ca. 15 % der Gelenke eine negative RUI aufweisen. Somit scheint es nicht gerechtfertigt alle Gelenke mit einer Form der Ellbogenosteotomie zu behandeln, da eine negative bzw. positive RUI und insbesondere keine RUI unterschiedliche geometrische Korrekturen benötigen.:1 EINLEITUNG 1 2 PUBLIKATIONEN 3 2.1 Sensitivity and specificity of 3D models of the radioulnar joint cup in combination with a sphere fitted to the ulnar trochlear notch for estimation of radioulnar incongruence in vitro 3 2.2 Relationship between axial radio-ulnar incongruence with cartilage damage in dogs with medial coronoid disease 16 3 DISKUSSION 32 4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 36 5 SUMMARY 38 6 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 40Introduction The clinical significance of RUI in dogs with elbow dysplasia and precise estimation of small degree of RUI are controversial topics in small animal orthopedics. Objectives (1) improve the accuracy of the 3D technique for the estimation of RUI (2) using the improved technique to examine the relationship between the shape and degree of present RUI and the amount of related joint damage in the medial compartment of the elbow joint. Material and methods In a first study, 63 CT-based 3D models of the radio-ulnar joint cup with known RUI (-2 mm, -1 mm, 0 mm, mm +1, +2 mm) were examined us-ing a sphere, which was exactly fitted to the trochlear ulnar notch of each individual model. The assessment of the radioulnar joint conformation was evaluated blindly in a random manner and analized in respect to sensitivity and specificity. In the second study, 86 elbow joints of clinical patients were retrospectively graded with the new 3D sphere technique with respect to their RUI. This value was correlated with the arthroscopically diagnosed joint damage in the medial compartment, where the joints were divided into two groups. Those with minor changes (g-FPC) and those with advanced damage (g-MCD). Results By using the sphere fitting technique, the median sensitivity of a RUI on a millimeter basis was 0.94 and the median specificity was 0.89. The intra-class correlation coefficient for interobserver agreement was 0.99. In the clinical joints 14 % had a negative RUI, 40 % showed no measurable RUI and 46% had a positive RUI. The odds ratio for the presence of advanced joint damage for every millimeter RUI was 6.4 Conclusions The application of the sphere fitting technique significantly improves the diagnosis of the RUI. The assumed relationship between RUI and joint damage could be confirmed in the clinical study. However, it is noteworthy that 40 % of the joints showed no RUI. Thus, it can be assumed that other factors besides RUI are playing rule in the pathogenesis of clinically observed joint damages. Also it should be noted that approximately 15 % of the joints have a negative RUI. Thus, it does not seem to be wise to treat all the joints with a type of elbow osteotomy, as a negative or positive RUI and in particular no RUI need different geometric corrections:1 EINLEITUNG 1 2 PUBLIKATIONEN 3 2.1 Sensitivity and specificity of 3D models of the radioulnar joint cup in combination with a sphere fitted to the ulnar trochlear notch for estimation of radioulnar incongruence in vitro 3 2.2 Relationship between axial radio-ulnar incongruence with cartilage damage in dogs with medial coronoid disease 16 3 DISKUSSION 32 4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 36 5 SUMMARY 38 6 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 4

Study of bacterial L forms with particular reference to organisms of Actinobacillus/Pasteurella group

L forms of Actinobacillus and Pasteurella strains were induced on complex media. Penicillins and cycloserine induced L forms readily while vancomycin, bacitracin and novobiocin did not induce L forms or any morphological changes in the organisms tested. Glycine and lysozyme proved active against bacterial cell walls. Different cultural conditions for supporting L forms were studied. Serum was found not to be an important growth factor for L forms, and charcoal was shown to support induction and propagation of most of the L forms equally, if not better. The hypertonic!ty of the medium provided by sodium chloride was better than with sucrose in propagation of L forms. The morphology of L forms induced by different methods and by different inducing agents is similar and differentiation between genera or strains on L colony morphology was impossible. The susceptibility of L forms to hypertonic media was demonstrated. All L forms isolated reverted to the parental forms in the absence of the inducing agent.The biochemical characters and fermentative activity of revertants and parents were comparable and some of the lost characters of the revertants were regained after several passages. Revertants were more resistant to cycloserine than the parents and induced to the L forms at a higher cycloserine concentration.Bacterial variants were isolated from blood samples of apparently healthy rats, chickens, ewes and lambs delivered by caesarian section. The use of hypertonic medium facilitated their recovery. The inability of most of the isolated to grow on agar media confirmed that these agents were not of the usual bacterial form. Other organisms isolated on agar included streptococci, micrococci and diphtheroid forms

Environmental conditions in displaced communities of Khartoum State, Sudan

Inadequate environmental sanitation has been recognized as a public health hazard worldwide. Nearly one quarter of all deaths and of the total disease burden and slightly more than one-third for children can be attributed to the changes and degradation of the environment. This study examined the environmental conditions of the displaced communities in Khartoum State, Sudan. A community-based descriptive, cross-sectional survey design was used for a population of 726,989 inhabitants of the Displaced communities in Khartoum State. Multi-stage cluster sampling was used in selecting 662 households in these communities and a structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, Chi-square test and multiple logistic regressions. Results showed that protected dug wells and tap water were the major sources of water supply in the study area, usually transferred to the house by cart and almost all was not treated. The major source of toilet facilities was traditional pit latrine and more than one-fifth of the populations share common latrines. More than one-third of the families had animals inside their housing. Almost half of the families were disposing their rubbish in collection areas far from housing followed by burning of rubbish, which had been used by more than one-third of them. More than one-fifth of the households’ preschool children (21.3%) had diarrhea. A result of multiple logistic regressions showed that, time of hand washing (when to wash hand) was independently predictive for diarrhea among the households’ preschool children (B = 0.005, Wald test = 6.758, p=0.009). It can therefore, be concluded that the environmental conditions including access to improved sources of water and hygienic latrines in these communities were accepted, although there were still some negative environmental practices, which can affect the safety of water and promote diseases spread. Bad hygienic practice was prevalent and led to high rates of diarrhea among the households’ children. Therefore, to improve the environmental conditions in these communities, authorities should establish and enforce a more healthy environmental conditions approach and health promotion activities to improve the hygienic practice.Key words: Displaced communities, Khartoum State, environmental conditions, hygienic practice and diarrhea

Combine gas deliverability equation for reservoir and well

A new model has been developed by combining the gas reservoir deliverability equation for a reservoir and the well flow equation.;An existing computer program was modified to determine gas production from reservoir against constant wellhead pressure.;Upon completion, a unique, simple, and user friendly model was developed, that will allow the user to predict the performance of the gas reservoir against a constant wellhead pressure.;The new model was used to generate and introduce a new set of production decline type curves, which can be utilized to forecast gas production rates under constant wellhead pressure condition.;The impact of the well tubing length and tubing size on the shape of the type curves were studied

Petrophysical Study and Formation Evaluation of Jake Reservoir, Block 6, Muglad Basin, Sudan

The study area (Jake oilfield) is located on the Western Escarpment of the Fula Subbasin of the Muglad Basin, which is bounded by the latitudes 11°20' and 11°36′ N and longitudes 28° 30′ and 29° 36′ E. This oilfield has been structurally subdivided into three main structures of Jake, Jake Central and Jake South. The goal of this study is to identify and to interpret the reservoir quality and properties (lithology, porosity, shale volume, and water saturation) and then to detremine sand continuity of Bentiu formation, to achieve this goal in successful way the information and data of three wells (Jake South -2, Jake South -3, Jake South -15) were made available, then the evaluation of the given data has been processed using the interactive petrophysic software (IP 3.6) version. The wireline logging and mud logging data had been carefully evaluated during the process of the data application, and data quality was thought to be good. Eventually, the results obtained using the shaly sand evaluation techniques, were in better agreement with core and test data. For the Reservoir and shale identification the most useful indicator was obtained from the behavior of the density and neutron logs. The neutron – density cross plot is the best method for lithology identification. Density – Neutron cross plot values had been used to identify the pure matrix and/related porosity, v-shale, porosity and water saturation models had been done and full interpreted from the initial results cut off parameters also determined and multi targets prospects of all wells had been marked, beside netreservoir and net-pay had been obtained successfully.In Jake South -2 (the maximum net pay thickness for Bentiu reservoirs is 48.2m and the minimum thickness is 3.66m, the average effective porosity is 17%, and the average water saturation is 48%), in Jake South -3 (the maximum net pay thickness for Bentiu reservoirs is 4.72m), the average porosity is 22%, and average water saturation is 86%). Hence in Jake South -15 (the maximum net pay thickness for Bentiu reservoirs is 28.12m, the minimum thickness is 4.5m, the average porosity is 18% and the average water saturation is 33%)

Effects of Air Temperature on the Efficiency of Gas Turbines in Garri Power Plant

The objective of the present work is to investigate the affect of the am temperature on the performance of gas turbines in Garri Power Plant. Several site visits were conducted to collect relevant data followed by calculations during period of twenty one months for Garri Power Plant so as to study the effects of ambient conditions on performance. Also the research was extended study the different types of fuels used during the same period in order to see how the efficiencies were affected. In this study, remedies to improve the efficiencies are suggested to overcome mos impacts caused by variable ambient conditions. Various aspects of the above proposed improvements were explored and their effects on Garri Power Plant efficiency, economics, reliability, maintainability and lifetime were highlighted. Other recent improvements of efficiency such as reducing inlet air temperature by spraying water at air intake and using LPG as a fuel are mentioned as future recommendations

Improvement of Storability of BaftaimOnion (Allium cepa L.) Cultivar by Crossing with Abufrewa

Onion is one of the most important horticultural crops in the Sudan with regard to production and consumption. It has played an important role in human nutrition and medicine. The objective of this research was to determine the storability of some onion genotypes under direct sunshine, shade or refrigerated storage conditions. This research was conducted at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Wadmedani, Sudan during the seasons of 2014to 2017.Crosses were made between Baftaim and Abufrewaand F1 was  produced. Then, F1 was selfed to produce F2 in the second season. Intensive selection was practiced for the desirable traits of parent Abufrewaand for the general features of parent Baftaim. Also, the F1   ( Baftaim x Abufrewa) was backcrossed to Baftaim to obtain BC1.  Then, the F1 ( Baftaim x Abufrewa ) was backcrossed to  Abufrewa to obtain BC2. Genotypes consisted of two parents and four crosses. Samples of 5 kg of bulbs were taken randomly from each genotype and packed in jute bags. Onion bulbs from the genotypes were stored under three types of storage methods, namely, traditional storage under sun shine ( control), shade storage and refrigerated storage (0- 2.5ºC and  70-75% RH). A split-plot design with storage methods as the main plots and genotypes as the sub- plots was used and replicated two times for each method for six genotypes, namely, Baftaim,Abufrewa, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2. The experiment was terminated after five months of storage from June to October for two seasons. Data were taken on total losses which consisted of weight loss (%), rotted bulbs (%), sprouted bulbs (%) and green bulbs (%).Results indicated highly significant differences among storage methods on total losses (%) in both seasons. The lowest losses percentages were recorded in the refrigerated method, followed by the shade method and the highest losses were recorded in the traditional method in both seasons. Results also indicated highly significant differences among onion genotypes on total losses (%) in both seasons. The least losses were recorded for Abufrewa followed by F2, BC2, F1 and then BC1, while the highest losses were recorded for Baftaim in both seasons. In conclusion, it is recommended to continue backcrossing with Abufrewa cultivar to produce genotypes with good storability and use refrigerated storage to reduce post-harvest losses in onion