EVALUACIÓN ALELOPÁTICA EN CULTIVOS AGRONÓMICOS UTILIZANDO COBERTURA TRITURADA DE CROTALARIA [CROTALARIA JUNCEA 'TROPIC SUN'], CANAVALIA [CANAVALIA ENSIFORMIS (L)] Y GANDUL [CAJANUS CAJAN 'LÁZARO'] EN INVERNADERO

EVALUACIÓN ALELOPÁTICA EN CULTIVOS AGRONÓMICOS UTILIZANDO COBERTURA TRITURADA DE CROTALARIA [CROTALARIA JUNCEA 'TROPIC SUN'], CANAVALIA [CANAVALIA ENSIFORMIS (L)] Y GANDUL [CAJANUS CAJAN 'LÁZARO'] EN INVERNADER

Evaluación del rendimiento de maíz dulce (Zea mays 'Suresweet') con las leguminosas cobertoras mucuna enana (Mucuna pruriens) y crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea Tropic Sun') en un Oxisol de Puerto Rico

Sustainable agriculture requires crop rotation and legume cover crop associations to increase organic matter and reduce inorganic fertilizer use. In this study, three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of crimped legumes (CL) using dwarf velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) and sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea 'Tropic Sun') versus conventional planting (CP; plowing and disking) on ear yield and size, insect damage and seed yield of sweet corn [Zea mays(L.)' Suresweet 2011']. Experiments were conducted in April and July 2013, and February 2014 at the Isabela Agricultural Experiment Station (Puerto Rico) on an Oxisol. Greater biomass (DM) and nitrogen (N) contribution were found in the July (summer) planting, where dwarf velvet bean produced 1.66 Mg/ha DM and 45.5 kg/ha of N compared to 'Tropic Sun' with 0.96 Mg/ha DM and 26.33 kg/ha of N. This difference was possibly related to the photosensitive responses of CL. Contrast analysis between CL vs. CP and dwarf velvet bean vs. Tropic Sun showed no significant differences on ear yield and marketable yield seed in the April planting. However, for the July planting, dwarf velvet bean surpassed (P<0.05) 'Tropic Sun' by 4.09 Mg/ ha on ear yield and 2.57 Mg/ha on marketable seed yield. In the February planting, ear yield was better (P3.63 Mg/ha) than in CL. Ear corn damage caused by Helicoverpa zea averaged 1 to 2 cm and was not significantly different among the three planting dates in the three systems. Despite the differences in yields with seeding systems, dwarf velvet bean yields were uniform across planting dates.La agricultura sostenible requiere la rotación de cultivos y asociación con leguminosas para aumentar la materia orgánica y reducir el uso de fertilizantes inorgánicos. En este estudio se llevaron a cabo tres experimentos (diferentes fechas de siembra) para evaluar el efecto de dos leguminosas apisonadas (LA), mucuna enana (Mucuna pruriens) y crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea 'Tropic Sun'), versus siembra convencional (SC; arado y pases de disco) sobre el rendimiento y tamaño de mazorca verde, daño por insectos y rendimiento de semilla del maíz [Zea mays (L.) 'Suresweet 2011']. Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo en abril y julio 2013, y febrero 2014 en la Estación Experimental Agrícola de Isabela (Puerto Rico) en un suelo Oxisol. Se encontró mayor aporte de biomasa (MS) y nitrógeno (N) en julio (verano), cuando la mucuna enana produjo 1.66 Mg/ha MS y 45.54 kg/ha de N comparado con crotalaria 'Tropic Sun' con 0.96 Mg/ha MS y 26.33 kg/ha de N. Esta diferencia posiblemente está relacionada con las respuestas fotosensitivas de las LA. Análisis de contrastes entre LA vs. SC y comparaciones entre mucuna enana vs. 'Tropic Sun', no mostraron diferencias significativas para el rendimiento de mazorca fresca y semilla comerciable en la siembra de abril. Sin embargo, en la siembra de julio, la mucuna enana sobrepasó (P3.63 Mg/ha) que con LA. El daño promedio de la mazorca ocasionado por Helicoverpa zea fue de 1 a 2 cm y no presentó diferencias significativas entre las tres fechas de siembra en los tres sistemas. A pesar de las diferencias en los rendimientos con sistemas de siembra, la mucuna enana proporcionó rendimientos más uniformes en las tres siembras

Variability of nitrogen mineralization from organic matter in agricultural soils in the north of Colombia

Variation of Nitrogen mineralization (Nm) and its relationship to physicochemical factors in soils of an irrigation district in the North of Colombia was evaluated. Physicochemical parameters were measured in topsoil (0–30 cm) samples taken from 22 points in agricultural lands (10 in the dry season, 12 in the wet season). Nm was estimated from organic matter (OM) content. Soil parameters in the study area are suitable for crop development, although they present variations between the dry and wet season, where the soil pH varies of slightly acidic to neutral and the OM content decreases. Additionally, in the dry season there was a positive correlation with pH, OM and C/N ratio and, during wet season between OM, sand, clay and bulk density. In both seasons, a negative correlation between silt and Nm was common. Environmental and soil conditions in the study area are favourable for Nm because during the dry season the accumulation of OM is favoured. Understanding how physicochemical factors influence Nm is essential for agricultural activities and the development of sustainable ecosystem services

Hydrodynamics and water quality assessment of a coastal lagoon using environmental fluid dynamics code explorer modeling system

Ciénaga de Mallorquín is a coastal lagoon designated as a RAMSAR site due to its ecological regional and international importance. In this work, the environmental fluid dynamics code explorer modeling system was implemented to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of temperature, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand and nutrient levels, and assess the trophic status of Ciénaga de Mallorquín. The model was set up with field measurement data taken during transition period and wet season, and secondary information obtained from local authorities and environmental agencies. The results of model simulations were calibrated and verified by the root mean square error method, achieving a consistent fit for all considered variables. Average velocities were between 0.006 m/s and 0.013 m/s during the analyzed periods. The temperature was higher in the wet season than in the transition period (29°C and 31.5°C, respectively). The dissolved oxygen was similar in both periods (6.6 and 6.7 mg/L). NO3 concentrations were higher during the transition period (3.28 mg/L), with a minimum of 1.76 mg/L and a maximum of 5.09 mg/L. The lowest NO3 concentrations were found in the area influenced by the connection with the Caribbean Sea. PO4 concentrations in the wet season were lower than in the transition period (0.20 mg/L). Finally, Ciénaga de Mallorquín exhibits high productivity levels with Trophic State Index > 50 and temporal variations of mesotrophic to eutrophic. The use of Trophic State Index is useful for the management of water body eutrophication and productivity, making it particularly important in aquatic ecosystems

Involving Victim Population In Environmentally Sustainable Strategies: An Analysis For Post-Conflict Colombia

Environmental objectives tend to receive a push to the background in post-conflict scenarios. On the other hand, the processes displacement and refugee's relocation in post-conflict countries have been associated with different environmental impacts. Currently, Colombia faces a post-conflict scenario, which brings about relevant socio-environmental challenges: it is a mega-biodiverse country, it has millions of displaced people and is one of the most inequitable country in the world. Since there is a gap in post-conflict studies regarding the exploration of victims' involvement in environmental strategies, this paper aims to analyze victims' willingness to participate (WP) in Land Recovery Strategies (LRS) in post-conflict Colombia. This research (1) describes the socio-economic characteristics of forced-displacement victims from a Caribbean municipality of Colombia; (2) analyzes the victims' WP in hypothetical LRS and their preferred type of participation in the project, (3) identifies the way of grouping victims according their WP. Finally, (4) it analyzes the kind of benefits victims would prefer to receive in exchange for their participation in the LRS. Our results made evident that the majority of the consulted victims are willing to participate in LRS by giving up manual work time or in exchange of local ecological knowledge. We also found that the victims' participation in LRS associates to the age of the respondents, and whether they have benefited from government programs previously

Mi Familia, Mi Entorno Protector

El Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar en su interés de promover el desarrollo y protección de los niños, niñas y adolescentes en estado de vulneración de sus derechos fundamentales, extendió su plan de prevención, protección y fortalecimiento a 396 familias seleccionadas, pertenecientes a diferentes localidades de la ciudad de Bogotá, llevándose a cabo diferentes encuentros, visitas y acompañamientos que se realizaron durante 252 días, a través del personal de talento humano del operador designado por el ICBF. A causa de condiciones que enfrentan los niños, niñas y adolescentes de la ciudad, como los embarazos no deseados, los estados de discapacidad y las condiciones socio económicas, se presentan recurrentes y numerosas situaciones de maltratos, abandono y otras manifestaciones de violencia a los NNA, que impactan también psicológica y físicamente a sus cuidadores y al entorno familiar. Por eso la necesidad de llevar a cabo planes de familia y acompañamientos por parte del operador, para fortalecer las capacidades, habilidades y recursos de las familias, de este modo promover la protección de los niños, niñas y adolescentes, NNA.The Colombian Institute of Family Welfare, in its interest to promote the development and protection of children and teenagers in a state of violation of their fundamental rights, has extended its prevention, protection and strengthening plan to 396 selected families, belonging to different localities of the Bogotá city, carrying out different meetings, visits and accompaniments that were carried out for 252 days, through the human talent staff of the operator designated by the ICBF. Due to conditions faced by children and teenagers in the city, such as unwanted pregnancies, states of disability and socioeconomic conditions, there are recurrent and numerous situations of abuse, abandonment, and other manifestations of violence against children, which also have a psychological and physical impact on their advisors and the family environment. That is why the need to carry out family plans and accompaniment by the operator, to strengthen the capacities, skills and resources of families, and thus promote the protection of children and teenagers, NNA

Evaluation of contaminants in agricultural soils in an irrigation district in Colombia

This study evaluated the concentration and distribution of heavy metals (HM) (Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, Hg, and Zn) and pesticides (organochlorine and organophosphorus) and the relationship of these pollutants with the physicochemical properties of agricultural soils in an Irrigation District (ID) in Colombia. Soils samples were analyzed for pH, humidity, organic matter, P total, N total, electric conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity, and texture (% sand, clay and silt). Canonical correlation was used to determined relationship between soil properties and HM. Soil pollution were evaluated with geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cdeg) and pollution load index (PLI). The results indicated that, in general, the soils had adequate physicochemical conditions for the establishment and development of crops. The presence of pesticides in the soils was not reported. However, concentrations HM was detected (Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Hg > Cd). The soil characteristics (silt, clay, pH and EC) contributed to explain HM concentrations. The Igeo indicated that the soils are heavily contaminated with Hg (3 6). The Cdeg presented moderate to considerable variations (>6Cdeg<24). The PLI indicated that the soils are contaminated (1.308). The presence of HM may be associated with the agricultural and quarries activities carried out near the ID. The impact caused by high concentrations of HM can lead environmental, economic and social impacts in the study zone.Universidad de la Costa, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Universidad de Córdoba, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente

Physicochemical and functional characterization of trupillo flour (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC) and its inclusion in a food matrix

Introduction: The high protein content has made legumes a raw material of interest in the formulation of different agro-industrial products; the trupillo (Prosopis juliflora) tree is an easily accessible, multipurpose, wild legume that can be used in all its composition, has a high protein value and little commercial level, which is currently being wasted as it is mistakenly considered a weed and that It could be seen as a new alternative that helps in the potentialization of the food sector. Objective: This research aims to functionally characterize trupillo flour (Prosopis juliflora), obtained from leaves and seeds, to include it in a food matrix as a protein extender. Methodology: The experimental design for this research required three phases, i) obtaining, bromatological and functional characterization of leaf flour and trupillo seeds, ii) standardization of formulations for artisan sausages using trupillo flour as a protein source, and iii) bromatological and sensory characterization of the processed sausages. Results: It was found that the flours obtained preserved the characteristic odor and color of each raw material. Particularly, the seed flour presented bromatologically and functionally better protein contents (27.7%), ash (8.04%), swelling capacity (16.7 ml water / g sample), water absorption (7.89 g water / g sample) and water retention capacity (27.9 g water/g sample), for which it was selected to be included in the sausages. In the three formulations made (C, CT and T), there were variations in the color and texture of the sausages, with Formulation T standing out for presenting higher protein content (13.7%). However, consumers preferred Formulation C. Conclusions: These results allow to propose the inclusion of sausage with trupillo flour in the human diet as an alternative to traditional products.Introduction: The high protein content has made legumes a raw material of interest in the formulation of different agro-industrial products; the trupillo (Prosopis juliflora) tree is an easily accessible, multipurpose, wild legume that can be used in all its composition, has a high protein value and little commercial level, which is currently being wasted as it is mistakenly considered a weed and that It could be seen as a new alternative that helps in the potentialization of the food sector. Objective: This research aims to functionally characterize trupillo flour (Prosopis juliflora), obtained from leaves and seeds, to include it in a food matrix as a protein extender. Methodology: The experimental design for this research required three phases, i) obtaining, bromatological and functional characterization of leaf flour and trupillo seeds, ii) standardization of formulations for artisan sausages using trupillo flour as a protein source, and iii) bromatological and sensory characterization of the processed sausages. Results: It was found that the flours obtained preserved the characteristic odor and color of each raw material. Particularly, the seed flour presented bromatologically and functionally better protein contents (27.7%), ash (8.04%), swelling capacity (16.7 ml water / g sample), water absorption (7.89 g water / g sample) and water retention capacity (27.9 g water/g sample), for which it was selected to be included in the sausages. In the three formulations made (C, CT and T), there were variations in the color and texture of the sausages, with Formulation T standing out for presenting higher protein content (13.7%). However, consumers preferred Formulation C. Conclusions: These results allow to propose the inclusion of sausage with trupillo flour in the human diet as an alternative to traditional products.&nbsp

El Distrito de riego de Repelón: diagnóstico y evaluación ambiental de la actividad agrícola

El grupo de investigadores de la Corporación Universidad de la Costa, desarrollaron este libro, motivados por la conservación de su región y preocupados por la problemática en el embalse El Guajaro y el distrito de riego de Repelón, teniendo en cuenta que estos desempeñan un importante rol a nivel ambiental y económico en el sur del departamento del Atlántico, puesto que en ellos se desarrollan actividades de pesca y agricultura

Los suelos agrícolas del distrito de riego de Repelón, Atlántico

La cartilla presenta resultados de investigación del proyecto titulado: Efecto del cambio climático sobre el transporte de plaguicidas en el Distrito de Riego de Repelón, Atlántico (INV. 1106-01-001-11) desarrollado por la Universidad de la Costa (Barranquilla) y Universidad de Córdoba (Montería)