Seishin Habitus: Spiritual Capital and Japanese Rowing

Sport occupies an important place in educational curriculum, such as club activities in Japanese schools and universities; is it also imbued with what Bourdieu suggests are guaranteed capital properties? That is, can physical education help to accrue capital and can such capital become cultural and economic capital? Further, is this capital similar to that resulting from academic education? Although Western culture recognizes Cartesian differentiation, mind and body are seen as one in the Japanese understanding of the individual, unified by the concept of spirit (this is different to the concept of soul). Recognizing this concept of the body is crucial in addressing the question of transferring educational (in this case physical) capital into forms of cultural capital. This paper investigates the responses of members of a Japanese University Rowing club when addressing questions dealing with various uses of the body in rowing and perceived opportunities for future employment

HIGH-RESOLUTION CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSIL BIOSTRATIGRAPHY ACROSS THE TOARCIAN OCEANIC ANOXIC EVENT IN NORTHERN ITALY: CLUES FROM THE SOGNO AND GAJUM CORES (LOMBARDY BASIN, SOUTHERN ALPS)

Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy was conducted across the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE) interval cored at Colle di Sogno and Gajum in the Lombardy Basin (Southern Alps, Northern Italy). Drilling at both sites resulted in 100% recovery of unweathered material. The Sogno and Gajum Cores consist of pelagic marly limestones, marlstone, marly claystone, and a relatively expanded black shale interval named Fish Level considered the lithostratigraphic record of the T-OAE at regional scale. Semiquantitative analyses of calcareous nannofloras allowed to achieve a high-resolution biostratigraphy of the latest Pliensbachian-early Toarcian time interval. Several nannofossil biohorizons were detected, including zonal/subzonal markers and additional events related to changes in abundance. The nannofossil biostratigraphic correlation of the Sogno and Gajum Cores indicates that, according to their paleogeographic settings, the succession recovered in the Sogno Core deposited on a pelagic plateau is continuous while a hiatus of ~600 kyrs was detected in the lowermost Toarcian in the Gajum Core located on a slope of a structural high. The NJT 5 and NJT 6 Zones of the standard nannofossil zonation for the Mediterranean Province were identified in both the Sogno and Gajum Cores. Our findings allow an implementation of the reference biozonation with the separation of the NJT 6a and NJT 6b Subzones, and age revision of some secondary events. The zonation established for the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal) is only partially reproducible in the Lombardy Basin, confirming nannoplankton paleoprovincialism during the Early Jurassic requiring different zonal schemes in various areas. Nevertheless, we underline that the T-OAE is unambiguously constrained by the FO of C. superbus crassus and the LO of M. jansae at supra-regional scale

SYNTHESIS OF CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSIL EVENTS IN TETHYAN LOWER AND MIDDLE JURASSIC SUCCESSIONS

This paper is a synthesis of calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy for the Lower and Middle Jurassic of the Mediterranean Province based on several sections from Northern and Central Italy. Nannofossil events were calibrated with ammonite biostratigraphy and, when necessary, ammonite-controlled sections in South East France were incorporated. Data derive from previously published biostratigraphies and unpublished data of the authors.The large data-set allowed estimates of reliability and reproducibility of single events. As a result, in the Hettangian-Bathonian interval we propose 47 main events based on diagenesis-resistant and common taxa, 17 events based on rare but ubiquitous taxa and 12 potential events requiring further investigations due to taxonomic problems and sporadic occurrence. A biostratigraphic scheme, consisting of 11 zones and 15 subzones, is proposed for the Tethyan Lower and Middle Jurassic. The proposed biostratigraphy is compared to recent schemes compiled for Portugal, Morocco, Switzerland and the Boreal Realm. Only 27 events are reproducible in various regions, but diachroneity of most events seems to derive from different ammonite biostratigraphies applied in different areas. A very high stratigraphic resolution is achieved in Italy/France for the Pliensbachian to Lower Bajocian interval. The Sinemurian and Bathonian are characterized by the lowest resolution, and very few sections with ammonite control and/or favourable lithologies are available for improvement of nannofossil biostratigraphy. This study confirms the potential of calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy for dating Lower and Middle Jurassic successions as well as for intra- and inter-regional correlations.&nbsp

THE CISMON APTICORE (SOUTHERN ALPS, ITALY): A "REFERENCE SECTION " FOR THE LOWER CRETACEOUS AT LOW LATITUDES

APTICORE at the Cismon Valley (Belluno Basin, Southern Alps) penetrated 131.8 m of limestones, marlstones and "black shales". The cored interval extends from the Upper Aptian down to the lower Upper Hauterivian (about 117-130 Ma) and can be considered a "reference section" for low latitudes. The hole was continuously cored with essentially 100% recovery of excellent quality material and completely logged with state-of-the art logging tools. Freshly cored material and logs from the Cismon drill site provide the most informative records for documenting and understanding global changes in the paleoenvironment, biota, geochemistry, paleotemperature of Early Cretaceous oceans. The following is a "site report" containing descriptions of the geologic setting, field operations, basic lithology and age information, and the logging tools and techniques.&nbsp

Focus on soluble salts transport phenomena: the study cases of Leonardo mural paintings at Sala delle Asse (Milan)

The program of investigations on “Sala delle Asse”, which hosts a monochrome landscape attributed to Leonardo, in the Sforza Castle in Milan recently concluded the first step. Results of the analytical tests for the characterization of materials and their damages showed the high diffusion and concentration of nitrates and sulphates on the surface of the monochrome at the edge with the restoration mortars, on the right side of the north-western wall. On the base of the scientific literature and laboratory tests, the researchers identified a threshold of RH above which deliquescence of salts could easily occur. Microclimatic monitoring results informed that during the most humid days in spring, summer and fall, RH trespasses this threshold, with a frequency of about 30 events/year. After an accurate analysis of air temperature (T °C) and relative humidity (RH) resulted that the exterior changes especially affect the interior climate at some summer conditions as middle-high speed of wind and, especially, its direction due to some cracks and holes in the north western exterior wall of the hall

CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSIL DISTRIBUTION IN PELAGIC RHYTHMIC SEDIMENTS (APTIAN-ALBIAN PIOBBICO CORE, CENTRAL ITALY)

The Aptian-Albian Scisti a Fucoidi Formation from Central Italy represents a spectacular example of pelagic cyclic sedimentation. It consists of a varicolored sequence of marlstone, marly claystone, and marly limestone, with subordinate limestone. Several black shale layers are scattered throughout the formation. In order to clarify the mechanisms responsible for the rhythmicity, the Scisti a Fucoidi Formation was multidisciplinarly investigated in detail in the Piobbico core (Marche, Central Italy). Calcareous nannofossil assemblages were quantitatively analyzed, in three segments of the core in order to discern paleoceanographic fluctuations. These intervals were selected as representative lithologic end members characterized by three different types of cyclicity. On the basis of nannofossil assemblages, the following indices were identified: a Diagenesis Index (dissolution and overgrowth during burial), a Primary Dissolution Index (dissolution mainly at the sediment/water interface), Paleoecological Indices of higher and moderate fertility, of carbonate productivity, and of warmer and cooler waters. Within the Scisti a Fucoidi, the Upper Aptian, consisting of red lithotypes with interbedded green layers, is strongly affected by diagenesis. However, nannoconids still record fluctuations of carbonate productivity probably in a cooler more oxygenated paleoenvironment. Lowermost Albian maroon claystones with frequent interbedded black shales, are affected by extremely sever dissolution but a few episodes of increased carbonate productivity are recorded by changes in nannoconid abundance. Upper Albian greenish-gray marly limestones with cyclically modulated black shales, record slight rhythmic fluctualions in surface water fertility. Correlations between the distribution of nannofossil indices and lithology along with foraminifer and trace fossil patterns point to a response to orbital perturbations capable of triggering changes in ocean circulation, chemistry, and ecology. The rhythmic black shales of this interval probably accumulated because of an increase in stratification or decrease in oxygenation related to weaker temperature gradients and warmer waters, respectively

Systematic Analysis of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor by Mass Spectrometry Reveals Stimulation-dependent Multisite Phosphorylation

Multisite phosphorylation of proteins is a general mechanism for modulation of protein function and molecular interactions. Definition of phosphorylation sites and elucidation of the functional interplay between multiple phosphorylated residues in proteins are, however, a major analytical challenge in current molecular cell biology and proteomic research. In the present study, we used mass spectrometry to determine the major phosphorylated residues of the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor at various well defined cellular conditions. Activation of EGF receptor was achieved by several types of stimulation, i.e. by sodium pervanadate, EGF, and integrin-dependent adhesion. The contribution of cell-matrix adhesion was also determined by activating the EGF receptor by EGF in cells kept in suspension. We developed an analytical strategy that combined miniaturized sample preparation techniques and MALDI tandem mass spectrometry and determined a total of nine phosphorylation sites in the EGF receptor. We discovered one novel phosphorylation site (Ser967) and revealed constitutive phosphorylation of Thr669, Ser967, Ser1002, and Tyr1045 and stimulation-dependent differential phosphorylation of Tyr1068, Tyr1086, Ser1142, Tyr1148, and Tyr1173. The EGF receptor was purified from HeLa cells or ECV304 cells by immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE and then digested with trypsin. Phosphopeptides in the range of 0.8-3.7 kDa were recovered by combinations of IMAC, perfusion chromatography, and graphite powder chromatography and subsequently detected and sequenced by MALDI quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Two phosphorylation sites were detected in the peptide 1137GSHQISLDNPDYQQDFFPK1155; however, only Tyr1148 was phosphorylated upon EGF treatment; in contrast Ser1142 was only phosphorylated by integrin-dependent adhesion in the absence of EGF treatment, suggesting differential phosphorylation of this region by distinct stimuli. This MALDI MS/MS-based analytical approach demonstrates the feasibility of systematic analysis of signaling molecules by mass spectrometry and provides new insights into the dynamics of receptor signaling processes

CALCAREOUS NANNOPLANKTON RESPONSE TO THE LATEST CENOMANIAN OCEANIC ANOXIC EVENT 2 PERTURBATION

Morphometric analyses were performed on Biscutum constans, Zeugrhabdotus erectus, Discorhabdus rotatorius and Watznaueria barnesiae specimens from five sections spanning the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary interval including Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) 2 (~ 94 Ma). The study provides evidence for size fluctuations and dwarfism of B. constans during OAE 2, followed by a partial recovery at the end of the event: this taxon appears to be the most sensitive species, with similar and coeval size trends in all the analyzed sections. Conversely, morphometry shows negligible or unsystematic coccolith variations in Z. erectus, D. rotatorius and W. barnesiae. The comparison of OAE 2 data with those available for the early Aptian OAE 1a and latest Albian OAE 1d, indicates that B. constans repeatedly underwent size reduction and temporary dwarfism possibly implying that the same paleoenvironmental factors controlled calcification of B. constans during subsequent OAEs although the amplitude of B. constans coccolith reduction is significantly larger for OAE 1a than OAE 2. Paleoceanographic reconstructions suggest that ocean chemistry related to the amount of CO2 and toxic metal concentrations played a central role in B. constans coccolith secretion, while temperature and nutrient availability do not seem to have been crucial. Contrary to OAE 1a, Z. erectus, D. rotatorius and W. barnesiae appear to be substantially unrelated to OAE 2 paleoenvironmental stress, possibly because of different degrees of perturbation.  &nbsp

EXTREME DEEP-SEA ENVIRONMENT OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN ANOXIC BASINS: THE STATE OF THE ART

Extant anoxic basins in the Eastern Mediterranean have been continuously studied with multidisciplinary approach since 1983, year of their discovery. They form after dissolution of Messinian evaporites on the flank of deep-sea rimmed depressions. Anoxia is due to brine density stratification which prevents bottom water ventilation. The state of the art of the geological and geochemical knowledge is presented and the need for further investigation is stressed

CALCAREOUS PLANKTON BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE SANTONIAN-CAMPANIAN BOUNDARY INTERVAL IN THE BOTTACCIONE SECTION (UMBRIA-MARCHE BASIN, CENTRAL ITALY)

The Bottaccione section (Umbria-Marche Basin, central Italy) was analyzed for calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy across the Santonian-Campanian boundary interval to achieve a high-resolution and updated zonation directly calibrated with magnetostratigraphy. Several calcareous plankton events were detected, including zonal markers and additional potential biohorizons. The base of magnetochron C33r, proposed for placement of the base of the Campanian, lies between the first occurrence of Aspidolithus parcus parcus and the last occurrence of Dicarinella asymetrica in the Bottaccione section. The literature survey indicates that these events were found in the Santonian-Campanian boundary interval at supraregional scale and, may be used to confidently approximate the base of the Campanian