Kartenmanipulation - Karten(ver)fälschung

Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema Manipulation und Verfälschung von Karten. Karten sind seit Jahrtausenden ein unerlässlicher Wegbegleiter und deren Verwendung ist Teil unserer Raumvorstellung. Da Karten wichtige Informationen enthalten, waren sie auch schon immer ein Medium, um Macht zu erlangen oder zu festigen. Nach jahrelanger Geheimhaltung folgte die Zeit der Kartenmanipulation und Karten(ver)fälschung, bei der Karteninhalte gelöscht oder absichtlich falsch eingezeichnet wurden bzw. nach wie vor werden. Das Hauptargument hierbei liegt in der Erfüllung ideologischer, politischer, militärischer und geostrategischer Ziele und somit der Täuschung anderer. Diese Arbeit beschreibt Möglichkeiten von Kartenmanipulationen und Karten(ver)fälschungen. Anhand von Beispielen wird demonstriert, wie durch geschickte Veränderungen des Kartenbildes der Mensch seit Jahrhunderten getäuscht und gelenkt werden kann. Zu diesem Zweck werden zunächst Begriffe der Kartographie selbst, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Thema relevant sind, vorgestellt und in weiterer Folge Möglichkeiten von Manipulationen und Verfälschungen gezeigt, die sich seit der Frühzeit des 16. Jahrhunderts, bis in die heutige moderne Welt der Geobrowser, präsentieren. Anhand einer Analyse von Kartenwerken sowie einem Vergleich zwischen diversen Geobrowser sollen mögliche Unstimmigkeiten des zu Grunde liegenden Datenmaterials aufgezeigt werden.This diploma thesis deals with the topic of manipulation and falsification of maps. For thousands of years maps are essential for the human kind as they are important for our spatial visualization. Since maps contain important information of various categories, they have always been an instrument used to gain or strengthen political power. After years of secrecy, the age of manipulation, fabrication or falsification followed in which parts of a map have been deleted or added at the wrong position. This procedure was used for the deception of potential and actual opponents in order to achieve ideological, political, military or geostrategic advantages. This thesis describes the strategies of how to manipulate maps. Furthermore examples are described which demonstrate how intelligent modifications of maps could betray and mislead others for centuries. For this purpose, firstly, relevant terms of cartography are explained. Afterwards types of manipulations and falsifications are illustrated which can be found from the 16th century to the modern times of virtual globes and geo-browsers. Finally geographic data is examined through the analysis of various maps as well as the comparison of different geo-browsers and inconsistencies are identified

Mythos Berg : Bedeutung von Bergen in der gegenwärtigen Spiritualität

Claudia MüllnerUniversität Innsbruck, Masterarbeit, 2019(VLID)437041

Metabolomics analysis reveals altered metabolites in lean compared with obese adolescents and additional metabolic shifts associated with hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance in obese adolescents: a cross-sectional study

Introduction Hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance (IR) are strongly associated with obesity and are forerunners of type 2 diabetes. Little is known about metabolic alterations separately associated with obesity, hyperinsulinaemia/IR and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in adolescents. Objectives To identify metabolic alterations associated with obesity, hyperinsulinaemia/IR and hyperinsulinaemia/IR combined with IGT in obese adolescents. Methods 81 adolescents were stratified into four groups based on body mass index (lean vs. obese), insulin responses (normal insulin (NI) vs. high insulin (HI)) and glucose responses (normal glucose tolerance (NGT) vs. IGT) after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The groups comprised: (1) healthy lean with NI and NGT, (2) obese with NI and NGT, (3) obese with HI and NGT, and (4) obese with HI and IGT. Targeted nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics analysis was performed on fasting and seven post-OGTT plasma samples, followed by univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Results Two groups of metabolites were identified: (1) Metabolites associated with insulin response level: adolescents with HI (groups 3-4) had higher concentrations of branched-chain amino acids and tyrosine, and lower concentrations of serine, glycine, myo-inositol and dimethylsulfone, than adolescents with NI (groups 1-2). (2) Metabolites associated with obesity status: obese adolescents (groups 2-4) had higher concentrations of acetylcarnitine, alanine, pyruvate and glutamate, and lower concentrations of acetate, than lean adolescents (group 1). Conclusions Obesity is associated with shifts in fat and energy metabolism. Hyperinsulinaemia/IR in obese adolescents is also associated with increased branched-chain and aromatic amino acids

Differential privacy in collaborative filtering recommender systems: a review

State-of-the-art recommender systems produce high-quality recommendations to support users in finding relevant content. However, through the utilization of users' data for generating recommendations, recommender systems threaten users' privacy. To alleviate this threat, often, differential privacy is used to protect users' data via adding random noise. This, however, leads to a substantial drop in recommendation quality. Therefore, several approaches aim to improve this trade-off between accuracy and user privacy. In this work, we first overview threats to user privacy in recommender systems, followed by a brief introduction to the differential privacy framework that can protect users' privacy. Subsequently, we review recommendation approaches that apply differential privacy, and we highlight research that improves the trade-off between recommendation quality and user privacy. Finally, we discuss open issues, e.g., considering the relation between privacy and fairness, and the users' different needs for privacy. With this review, we hope to provide other researchers an overview of the ways in which differential privacy has been applied to state-of-the-art collaborative filtering recommender systems

Improved Automated Quantification Algorithm (AQuA) and Its Application to NMR-Based Metabolomics of EDTA-Containing Plasma

We have recently presented an Automated Quantification Algorithm (AQuA) and demonstrated its utility for rapid and accurate absolute metabolite quantification in H-1 NMR spectra in which positions and line widths of signals were predicted from a constant metabolite spectral library. The AQuA quantifies based on one preselected signal per metabolite and employs library spectra to model interferences from other metabolite signals. However, for some types of spectra, the interspectral deviations of signal positions and line widths can be pronounced; hence, interferences cannot be modeled using a constant spectral library. We here address this issue and present an improved AQuA that handles interspectral deviations. The improved AQuA monitors and characterizes the appearance of specific signals in each spectrum and automatically adjusts the spectral library to model interferences accordingly. The performance of the improved AQuA was tested on a large data set from plasma samples collected using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as an anticoagulant (n = 772). These spectra provided a suitable test system for the improved AQuA since EDTA signals (i) vary in intensity, position, and line width between spectra and (ii) interfere with many signals from plasma metabolites targeted for quantification (n = 54). Without the improvement, ca. 20 out of the 54 metabolites would have been overestimated. This included acetylcarnitine and ornithine, which are considered particularly difficult to quantify with H-1 NMR in EDTA-containing plasma. Furthermore, the improved AQuA performed rapidly (<10 s for all spectra). We believe that the improved AQuA provides a basis for automated quantification in other data sets where specific signals show interspectral deviations

Differences in metabolic profiles between the Burmese, the Maine coon and the Birman cat-Three breeds with varying risk for diabetes mellitus

Feline diabetes mellitus shares many features with type 2 diabetes in people, regarding clinical presentation, physiology, and pathology. A breed predisposition for type 2 diabetes has been identified, with the Burmese breed at a fivefold increased risk of developing the condition compared to other purebred cats. We aimed to characterize the serum metabolome in cats (n = 63) using nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics, and to compare the metabolite pattern of Burmese cats with that of two cat breeds of medium or low risk of diabetes, the Maine coon (MCO) and Birman cat, respectively. Serum concentrations of adiponectin, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 were also measured (n = 94). Burmese cats had higher insulin and lower adiponectin concentrations than MCO cats. Twenty one metabolites were discriminative between breeds using a multivariate statistical approach and 15 remained significant after adjustment for body weight and body condition score. Burmese cats had higher plasma levels of 2-hydroxybutyrate relative to MCO and Birman cats and increased concentrations of 2-oxoisocaproic acid, and tyrosine, and lower concentrations of dimethylglycine relative to MCO cats. The metabolic profile of MCO cats was characterized by high concentrations of arginine, asparagine, methionine, succinic acid and low levels of acetylcarnitine while Birman cats had the highest creatinine and the lowest taurine plasma levels, compared with MCO and Burmese. The pattern of metabolites in Burmese cats is similar to that in people with insulin resistance. In conclusion, the metabolic profile differed between healthy cats of three breeds. Detection of an abnormal metabolome might identify cats at risk of developing diabetes