6 research outputs found

    Samma lagstiftning – varierande praxis? Socialarbetares syn pĂ„ funktionshindrades delaktighet i Österbotten

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    Delaktighet Àr en av grundprinciperna för handikappolitiken i Finland, och ansvaret för handikappservicen som funktionshindrade behöver för att vara delaktiga ligger pÄ kommunerna. Syftet med studien Àr att belysa hur socialarbetare i tio österbottniska kommuner anser att principen om delaktighet förverkligas för funktionshindrade. FrÄgestÀllningarna Àr: hur konstrueras funktionshindrade som grupp och vilken innebörd ges delaktighet? Vilka faktorer anses försvÄra funktionshindrades delaktighet och hur borde den befrÀmjas? Och slutligen, finns det variationer i tillÀmpningen av handikappservicelagstiftningen pÄ lokal nivÄ och vad kan orsakerna till detta vara? Socialarbetarnas bild av funktionshindrades delaktighet var ganska tudelad, Àven om de enhÀlligt framhöll vikten av delaktighet och allas jÀmlikhet som bÄde grundvÀrde och mÄl. OtillgÀnglighet och attityder ansÄgs vara de största hindren och att dÀrtill önskades i vissa förbÀttringar av handikappservicesystemet. Studien visade att de kommunvisa skillnaderna var smÄ, att socialarbetarna arbetade i nÀra kontakt med klienterna och att deras arbete styrdes bÄde av lagstiftningen och av till buds stÄende resurser

    Disability and citizenship. Politicians' views on disabled persons' citizenship in Finland

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    Active citizen participation has today become increasingly highlighted in political debates worldwide. The aim of this article is to analyse the impact of so-called active citizenship ideas on disability policies in Finland by scrutinising how people with disabilities, disability policies and disability policy actors were constructed by MPs in relation to the parliamentary debate about the Government Report on Disability Policy in 2006. The results show that people with disabilities were seen as a group with equal rights to societal participation. Furthermore, the role of municipalities was viewed as crucial for realising this goal through its provision of support and service. However, there were also signs of a shift towards active citizenship insofar that measures for facilitating employment among disabled persons were emphasised while some claims requested disability benefits to be made more reciprocal

    Equal participation in society? : Perspectives on the opportunities of persons with disabilities in Finland

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    Societal participation for persons with disabilities is central for disability policies globally, and in a Finnish setting, and it is firmly anchored in the welfare state’s commitment to create equal opportunities through for example disability services. In addition, it is dependent on other prerequisites, such as accessibility and an inclusive labour market. However, the welfare state’s commitments have become increasingly important through efforts of strengthening the rights of persons with disabilities and they are often dependent on political decisions (that should be) based on knowledge and research. Furthermore, professionals, such as social workers within municipal disability services, implement the political decisions by providing services and support for persons with disabilities. On the grassroot level, disabled persons’ opportunities to societal participation are often dependent of the service and support available. In addition, the lack of different barriers, such as prejudices, and the availability of different facilitators like accessibility, are equally crucial. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to study how the opportunities for participation in society are constructed in relation to persons with disabilities in Finland, and how this can be understood and problematized from a theoretical standpoint of equality. In order to distinguish which barriers and facilitators affect it, and to see how it can be enhanced, this thesis includes four perspectives: the research field’s perspective, the political perspective, the professional perspective, and disabled persons’ personal perspective. The empirical part is based on the qualitative content analysis of studies from a scoping review, a parliamentary debate as well as interviews with both social workers and persons with disabilities. The findings show a strong emphasis on equality and self-determination as well as on disabled persons’ labour market participation and participation in decision-making. Furthermore, facilitators, barriers, and suggested actions for enhancing societal participation were all interrelated. Negative attitudes and inaccessibility were for example often highlighted as barriers, whereas disability rights and services were seen as important facilitators. In order to enhance the societal participation of persons with disabilities the disability service system was regarded as in need of increased flexibility and resources. Increased accessibility, inclusive attitudes and improved employment opportunities were also called for. For reaching equal opportunities to societal participation, many actions are still needed in society, and these are also required by the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which Finland has committed to.---------- Delaktighet i samhĂ€llet för personer med funktionsvariationer Ă€r en central del av funktionshinderpolitiken, sĂ„vĂ€l globalt som i Finland och det Ă€r starkt förankrat till vĂ€lfĂ€rdsstatens Ă„tagande att skapa jĂ€mlika möjligheter genom till exempel funktionshinderservice. Även andra faktorer, sĂ„som tillgĂ€nglighet och en inkluderande arbetsmarknad Ă€r avgörande. VĂ€lfĂ€rdsstatens Ă„taganden har blivit allt viktigare genom efterstrĂ€vanden att stĂ€rka funktionshindrade personers jĂ€mlikhet och rĂ€ttigheter och de föregĂ„s ofta av politiska beslut (som borde vara) baserade pĂ„ kunskap och forskning. Sedan Ă€r det professionella, sĂ„som socialarbetare inom kommunernas funktionshinderservice som implementerar de politiska besluten genom att bevilja service och stöd för personer med funktionsvariationer. PĂ„ grĂ€srotsnivĂ„n Ă€r funktionshindrade personers möjligheter till delaktighet i samhĂ€llet ofta beroende av tillgĂ„ngen till service och stöd. DĂ€rtill Ă€r frihet frĂ„n hinder, sĂ„som fördomar, samt olika möjliggörande faktorer, sĂ„som tillgĂ€nglighet av avgörande betydelse. Syftet med denna doktorsavhandling Ă€r att studera hur möjligheter till delaktighet i samhĂ€llet konstrueras för personer med funktionsvariationer i Finland, samt hur de kan förstĂ„s och problematiseras i relation till en teoretisk utgĂ„ngspunkt av jĂ€mlikhet. För att urskilja vilka hinder och möjliggörande faktorer som pĂ„verkar delaktigheten, och hur den kan frĂ€mjas, omfattar avhandlingen fyra perspektiv: forskningsfĂ€ltets, politikens, de professionellas och funktionshindrade personers eget perspektiv. Den empiriska delen baserar sig pĂ„ kvalitativ innehĂ„llsanalys av studier ur en litteraturöversikt, en riksdagsdebatt, samt intervjuer med bĂ„de socialarbetare och personer med funktionsvariationer. Resultaten visar en stark betoning av jĂ€mlikhet och sjĂ€lvbestĂ€mmande, samt funktionshindrade personers deltagande i arbetsmarknaden och beslutsfattande. DĂ€rtill framgĂ„r en sammankoppling mellan olika möjliggörande faktorer, hinder och föreslagna sĂ€tt att frĂ€mja delaktighet i samhĂ€llet. Negativa attityder och otillgĂ€nglighet framhölls till exempel ofta som hinder, medan funktionshindrade personers rĂ€ttigheter och service sĂ„gs som viktiga möjliggörande faktorer. I syfte att frĂ€mja funktionshindrade personers delaktighet i samhĂ€llet ansĂ„gs funktionshinderservicesystemet behöva mer flexibilitet och resurser. DĂ€rtill efterlystes ökad tillgĂ€nglighet, inkluderande attityder och bĂ€ttre sysselsĂ€ttningsmöjligheter. För att jĂ€mlika möjligheter till delaktighet ska nĂ„s, behövs Ă€nnu mĂ„nga Ă„tgĂ€rder i samhĂ€llet, vilket ocksĂ„ förutsĂ€tts i FN:s konvention om rĂ€ttigheter för personer med funktionsnedsĂ€ttning, som Finland förbundit sig till.---------- Vammaisten osallisuus yhteiskunnassa on vammapolitiikan keskiössĂ€ sekĂ€ maailmanlaajuisesti, ettĂ€ Suomessa ja se kytkeytyy tiiviisti hyvinvointivaltion sitoumukseen luoda yhdenvertaisia mahdollisuuksia esim. vammaispalvelujen avulla. LisĂ€ksi osallisuus on riippuvaista myös muista edellytyksistĂ€, kuten esteettömyydestĂ€ ja saavutettavuudesta, sekĂ€ osallistavista työmarkkinoista. Pyrkimykset vahvistaa vammaisten henkilöiden yhdenvertaisuutta ja oikeuksia ovat tehneet hyvinvointivaltion sitoumuksista yhĂ€ tĂ€rkeĂ€mpiĂ€, ja ne ovat usein riippuvaisia poliittisista pÀÀtöksistĂ€, jotka perustuvat (tai joiden tulisi perustua) tietoon ja tutkimukseen. Ammattilaiset, kuten kuntien vammaispalvelujen sosiaalityöntekijĂ€t puolestaan toimeenpanevat nĂ€itĂ€ poliittisia pÀÀtöksiĂ€ myöntĂ€mĂ€llĂ€ palveluja ja tukea vammaisille henkilöille. Ruohonjuuritasolla vammaisten henkilöiden mahdollisuudet olla osallisina yhteiskunnassa ovat usein riippuvaisia palvelujen ja tukien saatavuudesta. LisĂ€ksi vapaus erilaisista esteistĂ€, kuten ennakkoluuloista, sekĂ€ erilaiset mahdollistavat tekijĂ€t, kuten esteettömyys, ovat myös yhtĂ€ lailla olennaisia. TĂ€mĂ€n vĂ€itöskirjan tarkoituksena on tutkia, millaisina mahdollisuudet osallistua yhteiskuntaan nĂ€yttĂ€ytyvĂ€t vammaisille henkilöille Suomessa ja miten ne voidaan ymmĂ€rtÀÀ ja problematisoida yhdenvertaisuuden teoreettisesta lĂ€htökohdasta. Erilaisten esteiden ja mahdollistavien tekijöiden vaikutusten selvittĂ€miseksi, sekĂ€ sen, miten osallisuutta voidaan edistÀÀ, tĂ€mĂ€ vĂ€itöskirja sisĂ€ltÀÀ neljĂ€ nĂ€kökulmaa: tutkimuskentĂ€n, poliittisen, professionaalisen ja vammaisten henkilöiden oman nĂ€kökulman. Empiirinen osa perustuu laadulliseen sisĂ€llönanalyysiin kirjallisuuskatsauksessa valituista artikkeleista, eduskunnan lĂ€hetekeskustelusta, sekĂ€ sosiaalityöntekijöiden ja vammaisten henkilöiden haastatteluista. Tuloksissa korostuivat voimakkaasti yhdenvertaisuus ja itsemÀÀrÀÀmisoikeus, sekĂ€ vammaisten henkilöiden osallistuminen työmarkkinoille ja pÀÀtöksentekoon. LisĂ€ksi esteet, mahdollistavat tekijĂ€t ja ehdotetut toimet yhteiskunnallisen osallisuuden edistĂ€miseksi olivat yhteydessĂ€ toisiinsa. KielteisiĂ€ asenteita ja ympĂ€ristön esteellisyyttĂ€ korostettiin esimerkiksi usein esteinĂ€, kun taas oikeuksia ja palveluja pidettiin tĂ€rkeinĂ€ mahdollistajina. Yhteiskunnallisen osallisuuden edistĂ€miseksi vammaispalvelujĂ€rjestelmÀÀn kaivattiin lisÀÀ joustavuutta ja resursseja. LisĂ€ksi perÀÀnkuulutettiin laajempaa esteettömyyttĂ€, osallistavia asennetta ja parempia työmahdollisuuksia. Yhdenvertaisten osallistumismahdollisuuksien saavuttamiseksi tarvitaan edelleen monia muutoksia yhteiskunnassa, ja nĂ€itĂ€ edellyttÀÀ myös YK:n yleissopimus vammaisten henkilöiden oikeuksista, johon Suomi on sitoutunut

    Det mÄngstÀmmiga rummet : Hjalmar Bergmans romankonst 1913-1918

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    This thesis deals with the problems of genre and narrative techniques in two novels by the Swedish author Hjalmar Bergman, 1883-1931. Although regarded as one of the foremost novelists in Swedish literature, with novels such as Markurells i Wadköping, 1919, and Farmor och vÄr Herre, 1921, Bergman's narrative techniques have not previously been systematically analyzed. Instead critics have focussed either on the biographical and philosophical aspects of his work, or on the meaning of his specific use of symbols and metaphorical language. Hjalmar Bergman wrote more than twenty novels, a large number of plays, short stories, fairy tales and screenplays. His most innovative period was in the 1910s, which is also the period focussed on here. The study begins with the reception of the seven novels written from 1912 to 1918. These novels were considerably different from what the critics at the time were wont to expect. Consequently they had trouble understanding not only the purpose of the narrative techniques in the novels, but also in determining their specific genre and subject matter. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that by analyzing Hjalmar Bergman's narrative techniques, we can learn more about the genre of the novel, about its status in the Swedish literary institution of the 1910s, and about Hjalmar Bergman's contribution to its development in Sweden. For this purpose the methods of the Russian theorist of the novel, Mikhail Bakhtin, have proved to be useful. In the succeeding chapters two novels, Loewenhistorier, 1913 (Loewen Stories) and En döds memoarer, 1918 (The Memoirs of a Dead Man), are analyzed for a deeper understanding of Hjalmar Bergman's specific use of novelistic subgenres such as the adventure story, the picaresque, the Bildungsroman, the confession, the memoir etc. Hjalmar Bergmanhas been considered a 'pre-modernist' in Swedish prose fiction. If this is the case, it is not primarily because hetried to invent new ways of writing novels, but rather that he made use of seemingly well-defined genres, combining them in new and often surprising ways. He thereby investigates not only a subject matter or a protagonist, but also the relevance, with regard to the stories hesets out to tell, of the genre-bound plots and perspectives. The result is novels that are simultaneously highly structured and 'law-abiding', in accordance with their genre patterns, and characterized by a certain open-ended 'brokenness'. Nothing ever turns out as the reader might expect, judging from the genres used in the novels.digitalisering@um
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