Effectiveness and safety of tocilizumab in patients with systemic sclerosis: a propensity score matched controlled observational study of the EUSTAR cohort

OBJECTIVES: Tocilizumab showed trends for improving skin fibrosis and prevented progression of lung fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc) in randomised controlled clinical trials. We aimed to assess safety and effectiveness of tocilizumab in a real-life setting using the European Scleroderma Trial and Research (EUSTAR) database. METHODS: Patients with SSc fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/EULAR 2013 classification criteria, with baseline and follow-up visits at 12±3 months, receiving tocilizumab or standard of care as the control group, were selected. Propensity score matching was applied. Primary endpoints were the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) and FVC at 12±3 months compared between the groups. Secondary endpoints were the percentage of progressive/regressive patients for skin and lung at 12±3 months. RESULTS: Ninety-three patients with SSc treated with tocilizumab and 3180 patients with SSc with standard of care fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Comparison between groups did not show significant differences, but favoured tocilizumab across all predefined primary and secondary endpoints: mRSS was lower in the tocilizumab group (difference -1.0, 95% CI -3.7 to 1.8, p=0.48). Similarly, FVC % predicted was higher in the tocilizumab group (difference 1.5 (-6.1 to 9.1), p=0.70). The percentage of progressive/regressive patients favoured tocilizumab over controls. These results were robust regarding the sensitivity analyses. Safety analysis confirmed previously reported adverse event profiles. CONCLUSION: Although this large, observational, controlled, real-life EUSTAR study did not show significant effectiveness of tocilizumab on skin and lung fibrosis, the consistency of direction of all predefined endpoints generates hypothesis for potential effectiveness in a broader SSc population

Targeting CD226/DNAX accessory molecule-1 (DNAM-1) in collagen-induced arthritis mouse models

International audienceBackground: Genetic studies have pointed out that CD226 variants, encoding DNAM-1, could be associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, we aimed to determine the influence of DNAM-1 on the development of arthritis using the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. Methods: CIA was induced in mice on a DBA/1 background, treated in parallel with a DNAM-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibody, a control IgG and PBS, respectively. CIA was also induced in mice deficient for DNAM-1(dnam1−/−) and control dnam-1+/+ mice on a C57/BL6 background. Mice were monitored for clinical and ultrasound signs of arthritis. Histological analysis was performed to search for inflammatory infiltrates and erosions. The Mann–Whitney U test for non-related samples was used for statistical analysis. Results: There was a non-significant trend for a less arthritic phenotype in mice receiving anti-DNAM-1 mAb at both clinical, ultrasound and histological assessments. But, we did not observe any difference between dnam1+/+ and dnam1−/− mice for incidence nor severity of clinical arthritis. Histological analysis revealed inflammatory scores similar in both groups, without evidence of erosion. Collagen antibodies levels were similar in all mice, confirming immunization with collagen. Conclusion: Despite some clues suggesting a role of DNAM-1 in arthritis, these complementary approaches demonstrate no contribution of CD226/DNAM-1 in the arthritic phenotype. These results contrast with previous studies showing a role in vivo of DNAM-1 in some autoimmune disorders

Involving patients as research partners in research in rheumatology: a literature review in 2023

OBJECTIVE: The inclusion of patient research partners (PRPs) in research projects is increasingly recognised and recommended in rheumatology. The level of involvement of PRPs in translational research in rheumatology remains unknown, while in randomised clinical trials (RCTs), it has been reported to be 2% in 2020. Therefore, we aimed to assess the involvement of PRPs in recent translational studies and RCTs in rheumatology. METHODS: We conducted a scoping literature review of the 80 most recent articles (40 translational studies and 40 RCTs) from four target diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and lower extremity osteoarthritis. We selected 20 papers from each disease, published up until 1 March 2023, in rheumatology and general scientific journals. In each paper, the extent of PRP involvement was assessed. Analyses were descriptive. RESULTS: Of 40 translational studies, none reported PRP involvement. Of 40 RCTs, eight studies (20%) reported PRP involvement. These trials were mainly from Europe (75%) and North America (25%). Most of them (75%) were non-industry funded. The type of PRP involvement was reported in six of eight studies: six studies reported PRP participation in the study design or design of the intervention and two of them in the interpretation of the results. All the trials reporting the number of PRPs (75%), involved at least two PRPs. CONCLUSION: Despite a worldwide movement advocating for increased patient involvement in research, PRPs in translational research and RCTs in rheumatology are significantly under-represented. This limited involvement of PRPs in research highlights a persistent gap between the existing recommendations and actual practice

Therapeutic management of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis patients - an analysis from the Swiss EUSTAR cohort

OBJECTIVES Systemic sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease leading to microvascular and fibrotic manifestations in multiple organs. Several treatment options and recommendations from different European countries are available. In this study, for which the ambit is Switzerland specifically, we aim to describe the treatment patterns of systemic sclerosis patients with fibrotic manifestations. METHODS Systemic sclerosis patients were selected from six Swiss tertiary centres recorded in the multicentre, prospective European Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) registry. Patients fulfilling the 2013 ACR/EULAR systemic sclerosis classification criteria at baseline were included. To determine the differences in treatment of varying degrees of fibrosis, four groups were identified: (1) patients with a modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) >0; (2) those with mRSS ≥7; (3) those with interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD), diagnosed by either chest X-Ray or high-resolution computed tomography; and (4) patients fulfilling one of the additional criteria for extensive interstitial lung disease, defined as interstitial lung disease involvement of >20% in high-resolution computed tomography, dyspnea NYHA-stage 3/4, or a predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) of <70%. RESULTS A total of 590 patients with systemic sclerosis fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In this cohort, 421 (71.4%) had mRSS >0, of whom 195 (33.1%) had mRSS ≥7; interstitial lung disease was diagnosed in 198 of 456 (43.4%), of whom 106 (18.0 %) showed extensive interstitial lung disease. Regarding non-biologic disease-modifying medications (DMARDs), the most frequently prescribed was methotrexate, followed by hydroxychloroquine and mycophenolate mofetil. Rituximab and tocilizumab were most frequently used among the biologic DMARDs. Specifically, 148/372 (39.8%) of treated patients with skin fibrosis received methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil or rituximab, and 80/177 (45.2%) with interstitial lung disease received cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, tocilizumab or rituximab. Most patients received a proton-pump inhibitor, and few patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. CONCLUSION Overall, in Switzerland, a wide range of medications is prescribed for systemic sclerosis patients. This includes modern, targeted treatments for which randomised controlled clinical trial have been recently reported

The long non-coding RNA HOTAIR contributes to joint-specific gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis

Although patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) typically exhibit symmetrical joint involvement, some patients develop alternative disease patterns in response to treatment, suggesting that different molecular mechanism may underlie disease progression depending on joint location. Here, we identify joint-specific changes in RA synovium and synovial fibroblasts (SF) between knee and hand joints. We show that the long non-coding RNA HOTAIR, which is only expressed in knee SF, regulates more than 50% of this site-specific gene expression in SF. HOTAIR is downregulated after stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines and is expressed at lower levels in knee samples from patients with RA, compared with osteoarthritis. Knockdown of HOTAIR in knee SF increases PI-Akt signalling and IL-6 production, but reduces Wnt signalling. Silencing HOTAIR inhibits the migratory function of SF, decreases SF-mediated osteoclastogenesis, and increases the recruitment of B cells by SF. We propose that HOTAIR is an important epigenetic factor in joint-specific gene expression in RA

Effectiveness and safety of tocilizumab in patients with systemic sclerosis : a propensity score matched controlled observational study of the EUSTAR cohort

Objectives Tocilizumab showed trends for improving skin fibrosis and prevented progression of lung fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc) in randomised controlled clinical trials. We aimed to assess safety and effectiveness of tocilizumab in a real-life setting using the European Scleroderma Trial and Research (EUSTAR) database. Methods Patients with SSc fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/EULAR 2013 classification criteria, with baseline and follow-up visits at 12±3 months, receiving tocilizumab or standard of care as the control group, were selected. Propensity score matching was applied. Primary endpoints were the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) and FVC at 12±3 months compared between the groups. Secondary endpoints were the percentage of progressive/regressive patients for skin and lung at 12±3 months. Results Ninety-three patients with SSc treated with tocilizumab and 3180 patients with SSc with standard of care fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Comparison between groups did not show significant differences, but favoured tocilizumab across all predefined primary and secondary endpoints: mRSS was lower in the tocilizumab group (difference -1.0, 95% CI -3.7 to 1.8, p=0.48). Similarly, FVC % predicted was higher in the tocilizumab group (difference 1.5 (-6.1 to 9.1), p=0.70). The percentage of progressive/regressive patients favoured tocilizumab over controls. These results were robust regarding the sensitivity analyses. Safety analysis confirmed previously reported adverse event profiles. Conclusion Although this large, observational, controlled, real-life EUSTAR study did not show significant effectiveness of tocilizumab on skin and lung fibrosis, the consistency of direction of all predefined endpoints generates hypothesis for potential effectiveness in a broader SSc population

Thérapie ciblée anti-OX40 Ligand dans des modèles murins de Sclérodermie systémique

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune orphan disease which is characterized by alterations of the microvasculature and fibrosis affecting the skin and internal organs. SSc is the most severe connective tissue disease associated with a high risk of mortality. Until now, there is no effective treatment to counteract the fibrotic process and to improve the prognosis of this disease. SSc results from the combination of genetic and environmental factors. TNFSF4 was recently identified as a genetic risk factor for SSc. TNFSF4 encodes OX40L, which is involved in late T-cell co-stimulatory signals, but also in generation and reactivation of memory T cells and promotion of plasma cell phenotype. OX40L blockade was effective in reducing clinical symptoms in several animal models of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, asthma or graft-versus-host-disease. The anti-OX40L antibody presents the advantage of a targeted therapy against pathogenic recently activated T cells, which might not expose patients to increased risk of infections, unlike other conventional immunosuppressants. Following the observation of an increased expression of OX40L in fibrotic skin in SSc-patients, we aimed to investigate the contribution of OX40L in SSc and to assess the efficacy of a targeted therapy against OX40L in SSc, using complementary experimental mouse models. First, we characterized the optimum in vivo parameters required for the successful induction of dermal fibrosis in the widely used bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis mouse model, which is usually the first step in most of pharmacological studies assessing anti-fibrotic therapies. We also aimed to determine whether ultrasonography could be used to assess skin fibrosis in this model, but our results showed that it was not efficient enough to assess dermal thickening in this model. Invalidation of OX40L prevented dermal fibrosis in the bleomycin mouse model. Then pharmacologic approaches, using a monoclonal anti-OX40L antibody, demonstrate that blockade of OX40L not only prevented dermal fibrosis, but also induced regression of established fibrosis in this model. We also showed that OX40L acts directly on both dermal fibroblasts and inflammatory cells and on cytokine release (IL-6, TNF-α), by regulating NF kappa B and AP 1 pathways. We observed that OX40L inhibition interfered with early inflammatory stages of matrix remodeling using the excisional wound healing mouse model. Conversely, blocking OX40L did not display antifibrotic properties in the non-inflammatory Tsk-1 mouse model. Given that interstitial lung involvement and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are key prognostic factors in SSc, we aimed to assess the effects of OX40L pharmacological inhibition in a new murine model: the fra-2 transgenic mice, which are characterized by both fibrosing alveolitis and PAH. In this model, using both CT-scan and histology, we demonstrated that mice treated by anti-OX40L antibody were markedly protected from fibrosing alveolitis and vessel remodeling leading to PAH. Furthermore, longitudinal analyses of our cohort of SSc-patients showed that soluble OX40L is a promising serum biomarker to predict the worsening of lung and skin fibrosis. Altogether, our results show that OX40L is as an attractive target in inflammation-driven fibrosis. This work also strengthens the relation between inflammation and fibrosis in SSc-pathogenesis. This work underlines advantages of combination of several animal models in translational approach to SSc.La sclérodermie systémique (ScS) est une maladie auto-immune orpheline. Elle est caractérisée par une atteinte microvasculaire et une fibrose touchant la peau et les organes internes. La ScS est une maladie sévère avec une surmortalité significative. Jusqu’à présent, aucun essai thérapeutique n’a permis de démontrer qu’un produit ait une action anti-fibrosante et améliore significativement le pronostic de cette maladie. La physiopathologie de la ScS fait intervenir une combinaison de facteurs environnementaux et de facteurs de susceptibilité génétique. Récemment TNFSF4 a été identifié comme facteur de susceptibilité génétique à la ScS. TNFSF4 code pour OX40 ligand (OX40 L). Le couple OX40-OX40L est impliqué dans la co-stimulation tardive des lymphocytes T, mais aussi dans la genèse et la réactivation de lymphocytes T mémoires et dans la prolifération et différenciation des lymphocytes B. Bloquer OX40L s’est avéré prometteur dans des modèles précliniques d’encéphalomyélite auto-immune, de polyarthrite rhumatoïde, de colite inflammatoire, de réaction du greffon contre l’hôte et d’asthme. Par ailleurs, ce blocage permettrait d’inhiber uniquement les lymphocytes T pathogènes récemment activés et d’éviter ainsi une immunosuppression globale, contrairement aux biothérapies actuellement disponibles en rhumatologie. L’observation d’une surexpression de la protéine OX40L dans le derme des patients ScS nous a incités à étudier le rôle d’OX40L dans la ScS. L’objectif de mon travail de thèse a été d’étudier l’efficacité d’une thérapie ciblée anti-OX40L dans la ScS, par l’utilisation de modèles murins complémentaires de la maladie. Nous avons tout d’abord cherché à optimiser le modèle de fibrose induite par la bléomycine, qui est un modèle bien validé, utilisé en général en première intention pour évaluer des anti-fibrosants potentiels, en particulier lorsqu’il s’agit de cibles inflammatoires. Nous avons également étudié si l’échographie à haute fréquence pouvait apporter une aide à l’évaluation cutanée chez ces animaux, mais nos résultats n’ont pas permis de démontrer une place spécifique à cet outil dans ce contexte. Les approches anti-OX40L ont débuté par l’utilisation de souris KO qui ont montré des résultats prometteurs dans le modèle induit par la bléomycine. Ensuite, des approches pharmacologiques ont été développées en utilisant un anticorps monoclonal neutralisant anti-OX40L dans le modèle de fibrose dermique induite par la bléomycine. L’intérêt du blocage d’OX40L a été conforté par la démonstration de propriétés non seulement de prévention mais aussi curatives contre la fibrose établie. L’étude des voies modulées par OX40L a mis en avant l’infiltrat inflammatoire et le relargage de cytokines pro-fibrotiques (IL-6 et TNF-α). De plus, le blocage d’OX40L semblait prévenir la fibrose dermique en inhibant l’activation des fibroblastes dépendant de la voie de signalisation AP-1. Le rôle d’OX40L dans la phase inflammatoire du remodelage matriciel a été abordé par l’utilisation du modèle de cicatrisation cutanée. En revanche, le blocage d’OX40L n’a pas eu d’effet dans le modèle de fibrose non-inflammatoire qui caractérise les souris Tsk-1. Etant donné le rôle clé en clinique de l’atteinte d’organe, notre approche a été enrichie par l’utilisation de souris transgéniques Fra2, qui sont un nouveau modèle de ScS caractérisé par une fibrose pulmonaire inflammatoire et une HTAP. L’effet de l’anticorps anti-OX40L a été remarquable dans ce contexte avec au scanner et à l’histologie une réduction significative de la fibrose pulmonaire, du remodelage vasculaire et des signes d’HTAP. Enfin, l’étude longitudinale des sérums collectés dans notre cohorte de patients a montré que la forme soluble d’OX40L pourrait être un potentiel biomarqueur dans la ScS pour identifier les patients à risque de progression sévère. (...

Targeted therapy against OX40 ligand in murine models of systemic sclerosis

La sclérodermie systémique (ScS) est une maladie auto-immune orpheline. Elle est caractérisée par une atteinte microvasculaire et une fibrose touchant la peau et les organes internes. La ScS est une maladie sévère avec une surmortalité significative. Jusqu’à présent, aucun essai thérapeutique n’a permis de démontrer qu’un produit ait une action anti-fibrosante et améliore significativement le pronostic de cette maladie. La physiopathologie de la ScS fait intervenir une combinaison de facteurs environnementaux et de facteurs de susceptibilité génétique. Récemment TNFSF4 a été identifié comme facteur de susceptibilité génétique à la ScS. TNFSF4 code pour OX40 ligand (OX40 L). Le couple OX40-OX40L est impliqué dans la co-stimulation tardive des lymphocytes T, mais aussi dans la genèse et la réactivation de lymphocytes T mémoires et dans la prolifération et différenciation des lymphocytes B. Bloquer OX40L s’est avéré prometteur dans des modèles précliniques d’encéphalomyélite auto-immune, de polyarthrite rhumatoïde, de colite inflammatoire, de réaction du greffon contre l’hôte et d’asthme. Par ailleurs, ce blocage permettrait d’inhiber uniquement les lymphocytes T pathogènes récemment activés et d’éviter ainsi une immunosuppression globale, contrairement aux biothérapies actuellement disponibles en rhumatologie. L’observation d’une surexpression de la protéine OX40L dans le derme des patients ScS nous a incités à étudier le rôle d’OX40L dans la ScS. L’objectif de mon travail de thèse a été d’étudier l’efficacité d’une thérapie ciblée anti-OX40L dans la ScS, par l’utilisation de modèles murins complémentaires de la maladie. Nous avons tout d’abord cherché à optimiser le modèle de fibrose induite par la bléomycine, qui est un modèle bien validé, utilisé en général en première intention pour évaluer des anti-fibrosants potentiels, en particulier lorsqu’il s’agit de cibles inflammatoires. Nous avons également étudié si l’échographie à haute fréquence pouvait apporter une aide à l’évaluation cutanée chez ces animaux, mais nos résultats n’ont pas permis de démontrer une place spécifique à cet outil dans ce contexte. Les approches anti-OX40L ont débuté par l’utilisation de souris KO qui ont montré des résultats prometteurs dans le modèle induit par la bléomycine. Ensuite, des approches pharmacologiques ont été développées en utilisant un anticorps monoclonal neutralisant anti-OX40L dans le modèle de fibrose dermique induite par la bléomycine. L’intérêt du blocage d’OX40L a été conforté par la démonstration de propriétés non seulement de prévention mais aussi curatives contre la fibrose établie. L’étude des voies modulées par OX40L a mis en avant l’infiltrat inflammatoire et le relargage de cytokines pro-fibrotiques (IL-6 et TNF-α). De plus, le blocage d’OX40L semblait prévenir la fibrose dermique en inhibant l’activation des fibroblastes dépendant de la voie de signalisation AP-1. Le rôle d’OX40L dans la phase inflammatoire du remodelage matriciel a été abordé par l’utilisation du modèle de cicatrisation cutanée. En revanche, le blocage d’OX40L n’a pas eu d’effet dans le modèle de fibrose non-inflammatoire qui caractérise les souris Tsk-1. Etant donné le rôle clé en clinique de l’atteinte d’organe, notre approche a été enrichie par l’utilisation de souris transgéniques Fra2, qui sont un nouveau modèle de ScS caractérisé par une fibrose pulmonaire inflammatoire et une HTAP. L’effet de l’anticorps anti-OX40L a été remarquable dans ce contexte avec au scanner et à l’histologie une réduction significative de la fibrose pulmonaire, du remodelage vasculaire et des signes d’HTAP. Enfin, l’étude longitudinale des sérums collectés dans notre cohorte de patients a montré que la forme soluble d’OX40L pourrait être un potentiel biomarqueur dans la ScS pour identifier les patients à risque de progression sévère. (...)Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune orphan disease which is characterized by alterations of the microvasculature and fibrosis affecting the skin and internal organs. SSc is the most severe connective tissue disease associated with a high risk of mortality. Until now, there is no effective treatment to counteract the fibrotic process and to improve the prognosis of this disease. SSc results from the combination of genetic and environmental factors. TNFSF4 was recently identified as a genetic risk factor for SSc. TNFSF4 encodes OX40L, which is involved in late T-cell co-stimulatory signals, but also in generation and reactivation of memory T cells and promotion of plasma cell phenotype. OX40L blockade was effective in reducing clinical symptoms in several animal models of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, asthma or graft-versus-host-disease. The anti-OX40L antibody presents the advantage of a targeted therapy against pathogenic recently activated T cells, which might not expose patients to increased risk of infections, unlike other conventional immunosuppressants. Following the observation of an increased expression of OX40L in fibrotic skin in SSc-patients, we aimed to investigate the contribution of OX40L in SSc and to assess the efficacy of a targeted therapy against OX40L in SSc, using complementary experimental mouse models. First, we characterized the optimum in vivo parameters required for the successful induction of dermal fibrosis in the widely used bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis mouse model, which is usually the first step in most of pharmacological studies assessing anti-fibrotic therapies. We also aimed to determine whether ultrasonography could be used to assess skin fibrosis in this model, but our results showed that it was not efficient enough to assess dermal thickening in this model. Invalidation of OX40L prevented dermal fibrosis in the bleomycin mouse model. Then pharmacologic approaches, using a monoclonal anti-OX40L antibody, demonstrate that blockade of OX40L not only prevented dermal fibrosis, but also induced regression of established fibrosis in this model. We also showed that OX40L acts directly on both dermal fibroblasts and inflammatory cells and on cytokine release (IL-6, TNF-α), by regulating NF kappa B and AP 1 pathways. We observed that OX40L inhibition interfered with early inflammatory stages of matrix remodeling using the excisional wound healing mouse model. Conversely, blocking OX40L did not display antifibrotic properties in the non-inflammatory Tsk-1 mouse model. Given that interstitial lung involvement and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are key prognostic factors in SSc, we aimed to assess the effects of OX40L pharmacological inhibition in a new murine model: the fra-2 transgenic mice, which are characterized by both fibrosing alveolitis and PAH. In this model, using both CT-scan and histology, we demonstrated that mice treated by anti-OX40L antibody were markedly protected from fibrosing alveolitis and vessel remodeling leading to PAH. Furthermore, longitudinal analyses of our cohort of SSc-patients showed that soluble OX40L is a promising serum biomarker to predict the worsening of lung and skin fibrosis. Altogether, our results show that OX40L is as an attractive target in inflammation-driven fibrosis. This work also strengthens the relation between inflammation and fibrosis in SSc-pathogenesis. This work underlines advantages of combination of several animal models in translational approach to SSc