Biofilm of Antibiotics Resistant Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis Against Detergents

Salmonella is able to produce biofilm which is more resistant toward disinfectants and antibodics than its planktonic form. Salmonella typhimurium from beef and Salmonela Enteritidis from raw vegetables isolates were tested for their susceptibility using 18 different antibiotics. Salmonella typhimurium isolate was resistant toward Streptomycin, Sulfamethoxazole, Penicillin, Erythromycin, Tetracyclin, Ampicillin, Rifampicin and Clarithromycin while Salmonella enteritidis was resistant toward Amikacin, Streptomycin, Penicillin, Cipfoflaxin, Erythromycin, Ampicilin, Tetracyclin, Rifampicin, Cepthalothin, Amikacin, Chloramphenicol and Clarithromycin. Both of Salmonella isolates showed MAR index > 0.2, indicating that these isolates might be originated from high risk sources. Out of the five detergents, Detergent 3 (D3) (Linear alkyl Sulfonic acid was found to be the most effective. The Minimum Inhibition Concentrations (MICs) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBCs) was ranged from 6250 – 25,000 μg/ml and 25,000 to > 50000 μg/ml, respectively. Biofilm-producing ability of antibiotics -resistant Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis were inhibited at 12,500 – 25,000 μg/ml and eradicated at >50000 μg/ml. Therefore, Detergents showed potential antimicrobial activity against Salmonella

A survey study on the assessment of food handler’s compliance to personal hygiene practices regulation in selected Malaysia food outlets

Food safety remains a major issue around the world particularly when the COVID-19 pandemic becomes the main issue nowadays. Food safety is essential to the human population worldwide because food is the primary energy source and nutrition for humans. Therefore, food handlers' personal hygiene is one of the factors that are necessary to maintain food safety. The purpose of this study was to assess the food handler’s compliance with personal hygiene practices in randomly any food outlets across Malaysia including Kuching, Sarawak; Lawas, Sarawak; Johor Bahru, Johor; Kuala Penyu, Sabah, and Gurun, Kedah. A quantitative method, a cross-sectional descriptive study to one thousand and five (N = 1005) food handlers who participated in the questionnaire and observation checklist was developed by modifying questions in accordance with the Food Hygiene Regulations 2009. Overall, the mean percentage of conformity in adhering to food handler attire was the highest observed at Gurun, Kedah and Kuala Penyu, Sabah with 86.96% and 80.79%, respectively, followed by Kuching, Sarawak with 77.5%, Johor Bahru with 76.71%, and Lawas, Sarawak with 74.93%. Personal hygiene practices conformity showed a high mean percentage with all districts scoring >91% higher than non-conformity. The food handlers also show less unhygienic behaviour while on duty and scored a mean percentage of > 92%. Although in that positive behaviour, some of the food handlers did not perform some unhygienic practices (≤ 8 %). In conclusion, there is no significant difference (p-value > 0.05) in the level of conformity between the mean percentages among all districts. Thus, this issue shall raise a concern to the food industries in order to make sure their workers comply with the legal requirement and to avoid any food poisoning outbreak related to food hygiene and food safety in the future

Occurrence of Escherichia coli harbouring stx genes in popiah, a Malaysian street food

Irrespective of its health effects, street foods are very popular with the consumers. The main purpose of this research was to study the biosafety of Escherichia coli in popiah, a Malaysian street food sold at a roadside food stall and a restaurant in Sri Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, using the combination of the most probable number (MPN)-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay-plating on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar methods. Using these biomolecular methods, E. coli was detected in 12/15 (80%) and 11/15 (73%) of the collected samples from the roadside food stall and the restaurant respectively. The incidence of stx virulence-associated genes was detected in 1/15 (7%) among the E. coli isolated from samples taken from the roadside food stall while the E. coli isolated from the restaurant was 3/15 (20%). The density of E. coli ranged from 1100 MPN/g and the density of E. coli positive with stx genes was <3 to 53 MPN /g in samples from both the roadside food stall and the restaurant. The presence of the stx-positive E. coli in popiah are significant to risk assessments of food and epidemiological studies. Therefore, from the information obtained in this study, it is obvious that the screening for STEC markers in food samples would be useful for food safety survey

Assessment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-forming capacities from drinking water in water vending machine

The establishment of P. aeruginosa with biofilm formation in water vending machines may cause serious health issues to the consumers and its emergence has led to the public’s concern. This study aimed to assess the quality of water vending machines and to evaluate the biological contaminant P. aeruginosa in biofilm capacities. The qualities of the drinking water from a total of fifteen (n = 15) water vending machines at Kota Samarahan were evaluated based on physical and chemical parameters including pH value, turbidity, total of carbon (TOC), total dissolved solid (TDS) and total suspended solid (TSS). The colonies Enterobacteriaceae has been morphology characterized through biochemical tests and P. aeruginosa bacteria was identify through the PCR method. The results of the physical and chemical parameters complies with the authority standard including turbidity values found in conformance with values were lower than 0.1 NTU. Morphological analysis with a total of 66.7% (n = 10) was detected with the presence of Enterobacteriaceae, and a total of 40% (n = 6) of the isolates were found to be P. aeruginosa. This study extended by assessing the potential strength of biofilm formation. The microtiter assay performed in a 96-well polystyrene microtiter plate showed that 83.33% (n = 5) of the bacterial isolates have moderate potential as biofilm producers, while only 16.67% (n = 1) isolates were non-adherent and showed no potential in producing biofilm. The highest OD isolates found occupying moderate biofilm strength was (mean = 0.217) and the lowest moderate biofilm strength was (mean = 0.136). In conclusion, the significance and impact of the study displayed the qualities of water vending machines complies with Food Act 1983, Regulation 360C and Malaysian Drinking Water Quality, Ministry of Health 1983. However, the presence of biological contaminants may raise consumer concerns. This study had successfully assessed the potential strength of P. aeruginosa biofilm collected from water vending machines. Further microbiological assessments should be perform continuously to predict and eliminate any future risks related to water vending machines

Evaluation of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) against antibiotics resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus on seafood

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a main foodborne disease in seafood and generally seafood is easily deteriorates in quality of color and flavor. In this study, clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extract shows potent antibacterial activity against growth of antibiotics resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus on seafood samples (cockles and shrimps). Vibrio parahaemolyticus was artificial contaminates on the samples with 106 CFU/ml. The samples were treated with different concentration of cloves extract with 10 mg/ml which are 0.5%, 5% and 10% concentration from methanol food grade extraction in 0 hr, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min and 120 min. Tab water and deionized water were selected as a negative control. As a result, the amount of 10 % cloves managed to mitigates the number of V. parahaemolyticus on seafood samples in 5 minutes and 15 min on both samples. Therefore, our results signify the fact that cloves can be apply as natural sanitizer which could meet consumer demands for safe and traditionally consumed either raw without any undesirable effect when applied in the seafood system industrie

Evaluation of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) against antibiotics resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus on seafood

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a main foodborne disease in seafood and generally seafood is easily deteriorates in quality of color and flavor. In this study, clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extract shows potent antibacterial activity against growth of antibiotics resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus on seafood samples (cockles and shrimps). Vibrio parahaemolyticus was artificial contaminates on the samples with 106 CFU/ml. The samples were treated with different concentration of cloves extract with 10 mg/ml which are 0.5%, 5% and 10% concentration from methanol food grade extraction in 0 hr, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min and 120 min. Tab water and deionized water were selected as a negative control. As a result, the amount of 10 % cloves managed to mitigates the number of V. parahaemolyticus on seafood samples in 5 minutes and 15 min on both samples. Therefore, our results signify the fact that cloves can be apply as natural sanitizer which could meet consumer demands for safe and traditionally consumed either raw without any undesirable effect when applied in the seafood system industrie

Assessment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-forming capacities from drinking water in water vending machine

The establishment of P. aeruginosa with biofilm formation in water vending machines may cause serious health issues to the consumers and its emergence has led to the public’s concern. This study aimed to assess the quality of water vending machines and to evaluate the biological contaminant P. aeruginosa in biofilm capacities. The qualities of the drinking water from a total of fifteen (n = 15) water vending machines at Kota Samarahan were evaluated based on physical and chemical parameters including pH value, turbidity, total of carbon (TOC), total dissolved solid (TDS) and total suspended solid (TSS). The colonies Enterobacteriaceae has been morphology characterized through biochemical tests and P. aeruginosa bacteria was identify through the PCR method. The results of the physical and chemical parameters complies with the authority standard including turbidity values found in conformance with values were lower than 0.1 NTU. Morphological analysis with a total of 66.7% (n = 10) was detected with the presence of Enterobacteriaceae, and a total of 40% (n = 6) of the isolates were found to be P. aeruginosa. This study extended by assessing the potential strength of biofilm formation. The microtiter assay performed in a 96-well polystyrene microtiter plate showed that 83.33% (n = 5) of the bacterial isolates have moderate potential as biofilm producers, while only 16.67% (n = 1) isolates were non-adherent and showed no potential in producing biofilm. The highest OD isolates found occupying moderate biofilm strength was (mean = 0.217) and the lowest moderate biofilm strength was (mean = 0.136). In conclusion, the significance and impact of the study displayed the qualities of water vending machines complies with Food Act 1983, Regulation 360C and Malaysian Drinking Water Quality, Ministry of Health 1983. However, the presence of biological contaminants may raise consumer concerns. This study had successfully assessed the potential strength of P. aeruginosa biofilm collected from water vending machines. Further microbiological assessments should be perform continuously to predict and eliminate any future risks related to water vending machines