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Hypertension in Women of Reproductive Age in the United States: NHANES 1999-2008
Objective: To examine the epidemiology of hypertension in women of reproductive age. Methods: Using NHANES from 1999β2008, we identified 5,521 women age 20β44 years old. Hypertension status was determined using blood pressure measurements and/or self-reported medication use. Results: The estimated prevalence of hypertension in women of reproductive age was 7.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.9%β8.5%). The prevalence of anti-hypertensive pharmacologic therapy was 4.2% (95% CI 3.5%β4.9%). The prevalence of hypertension was relatively stable across the study period; the age and race adjusted odds of hypertension in 2007β2008 did not differ significantly from 1999β2000 (odds ratio 1.2, CI 0.8 to 1.7, p = 0.45). Significant independent risk factors associated with hypertension included older age, non-Hispanic black race (compared to non-Hispanic whites), diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and higher body mass index. The most commonly used antihypertensive medications included diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE), and beta blockers. Conclusion: Hypertension occurs in about 8% of women of reproductive age. There are remarkable differences in the prevalence of hypertension between racial/ethnic groups. Obesity is a risk factor of particular importance in this population because it affects over 30% of young women in the U.S., is associated with more than 4 fold increased risk of hypertension, and is potentially modifiable
ΠΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΈΠ΄-Π±Π΅ΡΠ° 40 ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°
Aim: to study the role of amyloid-beta 40 (AΞ² 40) in the development of cognitive impairment in acute ischemic stroke.Materials and methods. The study included 70 patients aged 33β86 years, 46 men and 24 women. In patients with acute ischemic stroke cognitive status was assessed with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test (MoCA), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), Schulte tables, Clock Drawing Test, Test for Semantic Verbal Fluency and Five Words Test. The concentration of AΞ² 40 in the cerebrospinal fluid was determined. Morphometric (size of the infarct and leukoaraiosis area, volume of the brain ventricles and hippocampus) and diffusion-tensor parameters of MRI (fractional anisotropy of putamen, thalamus, hippocampus, corpus callosum, limbs of the internal capsule, the cingulate, the superior longitudinal and inferior fronto-occipital tracts) were studied.Results. The concentration of AΞ² 40 in the cerebrospinal fluid was 436,4 (226,0β514,0) pg/ml. The protein level was associated with the result of subtests Β«OrientationΒ» (MMSE) and Β«AttentionΒ» (MoCA), as well as indirect recall with cues in MoCA. Patients with MMSE score of 24β27 points were characterized by a lower concentration of AΞ² 40 as compared to patients with a score less than 24 points. AΞ² 40 concentration more than 436,4 pg/mL was associated with a more severe somatic co-morbidity of stroke (hypertension, lower hemoglobin and albumin level, higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate), a smaller volume of the brain ventricles, lower fractional anisotropy of the thalamus, cingulate tracts and contralateral hippocampus. AΞ² 40 concentration more than 436,4 pg/mL was also associated with a lower global cognitive status (according to the MMSE and MoCA), as well as the reduction in certain cognitive functions, namely, attention, visual-spatial functions and memory.Conclusions. The concentration of AΞ² 40 in the cerebrospinal fluid is a biological marker of severity type of post-stroke cognitive impairment. This interaction is probably due to the damage to the hippocampus, thalamus and cingulate tracts. In our opinion, the biomarker reflects both ischemic and neurodegenerative components of the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in acute ischemic stroke.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°-Π±Π΅ΡΠ° 40 (AΞ² 40) Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ 70 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ 33β86 Π»Π΅Ρ, ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
46 ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ 24 ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ.Π£ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° (ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° (MMSE), ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ (MoCA), Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Ρ Π»ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² (FAB), ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π¨ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π³Π»ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²). Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΞ² 40 Π² Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ (ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ°Π³Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ·Π°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ²) ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ (ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΏΡ, ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ°, Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°, Π½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΊ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΠ»Ρ, ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎ-ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²) ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΞ² 40 Π² Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° 436,4 (226,0β514,0) ΠΏΠ³/ΠΌΠ» ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Β«ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΒ» (MMSE) ΠΈ Β«Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β» (MoCA), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² MoCA. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ MMSE 24β27 Π±Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΞ² 40 ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 24 Π±Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΞ² 40 Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 436,4 ΠΏΠ³/ΠΌΠ» Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° (Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡ, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²), ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π°, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ (ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ MMSE ΠΈ MoCA), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ.ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΞ² 40 Π² ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ, Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π° Π½Π°Ρ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄, Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΉ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΈΠ΄-ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
Craniectomy for Malignant Cerebral Infarction: Prevalence and Outcomes in US Hospitals
Randomized trials have demonstrated the efficacy of craniectomy for the treatment of malignant cerebral edema following ischemic stroke. We sought to determine the prevalence and outcomes related to this by using a national database.Patient discharges with ischemic stroke as the primary diagnosis undergoing craniectomy were queried from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1999 to 2008. A subpopulation of patients was identified that underwent thrombolysis. Two primary end points were examined: in-hospital mortality and discharge to home/routine care. To facilitate interpretations, adjusted prevalence was calculated from the overall prevalence and two age-specific logistic regression models. The predictive margin was then generated using a multivariate logistic regression model to estimate the probability of in-hospital mortality after adjustment for admission type, admission source, length of stay, total hospital charges, chronic comorbidities, and medical complications.After excluding 71,996 patients with the diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage and posterior intracranial circulation occlusion, we identified 4,248,955 adult hospitalizations with ischemic stroke as a primary diagnosis. The estimated rates of hospitalizations in craniectomy per 10,000 hospitalizations with ischemic stroke increased from 3.9 in 1999-2000 to 14.46 in 2007-2008 (p for linear trend<0.001). Patients 60+ years of age had in-hospital mortality of 44% while the 18-59 year old group was found to be 24% (pβ=β0.14). Outcomes were comparable if recombinant tissue plasminogen activator had been administered.Craniectomy is being increasingly performed for malignant cerebral edema following large territory cerebral ischemia. We suspect that the increase in the annual incidence of DC for malignant cerebral edema is directly related to the expanding collection of evidence in randomized trials that the operation is efficacious when performed in the correct patient population. In hospital mortality is high for all patients undergoing this procedure
Sodium and potassium intakes among US adults: NHANES 2003β2008
Background: The American Heart Association (AHA), Institute of Medicine (IOM), and US Departments of Health and Human Services and Agriculture (USDA) Dietary Guidelines for Americans all recommend that Americans limit sodium intake and choose foods that contain potassium to decrease the risk of hypertension and other adverse health outcomes. Objective: We estimated the distributions of usual daily sodium and potassium intakes by sociodemographic and health characteristics relative to current recommendations. Design: We used 24-h dietary recalls and other data from 12,581 adults aged 51 y or persons with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease), 98.8% (98.4%, 99.2%) overall consumed .1500 mg/d, and 60.4% consumed .3000 mg/dβmore than double the recommendation. Overall, ,2% of US adults and w5% of US men consumed $4700 mg K/d (ie, met recommendations for potassium). Conclusion: Regardless of recommendations or sociodemographic or health characteristics, the vast majority of US adults consume too much sodium and too little potassium
Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors and Screening for High Cholesterol Levels Among Young Adults, United States, 1999β2006
PURPOSE Previous studies have reported low rates of screening for high cholesterol levels among young adults in the United States. Although recommendations for screening young adults without risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) differ, all guidelines recommend screening adults with CHD, CHD equivalents, or 1 or more CHD risk factors. This study examined national prevalence of CHD risk factors and compliance with the cholesterol screening guidelines among young adults
OPTIMAL PLASMA LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL BUT ABNORMAL TRIGLYCERIDES: IS IT ALSO A RISK PROFILE FOR CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY?
Amyloid-beta 40 as a biomarker of cognitive impairment in acute ischemic stroke
Aim: to study the role of amyloid-beta 40 (AΞ² 40) in the development of cognitive impairment in acute ischemic stroke.Materials and methods. The study included 70 patients aged 33β86 years, 46 men and 24 women. In patients with acute ischemic stroke cognitive status was assessed with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test (MoCA), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), Schulte tables, Clock Drawing Test, Test for Semantic Verbal Fluency and Five Words Test. The concentration of AΞ² 40 in the cerebrospinal fluid was determined. Morphometric (size of the infarct and leukoaraiosis area, volume of the brain ventricles and hippocampus) and diffusion-tensor parameters of MRI (fractional anisotropy of putamen, thalamus, hippocampus, corpus callosum, limbs of the internal capsule, the cingulate, the superior longitudinal and inferior fronto-occipital tracts) were studied.Results. The concentration of AΞ² 40 in the cerebrospinal fluid was 436,4 (226,0β514,0) pg/ml. The protein level was associated with the result of subtests Β«OrientationΒ» (MMSE) and Β«AttentionΒ» (MoCA), as well as indirect recall with cues in MoCA. Patients with MMSE score of 24β27 points were characterized by a lower concentration of AΞ² 40 as compared to patients with a score less than 24 points. AΞ² 40 concentration more than 436,4 pg/mL was associated with a more severe somatic co-morbidity of stroke (hypertension, lower hemoglobin and albumin level, higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate), a smaller volume of the brain ventricles, lower fractional anisotropy of the thalamus, cingulate tracts and contralateral hippocampus. AΞ² 40 concentration more than 436,4 pg/mL was also associated with a lower global cognitive status (according to the MMSE and MoCA), as well as the reduction in certain cognitive functions, namely, attention, visual-spatial functions and memory.Conclusions. The concentration of AΞ² 40 in the cerebrospinal fluid is a biological marker of severity type of post-stroke cognitive impairment. This interaction is probably due to the damage to the hippocampus, thalamus and cingulate tracts. In our opinion, the biomarker reflects both ischemic and neurodegenerative components of the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in acute ischemic stroke