Историческая антропонимия сербско-хорватского языка как источник реконструкции праславянской лексики

(uk) Статтю присвячено словотвірно-етимологічному аналізу групи слов'янських особових імен, засвідчених у пам'ятках писемності сербсько-хорватської мови. Результатом аналізу виступає реконструкція архаїчних лексем, які зникли зі слов'янського апелятивного словника.(ru) Статья посвящена словообразовательно-этимологическому анализу группы славянских личных имен, засвидетельствованных в памятниках письменности сербско­хорватского языка. Результатом анализа стача реконструкция ряда архаичных лексем, утраченных в славянском апеллативном словаре.(en) The article is devoted to the word-formative etymological analysis o f a number o f Slavonic personal names, verified in the historical papers o f serbo-croatian language. The result o f the analysis is the reconstruction o f a series o f archaic lexemes lost in the Slavonic appellative vocabulary

Propofol infusion rate does not affect local pain on injection.

BACKGROUND: Local pain at the site of an i.v. injection of propofol is a well-known problem, particularly in infants. This randomised investigator-blinded crossover study was designed to assess the effect of the i.v. bolus infusion rate on propofol-induced pain at the site of injection. METHODS: Thirty unpremedicated patients scheduled for ear-nose-throat or plastic surgery at Malmö University Hospital, Sweden, were given two consecutive 2.0 ml injections of propofol 10 mg/ml (Diprivan, AstraZeneca, Sweden/UK), at different infusion rates (0.2 or 1.0 ml/s), immediately before induction of general anesthesia. Half of the patients (n=15) received the first bolus of propofol over 2 s and the second bolus over 10 s, and the other half (n=15) had their injections in reversed order. After each injection, the patient was asked by an investigator to indicate pain intensity on a visual analog scale (VAS) and to report the times of the appearance, maximum point and disappearance of pain. The injections were given approximately 2 min apart. The investigators scoring pain intensity, as indicated by the patients on a 10-point numerical rate scale, were blinded to the order in which the injections were given, as were the patients themselves. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence (both 86%) of intensity (median; 25th; 75th percentiles, in VAS units: 3.1; 1.0; 5.3 and 3.3; 1.4; 5.0, respectively) or duration (66+/-31 and 73+/-26 s, respectively) of pain between the faster (1.0 ml/s) and slower (0.2 ml/s) bolus infusion rates of propofol studied. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the i.v. bolus infusion rate of propofol does not influence drug-induced local pain on injection, at least not within the infusion rate interval studied. Therefore, adjusting i.v. injection speed does not seem to be a clinically useful tool for reducing the intensity or duration of propofol-induced pain at the site of administration

Extending Modelling Activity Diagrams as a tool to characterise mathematical modelling processes

In this paper, we present a qualitative study in which we analyse the videorecordings of four groups of students solving Fermi Problems. Previous studies show that Secondary School students solve this type of problems using complex problem solving processes and developing mathematical models. In order to analyse the students’ problem solving processes, so-called Modelling Activity Diagrams were used. The results of the present study demonstrate that solving Fermi problems is a complex matter, and that some of the theoretical tools used in the field of Mathematical Education fail to adequately reflect this level of complexity. In addition, Modelling Activity Diagrams are presented as a more detailed analysis tool to characterise student choices and actions, as well as to make the structure of the Fermi problem addressed more visible

Relevance of the production system for the sustainability of conservation and breeding programs for the Creole cattle in Pasorapa, Bolivia

Local livestock breeds play an important role in the food security of smallholders in developing countries in the Global South. They are also a reservoir of potentially valuable genes for adaptation of global animal genetic resources. The Creole cattle population from Pasorapa, Bolivia, is threatened by effects of climate change and unplanned crossbreeding. The aim of this study was to assess the current situation in this population and to evaluate factors to be considered before implementing conservation and genetic improvement programs in order to achieve the sustainable development goals 1, 2, 13 and 15, which refer to no poverty, zero hunger, climate change and life on land, respectively. We examined and analyzed the most important elements related to the production system and farmers' perceptions that could affect the design of such programs. Open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires and interviews were performed with 81 smallholders from 11 communities in Pasorapa. A rearing system based on two stages and animals feeding mainly on native plants during both, involves a strong interaction between the environment and the production system. A survey of farmers' perceptions about diseases, mortality causes, and selection criteria revealed that farmers in Pasorapa consider coat color an important trait when selecting breeding and replacement animals. Half of all interviewees perceived an association between coat color and traits such as temperament, milk yield, and beef production. In a SWOT analysis we discussed the vulnerability of the system to climate change impacts and the contribution of this traditional system to rural mitigation. Overall, this work revealed the importance of this local ecotype and identified key factors to consider when developing breeding and conservation programs

Certified and fast computations with shallow covariance kernels

Many techniques for data science and uncertainty quantification demand efficient tools to handle Gaussian random fields, which are defined in terms of their mean functions and covariance operators. Recently, parameterized Gaussian random fields have gained increased attention, due to their higher degree of flexibility. However, especially if the random field is parameterized through its covariance operator, classical random field discretization techniques fail or become inefficient. In this work we introduce and analyze a new and certified algorithm for the low-rank approximation of a parameterized family of covariance operators which represents an extension of the adaptive cross approximation method for symmetric positive definite matrices. The algorithm relies on an affine linear expansion of the covariance operator with respect to the parameters, which needs to be computed in a preprocessing step using, e.g., the empirical interpolation method. We discuss and test our new approach for isotropic covariance kernels, such as Mat\'ern kernels. The numerical results demonstrate the advantages of our approach in terms of computational time and confirm that the proposed algorithm provides the basis of a fast sampling procedure for parameter dependent Gaussian random fields

Ansätze zur Untersuchung der genetischen Ursachen für den Erbfehler Stülpzitze beim Schwein

Der Gesäugekomplex ist bei Säugetieren für die Versorgung der Nachkommen mit Nährstoffen und für die Immunisierung über die Kolostralmilch von Bedeutung. Die ersten Anlagen der Zitzen sind in der fötalen Entwicklung früh erkennbar. Zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt sind die Zitzenkuppen bei Neugeborenen bereits erkennbar. Ab der Pubertät entwickelt sich das eigentliche Drüsengewebe bei den weiblichen Säugern. In der Trächtigkeit beginnt ein Zyklus von Wachstum, funktioneller Differenzierung und Regression. Die Funktionsfähigkeit der Zitze kann durch endogene und exogene Faktoren beeinflusst werden. Störungen der Entwicklung der Zitze können zu unterschiedlich ausgeprägten Defekten führen. Der wichtigste angeborene Zitzendefekt beim Schwein ist die Stülpzitze, die mit Frequenzen zwischen 3 und 30 % in kommerziellen Schweinerassen gefunden wird. Dieser Erbfehler hat erhebliche negative ökonomische Auswirkungen auf die Schweineproduktion. Der Vererbungsmodus und die Anzahl der Gene, die an dieser Fehlentwicklung des Zitzenkomplexes beteiligt sind, sind noch unbekannt. Es werden verschiedene Methoden wie Assoziationsanalysen, Kopplungskartierung und Expressionsanalysen zur Detektion der Ursachen des Defektes angewandt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde im Rahmen einer Kopplungskartierung eine QTLAnalyse über achtzehn Chromosomen in Schweinen durchgeführt. Damit sollten die in einer Versuchspopulation detektierten QTL in kommerziellen Familien der Schweinerassen Deutsche Landrasse, Deutsches Edelschwein und deren Kreuzungstiere bestätigt werden. Darüber hinaus wurden die Chromosomen 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 und 14 mit zusätzlichen Markern feiner kartiert. Dabei konnten Regionen auf den Chromosomen 2, 3, 4, 6 und 11 bestätigt werden. Auf Chromosom 11 und Chromosom 6 konnten bei der Analyse aller kommerziellen Familien signifikante non parametric likelihood (NPL) Werte gefunden werden. Verschiedene positionelle und funktionelle Kandidatengene wurden in den Regionen sowie in den vergleichenden Regionen auf den humanen Chromosomen bestimmt. Eine Assoziationsanalyse der Marker bestätigte teilweise die gefundenen QTL. Bei weiteren signifikant assoziierten Markern konnten übereinstimmende Positionen zu Kandidatengenen deren Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der Stülpzitze bestätigen.Detection of the genetic causes for the heritable inverted teat defect in pig The mammary gland plays a role for the feeding of the offspring with nutrients and for the immunisation via colostrum in mammals. The first appearance of the mammary gland is seen in the early embryonal development. At birth, the nipple of the offspring is already visible, whereas the development of the ultimate mammary gland tissue starts during puberty in the female. During pregnancy a cycle of growth, functional differentiation and regression starts. The functional capability of the teat can be affected by endogenous and exogenous factors. Dysfunction of teat development may lead to different expressed defects. The most important heritable teat defect in pigs is the inverted teat, which is found with frequencies between 3 to 30% in commercial pig breeds. This heritable defect has a considerable negative impact for the economy of the pig production. The mode of inheritance and the number of genes involved in this aberration of the mammary gland are still unknown. Different methods such as association analysis, linkage mapping and expression analysis were used to detect the cause of the defect. The aim of this study was to detect QTL by linkage mapping. A QTL analysis was performed over eighteen chromosomes, to confirm QTL found in an experimental population in animals of the commercial breeds German Landrace, Large White, and their crossbreeds. Moreover, the chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 14 were fine mapped with additional markers. Regions on the chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 6, and 11 could be confirmed. Significant non-parametric likelihood (NPL) scores were detected on the chromosomes 6 and 11 by analysis of all commercial families. A number of positional and functional candidate genes was detected in the regions and the comparative regions on human chromosomes. Some of the detected QTL could be confirmed by conduction of an association analysis. Some significant associated markers were mapped in consistency with earlier investigated candidate genes for which the detected significant association to the inverted teat defect could be confirmed as well