La competencia como herramienta para la asignación de recursos

El artículo explora la definición de «competencia» a través de un análisis de las interpretaciones existentes en la literatura científica. Los autores revisaron y revisaron creativamente más de 15 interpretaciones de autores existentes de este concepto. Los enfoques actuales para la clasificación de las competiciones se sistematizan y revisan creativamente. En el ejemplo de una tabla comparativa de enfoques de clasificación, se revelan las principales características de clasificación de las competiciones. Se considera la conveniencia de aplicar el concepto de «competencia» en concursos infantiles, escolares y estudiantiles, así como el concepto de «competencia abierta» utilizado en la adquisición de bienes, obras, servicios para satisfacer las necesidades estatales y municipales. Como resultado, los signos revelados de la competencia nos permiten concluir la conveniencia de utilizar este concepto como herramienta para la distribución de bienes materiales. En este caso, difieren solo en la escala de esta distribución. El artículo también explora la lista de olimpiadas y otros concursos intelectuales y (o) creativos, eventos dirigidos al desarrollo de habilidades intelectuales y creativas, habilidades para participar en la educación física y el deporte, interés en la ciencia (investigación), ingeniería, inventiva, creativa, física. actividades culturales y deportivas, así como la promoción del conocimiento científico, los logros creativos y deportivos, recomendados por el Ministerio de Educación de la Federación de Rusia. Como resultado, se ha identificado el público objetivo de los participantes para los que se inician los concursos

La competencia como herramienta para la asignación de recursos

The article explores the definition of «competition» through an analysis of existing interpretations in the scientific literature. The authors reviewed and creatively revised more than 15 existing author's interpretations of this concept. The current approaches to the classification of competitions are systematized and creatively revised. On the example of a comparative table of classification approaches, the main classification features of competitions are revealed. The appropriateness of applying the concept of «competition» in children's, school and student competitions, as well as the concept of «open competition» used in the procurement of goods, works, services to meet state and municipal needs, is considered. As a result, the revealed signs of the competition allow us to conclude the appropriateness of using this concept as a tool for the distribution of material goods. In this case, they differ only in the scale of this distribution. The article also explores the list of olympiads and other intellectual and (or) creative contests, events aimed at developing intellectual and creative abilities, abilities to engage in physical education and sports, interest in scientific (research), engineering, inventive, creative, physical culture and sports activities, as well as the promotion of scientific knowledge, creative and sports achievements, recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. As a result, the target audience of participants for whom contests are initiated has been identified.El artículo explora la definición de «competencia» a través de un análisis de las interpretaciones existentes en la literatura científica. Los autores revisaron y revisaron creativamente más de 15 interpretaciones de autores existentes de este concepto. Los enfoques actuales para la clasificación de las competiciones se sistematizan y revisan creativamente. En el ejemplo de una tabla comparativa de enfoques de clasificación, se revelan las principales características de clasificación de las competiciones. Se considera la conveniencia de aplicar el concepto de «competencia» en concursos infantiles, escolares y estudiantiles, así como el concepto de «competencia abierta» utilizado en la adquisición de bienes, obras, servicios para satisfacer las necesidades estatales y municipales. Como resultado, los signos revelados de la competencia nos permiten concluir la conveniencia de utilizar este concepto como herramienta para la distribución de bienes materiales. En este caso, difieren solo en la escala de esta distribución. El artículo también explora la lista de olimpiadas y otros concursos intelectuales y (o) creativos, eventos dirigidos al desarrollo de habilidades intelectuales y creativas, habilidades para participar en la educación física y el deporte, interés en la ciencia (investigación), ingeniería, inventiva, creativa, física. actividades culturales y deportivas, así como la promoción del conocimiento científico, los logros creativos y deportivos, recomendados por el Ministerio de Educación de la Federación de Rusia. Como resultado, se ha identificado el público objetivo de los participantes para los que se inician los concursos

La competencia como herramienta para la asignación de recursos

The article explores the definition of «competition» through an analysis of existing interpretations in the scientific literature. The authors reviewed and creatively revised more than 15 existing author's interpretations of this concept. The current approaches to the classification of competitions are systematized and creatively revised. On the example of a comparative table of classification approaches, the main classification features of competitions are revealed. The appropriateness of applying the concept of «competition» in children's, school and student competitions, as well as the concept of «open competition» used in the procurement of goods, works, services to meet state and municipal needs, is considered. As a result, the revealed signs of the competition allow us to conclude the appropriateness of using this concept as a tool for the distribution of material goods. In this case, they differ only in the scale of this distribution. The article also explores the list of olympiads and other intellectual and (or) creative contests, events aimed at developing intellectual and creative abilities, abilities to engage in physical education and sports, interest in scientific (research), engineering, inventive, creative, physical culture and sports activities, as well as the promotion of scientific knowledge, creative and sports achievements, recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. As a result, the target audience of participants for whom contests are initiated has been identified.El artículo explora la definición de «competencia» a través de un análisis de las interpretaciones existentes en la literatura científica. Los autores revisaron y revisaron creativamente más de 15 interpretaciones de autores existentes de este concepto. Los enfoques actuales para la clasificación de las competiciones se sistematizan y revisan creativamente. En el ejemplo de una tabla comparativa de enfoques de clasificación, se revelan las principales características de clasificación de las competiciones. Se considera la conveniencia de aplicar el concepto de «competencia» en concursos infantiles, escolares y estudiantiles, así como el concepto de «competencia abierta» utilizado en la adquisición de bienes, obras, servicios para satisfacer las necesidades estatales y municipales. Como resultado, los signos revelados de la competencia nos permiten concluir la conveniencia de utilizar este concepto como herramienta para la distribución de bienes materiales. En este caso, difieren solo en la escala de esta distribución. El artículo también explora la lista de olimpiadas y otros concursos intelectuales y (o) creativos, eventos dirigidos al desarrollo de habilidades intelectuales y creativas, habilidades para participar en la educación física y el deporte, interés en la ciencia (investigación), ingeniería, inventiva, creativa, física. actividades culturales y deportivas, así como la promoción del conocimiento científico, los logros creativos y deportivos, recomendados por el Ministerio de Educación de la Federación de Rusia. Como resultado, se ha identificado el público objetivo de los participantes para los que se inician los concursos

Investigation into Whether Proximal Suspensory Desmitis of the Hindlimb Could Predispose Horses to Sacroiliac Disease

Proximal suspensory desmopathy/desmitis (PSD) of the hindlimb is a well understood condition with widely accepted treatment protocols; however, there is little research demonstrating understanding or potential correlation between hindlimb PSD and sacroiliac disease (SID). Several studies have examined the co-existence of hindlimb PSD and SID each investigating unique predisposing factors. This has led to little direct correlation of cause and effect with no definitive conclusions drawn. The need to be objective is highlighted by the limited number of studies and that two studies used anecdotal evidence to support their hypothesis and thus creating the question does hindlimb proximal suspensory desmopathy predispose horses to sacroiliac disease? This review looks at the two conditions and compares the literature for each, including the incidence, biomechanics, anatomy, and treatment. The review further discusses whether one disorder predisposes horses/equids to the other

Gene Therapy as a Modern Method of Treating Naturally Occurring Tendinitis and Desmitis in Horses

Tendon and ligament injuries have always been complex to treat, with recovery often taking many months, if successful at all. This chapter looks at recent work undertaken using regenerative medicine, specifically gene therapy and the advances that have been made in equine therapy. It looks at the process from plasmid construction, in vitro testing through to trialing the equine-specific plasmid construct in horses with superficial digital flexor tendon (tendinitis) and suspensory ligament branch injuries. It also looks at the rationale for utilizing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF164) and a basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) for these trials and the cellular effects and potential mechanisms of actions

Isolation, culturing and 3D bioprinting equine myoblasts

Isolating and culturing myoblasts is essential for techniques such as tissue regeneration and in vitro meat production. This research describes a protocol to isolate primary myoblasts from skeletal muscle of an adult horse. The equine primary myoblasts expressed markers specific to myoblasts and had multipotent potential capabilities with differentiation into chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteoblasts in vitro. The horse myoblasts did not adhere to Cytodex 3 and grew poorly on CultiSpher-S microcarriers during in vitro cultivation. Our studies showed that the use of GelMa bioink and ionic cross-linking did not have negative effects on cell proliferation at the beginning of cultivation. However, cells showed reduced proliferative activity by day 40 following in vitro culturing. The population of primary equine myoblasts obtained from an adult individual, and propagated on microcarriers and bioink, did not meet the requirements of the regenerative veterinary and manufacturing meat in vitro regarding the quantity and quality of the cells required. Nonetheless, further optimization of the cell scaling up process, including both microcarriers and/or the bioreactor program and bioprinting, is still important

The treatment of articular cartilage injuries with mesenchymal stem cells in different animal species

One of the major problems observed in veterinary practice is Articular cartilage injuries in animals. In terms of agriculture, it leads to their culling from the herd, even if they are highly productive animals. With companion animals, owners usually have to decide between euthanasia or long-term sometimes life-long treatment of the injury by a veterinarian. The use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) for the treatment of cartilage injury in veterinary medicine is based on the good results observed in preclinical studies, where large animals have been used as experimental models to study the regenerative activity of MSCs. According to the literature, MSCs in veterinary medicine have been used to treat cartilage injury of dogs and horses, whereas sheep and goats are generally models for reproducing the disease in preclinical experimental studies

Artificial microvesicles: new perspective on healing tendon wounds

Tendons have a limited capacity to repair both naturally and following clinical interventions. Damaged tissue often presents with structural and functional differences, adversely affecting animal performance, mobility, health and welfare. Advances in cell therapies have started to overcome some of these issues, however complications such as the formation of ectopic bone remain a complication of this technique. Regenerative medicine is therefore looking towards future therapies such as the introduction of microvesicles (MVs) derived from stem cells (SCs). The aim of the present study was to assess the characteristics of artificially derived MVs, from equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), when delivered to rat tendon cells in vitro and damaged tendons in vivo. The initial stages of extracting MVs from equine MSCs and identifying and characterising the cultured tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSCs) from rat Achilles tendons were undertaken successfully. The horse MSCs, and the rat tendon cells, were both capable of differentiating in three directions: adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic pathways. The artificially derived equine MVs successfully fused with the TSC membranes, and no cytotoxic or cytostimulating effects were observed. In addition, co-cultivation of TSCs with MVs lead to stimulation of cell proliferation and migration, and cytokine VEGF and Fractalkine expression levels were significantly increased. These experiments are the first to show that artificially derived MVs exhibited regeneration-stimulating effects in vitro, and that fusion of cytoplasmic membranes from diploid cell lines originating from different species was possible. Explorations in vivo showed accelerated regeneration of injury tendons after introduction of the MVs into damaged areas. The results from the studies performed indicated obvious positive modifying effects following the administration of MVs. This represents the initial successful steps required prior to translating this regenerative medicine technique into clinical trials, such as for tendon repair in injured horses

Gene Therapy Using Plasmid DNA Encoding Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 164 Genes for the Treatment of Equine Proximal Suspensory Desmitis: Case Reports

Injury to the proximal part of the equine suspensory ligament (SL), called proximal suspensory desmitis (PSD), commonly causes lameness in horses. PSD is extremely difficult to manage and treat, with present methods often unable to achieve full recovery, especially in chronic cases. The present study was the first to use gene therapy to restore moderate and severe injuries of the proximal suspensory ligament in horses. Plasmid DNA encoding species specific bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF164) was injected into the site of proximal suspensory ligament injury, followed by box rest and a controlled exercise program. Clinical observations and ultrasound imaging was used to evaluate effectiveness over a period of 12 months. No negative side effects were observed. Clinical improvements were observed, especially in the forelimb affected horses, by day 30. In horses with chronic hindlimb PSD few clinical improvements were reported. Echogenicity and the fiber alignment scoring improved but no concomitant changes to cross section area, dorsopalmar thickness or lateromedial width of the proximal suspensory ligament were observed. The transfer of BMP2 and VEGF164 genes into the equine PSL exhibited beneficial effects in horses with acute or subacute forms of lesions, primarily in the forelimb