Barley- and Legume Products Beneficially Affect Metabolic Responses and Appetite Regulation

The role of dietary fibre (DF) in disease prevention has been extensively investigated and prospective studies observed that increased DF intake decreased the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), reduced the risk of weight gain as well as the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Also a diet characterized by low glycaemic index (GI) has been shown to reduce the risk of T2D and CVD. More recently, evidence have accumulated suggesting that obesity, T2D and CVD may stem from a high-fat diet induced metabolic endotoxemia, implicating a role of the composition of gut microbiota. Mechanisms behind observed health merits of DF-rich foods suggests e.g. delayed digestion and absorption or increased gut fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates. The present thesis studies the potential impact of indigestible carbohydrates intrinsic to barley kernel- and legume products on cardiometabolic risk factors and appetite regulation using a semi-acute meal study approach in healthy young or elderly subjects. The work described is based on randomized cross-over studies, and metabolic responses were measured in an over-night perspective, i.e. from evening meal to breakfast. The possible link between gut fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates and metabolic responses was evaluated from analysis of breath hydrogen (H2) and circulating levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Healthy young subjects were provided a late evening meal with boiled barley kernels (BK) or reference white wheat brad (WWB). At a subsequent breakfast, decreased blood (b-) glucose responses and increased concentrations of plasma (p-) glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 were observed after the BK evening meal, compared with WWB. The decreased b-glucose- and increased p-GLP-1 responses were maintained during the experimental day, 10.5-16 hours (h) after intake of the BK evening meal. In addition, decreased voluntary energy intake at a lunch meal consumed approximately 14 h after BK was registered while at the same time promoting decreased subjective ratings of hunger over the entire experimental day (10.5-16 h), compared to after WWB evening meal. Further, higher levels of gut fermentation metabolites, i.e. serum (s-) SCFA, and breath H2, were observed at breakfast after BK evening meal, compared to WWB. Supportive of a link between gut microbial metabolism and appetite regulation, p-GLP-1 levels were positively correlated to s-propionate, and inversely related to subjective feelings of hunger and desire to eat, respectively. The impact of barley kernel based bread (BB) on glycaemia and appetite regulation were evaluated in elderly subjects (50-70 years) after three days intake of BB, as opposed to three days intake of WWB. At a subsequent standardized breakfast on day four, decreased b-glucose- and s-insulin responses were observed, and a measure of insulin sensitivity (ISIcomposite) was improved. The metabolic benefits of BB in an over-night perspective previously observed in young adults (20-35 years) were thus also present among a more mature study cohort (50-70 years). The results are among the first to show that a meal rich in intrinsic indigestible carbohydrates promotes parallel increase in plasma levels of gut-derived hormones p-GLP-1, p-peptide YY (PYY) and p-GLP-2 in healthy humans. This is of potential importance in relation to facilitated glucose- and appetite regulation, as well as reduced sub-clinical inflammation. The increase in p-GLP-2 might be considered beneficial considering its role in maintaining integrity of the intestinal epithelium, in favor of a lowered inflammatory tonus. In addition, three days of BB compared to WWB stimulated gut microbial metabolism as indicated by increased levels of s-SCFA and breath H2. The potential interplay between gut fermentation and host metabolism was supported by a positive correlation between total s-SCFA; and p-GLP-1 or p-PYY, respectively. It was hypothesized that intake of commercially available probiotics could interfere with gut microbiota derived mechanisms for observed benefits of barley kernel products on metabolism and appetite regulation. Healthy young subjects were provided with BB or WWB during a four day intervention. BB intervention was performed twice, once including a dietary background of a mixture of probiotics (BB(+)) and once with placebo (BB(-)). The WWB intervention was performed with placebo background (WWB(-)). At a subsequent standardized breakfast, BB interventions increased p-GLP-1 levels and increased breath H2 both with and without probiotic supplementation, compared to WWB(-). Decreased glycaemic responses were observed after BB(-) but not after BB(+), compared to WWB(-). However, not only p-GLP-2 but also p-glucagon and s-PAI-1 were increased after BB(+) compared to BB(-). It is concluded that with the exception of increased GLP-2 concentrations, overall outcome of the BB intervention was not enhanced by a dietary background of common probiotics; rather, the benefits on glycaemic regulation were to some extent blunted. Legumes, in conformity with barley kernel products, are naturally rich in DF, including RS. However the DF components differ. Thus, legumes are rich in raffinose-oligosaccharides and galactomannans, whereas barley is especially acknowledged for its high content of β-glucans. It was hypothesized that the DF present in legumes could promote gut fermentation and mediate benefits on glucose- and appetite regulation, as previously observed for barley kernel products. Boiled beans of different varieties (red, white, brown and black) or chickpeas were given to healthy young subjects as a late evening meal. WWB was included as a reference evening meal. A late-evening meal of boiled brown beans (BrB) beneficially improved glucose tolerance at a subsequent standardized breakfast, as judged from lowered b-glucose- and s-insulin responses, as compared to WWB evening meal. Having chickpeas in the evening significantly increased perceived feeling of satiety at fasting in the morning compared to WWB evening meal. All legumes increased gut fermentative activity 11-14 h after intake as indicated by increased breath H2. Further, investigations with respect to cardiometabolic risk markers were performed after BrB only. The evening meal with BrB increased insulin sensitivity index (ISIcomposite), increased s-SCFA and promoted higher levels of satiety hormones (p PYY and p-oxyntomodulin (OXM)), reduced the orexigenic peptide ghrelin in plasma and decreased markers of inflammation (s-IL-6 and s-IL-18) in response to the subsequent breakfast, compared with WWB evening meal. Additionally, the BrB evening meal stimulated higher p-GLP-2 in the late postprandial phase at the standardized breakfast. Inverse relations between willingness to eat and p-PYY and p-GLP-2, respectively, were found and supporting a beneficial role of BrB in appetite regulation. In summary, barley kernel- and legume products rich in DF, were found to induce metabolic advantages, as indicated by decreased glycaemia, increased insulin sensitivity, beneficial effects on appetite regulatory hormones and decreased voluntary food intake at subsequent meals. The results are supportive of a mechanism whereby indigestible carbohydrates may be involved in positive health outcomes, with respect to obesity, T2D and CVD, through mechanisms involving fermentation. The results provide interesting possibilities to develop new foods containing specific indigestible carbohydrate substrates capable of addressing the gut microbiota – host metabolism cross-talk

Interactions between training load, submaximal heart rate, and performance in endurance runners

Background: The popularity of endurance running events has rapidly increased in recent years with more recreational runners entering the field. How recreational runners train is not well known. Understanding this and the relationship between training and performance in this group of runners is important for prescribing appropriate training to maximise performance and decrease the risk of injury. This forms the underlying theme throughout this thesis. Aim: The broad aims of this thesis were to better understand the ad libitum training habits of well-trained competitive recreational runners and to determine the relationships between performance, training load, and submaximal heart rate (HR) in this cohort. Methods: Five inter-related studies were performed to: 1) determine relationships between 56-km race performance and pacing (n = 7,327) in competitive recreational runners; 2) determine relationships between 56-km race performance, pacing, and training load in competitive recreational runners (n = 69); 3) determine the accuracy of GPS sport watches in measuring distance (n = 255); 4) develop a feasible and reliable submaximal running test, and 5) determine relationships between performance on a submaximal running test, training load, and submaximal HR in well-trained competitive recreational runners (n = 29). Main findings: A group of well-trained competitive recreational runners performed 44 ± 22 km/week (median ± IQR) in a six-month time frame while training ad libitum. This group had a wide range of inter-individual differences in training load performed even when considering participants who had the same relative marathon performance. The same group of well-trained competitive recreational runners maintained most of their training over a sixmonth period in a range of 0.81 – 1.14 for the acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR). When the ACWR values reached > 1.50, it was mainly due to participation in endurance running races (> 21-km). When looking at relative weekly changes in training load, the maximum increase was 30% with only two participants having maximum increases of < 10%. The increases in load were predominantly short term (one to two weeks). Submaximal HR had a negative linear relationship with performance in 21% of the study participants. In those participants, poor performances were associated with a higher submaximal HR. Training load was only related to changes in performance in one participant. Conclusion: This thesis confirms that no single variable can provide the necessary information on how to adjust training load to maximise performance. Athletes, coaches, and sports scientists need to have a holistic view of stress exposure and how this affects the body. Although we can only speculate, when the participants had a poor performance it may have been due to factors such as lack of motivation, fatigue, mental stress, dehydration, and/or sleep deprivation. It is important for runners, coaches, and sports scientists to approach the training load – recovery balance as being unique for each athlete. Even in a homogenous group of well-trained competitive recreational runners, their ad libitum training load is widely varied and was not associated with performance or ability level. The balance should be adjusted over time based on the athlete’s symptoms

PENGARUH KESADARAN WAJIB PAJAK, KEGIATAN SOSIALISASI PERPAJAKAN, DAN PEMERIKSAAN PAJAK TERHADAP PENERIMAAN PAJAK PENGHASILAN DI KPP PRATAMA BANDUNG CIBEUNYING

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah kesadaran wajib pajak, kegiatan sosialisasi perpajakan, dan pemeriksaan pajak mempengaruhi penerimaan pajak penghasilan di KPP Pratama Bandung Cibeunying. Kesadaran wajib pajak diukur dari jumlah SPT Masa PPh 25 yang dilaporkan tepat waktu. Kegiatan sosialisasi perpajakan diukur dari jumlah kegiatan sosialisasi yang diadakan KPP Pratama Bandung Cibeunying untuk wajib pajak orang pribadi. Pemeriksaan pajak diukur dari jumlah STP PPh 25 yang diterbitkan bagi wajib pajak orang pribadi. Penerimaan PPh adalah jumlah penerimaan angsuran PPh pasal 25 wajib pajak orang pribadi di KPP Pratama Bandung Cibeunying. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode time series dan data kuantitatif berupa data sekunder yang diperoleh dari KPP Pratama Bandung Cibeunying untuk tahun pajak 2011 sampai 2015 setiap bulannya. Teknik analisa data yang digunakan adalah regresi linier berganda. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa kesadaran wajib pajak berpengaruh positif terhadap penerimaan pajak penghasilan di KPP Pratama Bandung Cibeunying, sosialisasi perpajakan tidak berpengaruh positif terhadap penerimaan pajak penghasilan di KPP Pratama Bandung Cibeunying dan pemeriksaan pajak berpengaruh positif terhadap penerimaan pajak penghasilan di KPP Pratama Bandung Cibeunying.;---This research aimed to determine whether taxpayers' awareness, tax socialization activities, and tax inspection affects the income tax revenue in KPP Pratama Bandung Cibeunying. Taxpayers' awareness was measured by the number of Income Tax Article 25 which were reported timely. Taxation socialization activities was measured by the number of socialization activities held by KPP Pratama Bandung Cibeunying for individual taxpayers. Tax inspection was measured by the number of Income Tax Article 25 issued for individual taxpayers. Income tax revenue is the amount of the installment receipt of Income Tax Article 25 from individual taxpayers in KPP Pratama Bandung Cibeunying. This research used time series method and quantitative data in the form of secondary data obtained from KPP Pratama Bandung Cibeunying for the fiscal years of 2011 until 2015 each month. The data analysis technique used was multiple linear regression. This research proved that taxpayers' awareness effects positively towards income tax revenue in KPP Pratama Bandung Cibeunying, tax socialization do not effects positively towards income tax revenue in KPP Pratama Bandung Cibeunying and tax inspection effects positively towards income tax revenue in KPP Pratama Bandung Cibeunying

Stormwater management in Gaborone - A study of the quality and quantity of water in Segoditshane River

This master thesis was partly performed as a field study in Gaborone, the capital city of Botswana, located in southern Africa. The semi-arid climate in Botswana together with a rapid financial development in the country during the last decades has increased the need for water. The last years the water situation has been strained in Gaborone, and Gaborone dam which used to be one of the city’s drinking water sources has come down to a level of only a few per cent of its total capacity. The water scarcity results in a need for the country to transport water from northern Botswana as well as from South Africa to meet the need for water in Gaborone. The severe water situation results in need for alternative water sources for Gaborone. Reuse of urban stormwater is one alternative water source worth to investigate. A large amount of the stormwater from Gaborone discharges into Segoditshane River, a watercourse which flows through Gaborone. The aim with this project was to investigate the quality and quantity of water from Segoditshane River and the possibilities of collection and reuse of the water. Water samples were collected from Segoditshane River at three times and at two locations each time. One sample of stormwater was also collected from a parking lot at University of Botswana and another water sample was collected from a roof at Motheo Apartments, both located in Gaborone. Quality parameters for the water samples were measured at the sample sites and in laboratories at University of Botswana. The water contained several metals. Most outstanding were arsenic, lead, cadmium and aluminium. Hydrocarbons connected to traffic pollution were also noticed in the water. When water from Segoditshane River was tested for pollution of microorganisms no E. Coli was found but other enteric bacteria were found and hence possible inflow of sewage water in Segoditshane River cannot be disregarded. However, the enteric bacteria may also origin from faeces from animals. Depending on the planned reuse of the water, different water treatment would be needed. Drinking water needs more treatment than irrigation water. Biological treatment methods along Segoditshane River may improve the quality of the water. A stormwater dam downstream can store the water and prevent flooding as well as further improve the water quality through settling. Rainfall data for the years 2001-2010 was given from Department of Meteorological Services in Botswana and were processed in order to estimate the water volume possible to collect in the urban part of Segoditshane River catchment. In the quantity calculations the evaporation is not included and the annual water volumes originating from stormwater will therefore be lower than the volumes presented below. Three scenarios were set up to describe potential situations for the stormwater in the catchment. Scenario 1 includes the stormwater runoff from larger roads and gravel areas and according to this scenario a water volume of less than 4.8 Mm3 is possible to collect. This corresponds to 15% of the total annual water usage in Gaborone. Scenario 2 includes the stormwater runoff from all house roofs in the city and in this scenario a water volume of less than 3.6 Mm3 is possible to collect, 10% of the total water usage in Gaborone. Scenario 3 describes the amount of stormwater runoff from large roads, gravel areas and house roofs ending up in Segoditshane River and in this scenario a water volume of less than 7.2 Mm3, 23% of the total water usage in Gaborone, can be collected. There is a potential worth considering of collecting stormwater from Segoditshane River and rainwater from house roofs in Gaborone in order to reuse the water and hence improve the stressed water situation in Gaborone.Återanvändning av regnvatten för att förbättra Gaborones vattensituation Gaborone, liksom större delen av södra Botswana, lider av extrem vattenbrist. Torka och uteblivna regnperioder har gjort att vatten nu måste transporteras långa sträckor för att täcka stadens behov. Den ansträngda vattensituationen talar för att använda alternativa vattenkällor, däribland återanvändning av regnvatten. Den största delen av regnvattnet i Gaborone rinner ut i Segoditshane, ett vattendraget som rinner genom staden. Vattnet i Segoditshane innehåller höga koncentrationer av vissa tungmetaller, främst kadmium och bly, men också andra metaller som aluminium och arsenik. Det förekommer även kolväten med troligt ursprung från stadens trafik. Mikrobiologiska analyser tyder på att utsläpp av avloppsvatten kan förekomma längs Segoditshane. Regnvattnet i Gaborone kan samlas upp på olika sätt. Ett sätt är att samla upp regnvatten från hustak i regnvattentankar. Ett annat sätt är att låta regnvattnet från staden rinna ut i Segoditshane och nedströms vattendraget samla upp det i en damm. De olika alternativen har olika för- och nackdelar. Vatten från hustak som samlas upp i regnvattentankar är troligtvis renare än det som runnit en längre sträcka på marken och samlats upp i Segoditshane. Däremot kan det vara lättare att kontrollera kvaliteten på vattnet om det endast samlas upp på ett ställe. En damm kan även förbättra vattenkvaliteten genom sedimentering av partiklar. Det uppsamlade vattnet kan ha olika användningsområden. Det kan till exempel användas som dricksvatten eller till bevattning av grödor. Beroende på användningsområden för det uppsamlade vattnet, behövs olika typer av rening. Biologisk rening är en reningsmetod där metaller och kolväten tas upp av mikroorganismer och växter. Metoden kan användas längs Segoditshane för att förbättra vattenkvaliteten. Om allt vatten som faller på hustak i Gaborone under ett år skulle samlas upp, skulle det motsvara högst en tiondel av allt vatten som årligen används i Gaborone. I ett torrt klimat med oregelbundet regn är det bra att ta vara på allt vatten som finns. Varje droppe räknas

Genetisk variation i gener associerade med brakycefali hos hund

Domestication followed by controlled breeding has generated many dog breeds, displaying high morphological variation. One type of dogs with a dis-tinct morphology is brachycephalic dogs, characterized by a shortened muz-zle, a wide head and widely spaced eyes. The phenotype of brachycephalic dogs has been associated with several health issues, where one of the most obvious is the Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway syndrome (BOAS) which affects the breathing capacity and thermoregulation of the dog. Several stud-ies have aimed to identify the molecular background of the shorter snouts in brachycephalic dogs. So far, mutations in genes such as Bone Morphogenic Protein 3 (BMP3), Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4), SPARC-related mod-ular calcium binding gene 2 (SMOC2) and DISHEVELLED 2 (DVL2) are thought to be associated with the altered skull shape causing canine brachy-cephaly. The aim of this master thesis was to investigate the genetic variation in the genes SMOC2, BMP3, and DVL2 in the Swedish population of four brachycephalic breeds; Boston Terrier, English Bulldog, French Bulldog and Pug. 102 privately owned brachycephalic dogs were genotyped for the muta-tion in the SMOC2 gene, additionally, 45 of these dogs were also genotyped for the mutations in the BMP3 and DVL2 gene. The mutant variant of the SMOC2 gene was fixated in all four breeds. The mutant variant of the BMP3 gene had high allele frequency in all breeds. In Bull type breeds (Boston Terrier, English Bulldog and French Bulldog) the mutant version of the DVL2 gene was fixated, whilst all Pugs were tested wild type for the DVL2 mutation. Low genetic variation will make it more chal-lenging to improve health through genetic selection within the breeds.Domesticering följt av kontrollerad avel har genererat många hundraser med stora variationer i utseende. En typ av hundar som uppvisar ett distinkt utse-ende är brakycefala (trubbnosiga) hundar, karaktäriserat av en kort nos, brett huvud och med stort avstånd mellan ögonen. Fenotypen hos brakycefala hun-dar har kopplats till hälsoproblem där ett av de mest påtagliga problemen är Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), ett syndrom som på-verkar hundens andning och förmåga att reglera sin kroppstemperatur. Fler-talet studier har utförts för att identifiera de molekylära bakomliggande orsa-kerna till den kortare nosen hos brakycefala hundar. Hittills har mutationer i gener så som Bone Morphogenic Protein 3 (BMP3), Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4), SPARC-related modular calcium binding gene 2 (SMOC2) och DISHEVELLED 2 (DVL2) kunnat kopplas till den avvikande huvudformen hos brakycefala hundar. Syftet för detta examensarbete var att undersöka den genetiska variationen i generna SMOC2, BMP3 och DVL2 för den svenska populationen av bostonterrier, engelsk bulldogg, fransk bulldogg och mops. Totalt genotypades 102 privatägda brakycefala hundar för mutationen i SMOC2 genen, dessutom genotypades 45 av dessa hundar för mutationerna i BMP3 och DVL2. Denna studie pekar på att mutationen i SMOC2 var fixerad i de fyra raserna. I de fyra raserna var allelfrekvensen för den muterade BMP3 allelen hög. I de tre raserna av bull-typ (bostonterrier, engelsk bulldogg och fransk bulldogg) var mutationen i DVL2 fixerad, medan alla mopsar var ge-notypade som vildtyp. Låg genetisk variation kommer göra det mer utma-nande att förbättra hälsan genom genomisk selektion inom raserna

Insulin resistance in horses : impact of diet, obesity and exercise

Insulinresistens innebär att celler får minskad känslighet för insulin och att det insulin-beroende glukosupptaget bromsas. Den bakomliggande mekanismen för insulinresistens hos häst är till stor del okänd. Minskad insulinkänslighet kan leda fång. Fång är en mycket smärtsam sjukdom då hovens lamell, som sammanbinder hovväggen med underliggande ben, blir inflammerad och förlorar sammanbindningsförmågan. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att utreda hur diet, hull och motion påverkar insulinkänsligheten hos häst. Resultat från ett antal studier tyder på att ett samband finns mellan dessa faktorer och påverkan på insulinkänsligheten. Denna uppsats ger en fördjupning av under vilka omständigheter dessa samband har setts, vilket ger en grund för diskussion kring uppkomst av insulinresistens hos häst. Litteraturgenomgången visar att dieter med hög andel socker och stärkelse är kopplat till nedsatt insulinkänslighet. Studier visar också att en sänkning i insulinkänslighet ofta ses samtidigt som överhull. Motion kan däremot till en viss del motverka en sänkning i insulinkänslighet. Dessa faktorer påverkar enskilda hästar samtidigt, vilket leder till slutsatsen att insulinresistens bör hanteras med ett helhetsperspektiv, där diet, hullstatus och motion vägs samman.Insulin resistance is a state where cells decrease their insulin sensitivity which makes the insulin-dependent glucose uptake decelerated. The underlying mechanism is in large parts unknown in horses. Insulin resistance is connected to certain forms of laminitis. Laminitis is a painful disease where the laminae, which connects the hoof wall to the underlying bone, becomes inflamed and weakened. The aim of this literature study is to investigate how diet, body condition and exercise impact insulin sensitivity in horses. The results of a number of studies show a connection between these factors and insulin sensitivity in horses. By investigating the circumstances in which this connection was seen, a basis is provided for further discussion of the progression of insulin resistance. Results of studies show that diets with high portions of sugar and starch is connected to decreased insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, obesity is connected to a decrease in insulin sensitivity. On the contrary, exercise seem to counteract a decrease in insulin sensitivity. The fact that these factors often effect a single horse simultaneously leads to the conclusion that insulin resistance should be handled with a holistic perspective, where diet, body condition and exercise is considered as an enterity

Is the calf affected by the nutrition of the cow during gestation?

Kalvens hälsa och prestation har stor betydelse i mjölk- och dikalvsproduktion. Utfodringen under kons dräktighet har betydelse för både kon och hennes foster. Vanligtvis i produktionen anpassas utfodringen för att uppfylla kons näringsbehov för att hålla henne i rätt hull inför kalvning. Det finns faktorer i kons utfodring som påverkar kalven på olika sätt. Kons utfodring under dräktigheten kan bland annat påverka kalvens födelsevikt, tillväxt och immunförsvar. Råmjölken påverkar kalvens förmåga att utveckla en motståndskraft mot infektioner och dess sammansättning är viktig för kalvens tillväxt. Denna litteraturstudie tar upp några olika foderkomponenter som kan ge effekt på kalvens prestation och livskraftighet. Effekterna utav underutfodring av kon under dräktigheten kan skilja sig mellan underutfodring i tidig dräktighet eller sen dräktighet. Kalvens födelsevikt kan påverkas negativt av underutfodring och denna effekt har visats ha en variation beroende på ras och vilken del av dräktigheten kon är i när hon blir underutfodrad. Tillskott av essentiella fettsyror och metionintillskott till dräktiga kor har visat sig påverka kalven. Enligt studier på mjölkkor kan metionintillskott under dräktigheten ge en högre födelsevikt och tillskott av fettsyror till dräktiga kor kan resultera i att kalvarna får ett bättre upptag av antikroppar från råmjölken. Studier både på mjölkkoraser och köttraser visar att underutfodring inte bara påverkar kalvens födelsevikt och tillväxt utan även råmjölkens sammansättning. Nyckelord: Fosterutveckling, näringsbehov, essentiella fettsyror, tillväxt, födelsevikt, råmjölkThe calf's health and performance are of great importance in milk and beef production. The nutrition of the cow during the cow’s pregnancy is important for both the cow and her fetus. Usually in production, the feed is adapted to meet the nutritional needs of the cow to keep her in the right body condition before calving. However, there are factors in the nutrition of the cow that affect the unborn calf in different ways. Some factors that may be affected by the cow's feeding during pregnancy is the calf's birth weight, growth and immune system. The colostrum also affects the calf's ability to develop resistance to infections and its composition is important for the calf's growth. This literature study addresses some different feed components that can influence calf performance and viability. It also addresses the effects of the cow’s nutrition during pregnancy and whether the effects differ between early pregnancy or late pregnancy. The calf's birth weight can be negatively affected by underfeeding of the cow. That effect also been shown to have a variation depending on the breed and the period of the pregnancy. According to studies on dairy cows, methionine supplements during pregnancy can give a higher birth weight and the addition of fatty acids to pregnant cows can result in calves achieving a better absorption of antibodies from the colostrum. Studies on both milk breeds and beef breeds show that underfeeding during pregnancy affects not only the calf's birth weight and growth but also the composition of colostrum. Keywords: Fetus development, nutrient requirement, pregnancy, essential fatty acids, growth, birthweight, colostru

The survival of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in the equine stall environment after cleaning and disinfection

Streptococcus equi subspecies equi är en betahemolyserande streptokock som är den bakterien som orsakar hästsjukdomen kvarka. Symtom som förknippas med sjukdomen är feber, purulent näsflöde samt svullnad och abscessbildning i lymfknutorna i huvudregionen. Inget vaccin mot kvarka finns ännu i Sverige. Smittan sprids direkt eller indirekt via till exempel miljön. Stall som drabbats av utbrott behöver isoleras under en lång tid och vidta hygienåtgärder. Sjukdomen skapar många negativa konsekvenser, både för hästar och dess ägare. Det ansågs angeläget att undersöka hur bakterien i hästens närmiljö påverkas av rengöring och desinfektion.I den experimentella studien kontaminerades betong, trä och plast med bakteriell suspension. Materialen provtogs ett och tre dygn efter kontaminering. Därefter gjordes ytterligare en provtagning efter att materialen rengjorts och desinfekterats. Proverna analyserades genom bakterieodling. Resultaten visade varierande växt innan rengöring och desinfektion. Efter rengöring och desinfektion fanns ingen växt på något av materialen. Samtidigt utfördes provtagning från kontrollprover, där ingen rengöring och desinfektion hade utförts. Samtliga kontrollprover hade växt av varierande riklighet. Fler prover på flera olika material och i miljö med annan yttre miljöpåverkan hade varit intressant, men studien är ändå så pass omfattande att man kan konstatera att rengöring och desinfektion har stor påverkan på avdödande av bakterien.Streptococcus equi subspecies equi är en betahemolyserande streptokock som är den bakterien som orsakar hästsjukdomen kvarka. Symtom som förknippas med sjukdomen är feber, purulent näsflöde samt svullnad och abscessbildning i lymfknutorna i huvudregionen. Inget vaccin mot kvarka finns ännu i Sverige. Smittan sprids direkt eller indirekt via till exempel miljön. Stall som drabbats av utbrott behöver isoleras under en lång tid och vidta hygienåtgärder. Sjukdomen skapar många negativa konsekvenser, både för hästar och dess ägare. Det ansågs angeläget att undersöka hur bakterien i hästens närmiljö påverkas av rengöring och desinfektion.I den experimentella studien kontaminerades betong, trä och plast med bakteriell suspension. Materialen provtogs ett och tre dygn efter kontaminering. Därefter gjordes ytterligare en provtagning efter att materialen rengjorts och desinfekterats. Proverna analyserades genom bakterieodling. Resultaten visade varierande växt innan rengöring och desinfektion. Efter rengöring och desinfektion fanns ingen växt på något av materialen. Samtidigt utfördes provtagning från kontrollprover, där ingen rengöring och desinfektion hade utförts. Samtliga kontrollprover hade växt av varierande riklighet. Fler prover på flera olika material och i miljö med annan yttre miljöpåverkan hade varit intressant, men studien är ändå så pass omfattande att man kan konstatera att rengöring och desinfektion har stor påverkan på avdödande av bakterien

Staden på taken - En förtätningsstudie av Helsingborgs stadskärna

I takt med att världens befolkning ökar och allt fler väljer att bosätta sig inne i staden ökar behovet av att hitta smarta och hållbara sätt att förtäta. En stad har sina begränsningar och därför har det genomgående i projektet varit viktigt att undersöka hur vi kan töja på stadens gränser och tillföra nya värden utan att tumma på befintliga kvaliteter. Att förtäta en stad är en möjlighet att höja kvaliteten på dess befintliga stadsrum och tillföra nya urbana rum samtidigt som det befintliga behöver behandlas med stor hänsyn och respekt. Examensarbetet är en förtätningsstudie av centrala Helsingborg som inleds med en undersökning av potentiella platser för förtätning i en övergripande strategisk plan. Genom att sammankoppla dessa punkter och ha en övergripande plan för hur detta stråk kan utvecklas med hjälp av förtätningsprojekt kan gränserna mellan stadens södra och norra delar minskas. En av platserna längs stråket undersöktes närmre och platsens unika förutsättningar låg till grund för utformningen av bostadsprojektet som presenteras i en mer detaljerad skala. Helsingborgs centrum består idag till största del av butiker och kontor vilket bidrar till tomma gator efter stängning. Genom att förtäta med bostäder ökar mängden människor som skapar en aktivare stad med fler sociala möten. Examensarbetet har därför resulterat i ett nytt urbant rum med studentbostäder samt en publik byggnad som är tänkt som en central mötesplats för stadens invånare. Projektet har utformats på ett parkeringsdäck ovanpå Magnus Stenbock Gallerian där fokus har varit att förankra det nya urbana rummet med det befintliga gatulivet för att skapa en plats som ger något tillbaka till resten av staden.As the world population increases and more people choose to settle in the city the need to find smart and sustainable solutions to densify increases. A city has limitations and therefore it has been important to look at how we can stretch the city´s borders and adding new values without compromising the existing qualities. To densify a city is an opportunity to improve existing urban spaces and introduce new urban compositions while the surroundings need to be dealt with great consideration and respect. The thesis is a study of densification in central Helsingborg which starts of with an investigation of potential sites to densify in a comprehensive strategic plan. By connecting these sites and have a comprehensive plan for how this path can be developed the borders between the southern and northern parts of Helsingborg can be reduced with help from different densification projects. Along the path one of the sites were investigated more closely and the site´s unique circumstances formed the basis for the design of the housing project that is presented in a more detailed scale. The centre of Helsingborg currently consists mainly of retail and offices which contributes to deserted streets after closing hours. By densifying with housing the amount of people increases that creates a more active city with further social meetings. The thesis has resulted in a new urban space with student housing and a public building which is intended to serve as a central meeting place for the city’s inhabitants. The project has been designed on a parking deck on top of “Magnus Stenbock Gallerian” where the emphasis has been to connect the new urban space with the existing street life to create a place that gives back to the rest of the city

Mutation i FOXI3 – orsaken till tre hårlösa hundraser

Hunden (Canis lupus familiaris) är ett av de populäraste sällskapsdjuren idag. Efter domesticeringen har det genom avel uppstått hundratals hundraser med stor variation i storlek, pälsfärg och pälstyp. Alla hundar har dock inte päls, genom avel har det även uppstått hårlösa hundar. I Syd- och Centralamerika antas hårlösa hundar funnits redan för 3 000 år sedan. Fenotypen hos hårlösa hundar kallas för Canine ectodermal dysplasia och kännetecknas av sparsam eller avsaknad behåring och drabbade tänder. De hårlösa individer av hundraserna Chinese crested dog, Xoloitzcuintle och Perro sin Pelo del Perú har alla samma heterozygota mutation i transkriptionsfaktorn FOXI3. FOXI3 reglerar utvecklingen av ektodermala organ så som hår, tänder, exokrina körtlar samt utvecklingen av huvudet. FOXI3 tros ligga nedströms en viktig signaleringsväg, Ectodysplasin (Eda) som är viktig för bildandet av plakoden, det första steget i utvecklingen av ektodermala organ. Minskad kroppsbehåring och på-verkade tänder misstänks delvis bero på det minskade uttrycket av FOXI3 hos de hårlösa individerna. Den hårlösa fenotypen hos hårlösa hundar är intressant och hår-lösa hundar är efterfrågade. Fokus i denna litteraturstudie är därför hårlösa hundraser och genetiken som orsakar deras fenotyp.The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is one of the most popular pets today. After the domestication of dogs, several hundred breeds have been formed with significant dif-ferences in size, coat color and coat type. However, all breeds do not have a coat. Hairless dogs have also formed through breeding. These dogs are believed to have originated 3 000 years ago in Central and South America. The phenotype of hairless dogs is known as canine ectodermal dysplasia and is characterized by absent or spare hair coat and affected teeth. The hairless individuals of Chinese crested dog, Xo-loitzcuintle and Perro sin Pelo del Perú all share the same heterozygous mutation in the gene encoding for the transcription factor FOXI3. FOXI3 is regulator of develop-ment of ectodermal organs such as hair, teeth and exocrine glands and in craniofacial development. FOXI3 is located downstream of Ectodysplasin (Eda), which is an im-portant signaling pathway for placode formation, which is the first step in the devel-opment of ectodermal organs. Sparse or absent hair and the affected teeth in the het-erozygous individuals may in part be caused by the reduced expression of FOXI3. The hairless phenotype is indeed interesting and hairless dogs are in demand. The aim of this literature study is therefore hairless dog breeds and the genetics behind the hairless phenotype