Vagus Nerve Acupucture-Like Transcutanious Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Immunity After Liver Resection

Objective: To find out the therapeutic impact of acupuncture like-transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation of vagus nerve on immunity after liver resection. Methods This was a single-blind randomized controlled trial. A total of sixty individuals who had undergone liver resection at the National Liver Institute Hospital at Menofiea University were randomly divided into two groups: study group A (n=30) and control group B (n=30). The study group had vagus nerve stimulation with acupuncture like-TENS parameters include low-frequency (2–10Hz), pulse width (100–40

Evaluation of the Intestinal Bacterial Community of Local Omani and Cobb 500 Broiler Chickens Raised in an Open-Sided House Using 16S rDNA-Based Analysis

Little is known about how the intestinal bacterial microbiota differs among different strains of chickens raised in an open sided house, predominantly those with lower growth rates, such as Indigenous chickens. Ninety-one-day-old chicks of each strain of chickens were raised in an open-sided house system and fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet from Day 0–35 days of age. The objective of this study was to assess the relative abundance of bacteria microbiota identified in the intestinal tract of local Omani and Cobb 500 broiler chickens raised in an open-sided house system using 16S rDNA-based analysis. The results obtained showed the diversity of bacterial populations in different intestinal regions of two chicken strains. Bacilli were found in higher numbers and reached 98.8% of the bacteria in the duodenum on Day 5 in Cobb 500 versus 72.5% in the Omani chickens. Local Omani chickens had significantly higher numbers of Clostridia at an early age period. On Day 5 Clostridia comprised 13.1% of the bacteria in the duodenum of local Omani chickens, versus only 0.062% in the Cobb 500. The relative abundance of the bacterial microbiota differed significantly (p <0.05) across different intestinal segments of the two strains of chickens, suggesting that each region generated its bacterial community with different relative abundances

Cibles et voies de signalisation régulées par FOXL2 au cours de la morphogenèse ovarienne

FOXL2 is a transcription factor which is crucial for the ovary. In humans, heterozygous mutations are responsible for the BPES syndrome characterized by eyelid anomalies and premature ovarian failure. Similarly in mice, Foxl2 invalidation leads to complete folliculogenesis disruption and female infertility. In the goat, the Polled Intersex Syndrome mutation is responsible for the transcriptional silencing of FOXL2 in XX PIS-/- gonads that leads to female-to-male sex reversal and the differentiation of testes instead of ovaries in genetically female animals homozygous for the mutation. Thus, FOXL2 is determining for ovarian differentiation early during development in goats, whereas it is involved in fertility tardily in mice and women. In order to understand these species-specific differences, we searched for the genes and pathways regulated by FOXL2 in early goat ovaries. Thanks to RNA-sequencing of goat XY testes, XX ovaries and XX PIS-/- gonads (lacking FOXL2) at the beginning of their differentiation, we were able to (i) better characterize the role of FOXL2 in goat ovaries and show that it acts mainly as an anti-testis factor, and (ii) highlight new pro-ovarian genes like DMXL2, and study its putative role during ovarian development using functional experiments in the mouse.FOXL2 est un facteur de transcription crucial pour la fonction ovarienne. Dans l'espèce humaine, des mutations hétérozygotes de ce gène sont responsables de la survenue d'un syndrome associant des malformations des paupières à une insuffisance ovarienne prématurée. De même chez la souris, l'invalidation totale de Foxl2 conduit à un blocage de la folliculogenèse et donc à une infertilité femelle. Chez la chèvre, la mutation Polled Intersex Syndrome (PIS) engendre le silence transcriptionnel de FOXL2 dans les gonades XX PIS-/- ce qui conduit à une inversion sexuelle et à la différenciation de testicules à la place d'ovaires chez les animaux génétiquement femelles homozygotes pour la mutation (inversion sexuelle de type mâle XX). FOXL2 est donc déterminant pour la différenciation ovarienne très précocement au cours du développement dans l'espèce caprine, alors qu'il ne semble impliqué que plus tardivement dans l'établissement de la fertilité chez la souris et la femme. Afin de comprendre ces différences entre espèces, nous avons recherché quels étaient les gènes et les voies de signalisation régulés par FOXL2 dans l'ovaire de chèvre au début de sa différenciation. Grâce à un séquençage à haut-débit des transcrits présents dans trois types de gonades caprines (testicules XY, ovaires XX et gonades XX PIS-/- (qui n'expriment pas FOXL2)) au début de leur différenciation, nous avons pu (i) mieux caractériser le rôle de FOXL2 dans l'ovaire caprin et montrer qu'il y agit avant tout comme un facteur anti-testiculaire, et (ii) mettre en évidence de nouveaux gènes pro-ovariens comme DMXL2 et étudier son rôle putatif dans la fonction ovarienne grâce à des expériences fonctionnelles chez la souris

Target Genes and Signaling Pathways Regulated by FOXL2 During Ovarian Differentiation

FOXL2 est un facteur de transcription crucial pour la fonction ovarienne. Dans l'espèce humaine, des mutations hétérozygotes de ce gène sont responsables de la survenue d'un syndrome associant des malformations des paupières à une insuffisance ovarienne prématurée. De même chez la souris, l'invalidation totale de Foxl2 conduit à un blocage de la folliculogenèse et donc à une infertilité femelle. Chez la chèvre, la mutation Polled Intersex Syndrome (PIS) engendre le silence transcriptionnel de FOXL2 dans les gonades XX PIS-/- ce qui conduit à une inversion sexuelle et à la différenciation de testicules à la place d'ovaires chez les animaux génétiquement femelles homozygotes pour la mutation (inversion sexuelle de type mâle XX). FOXL2 est donc déterminant pour la différenciation ovarienne très précocement au cours du développement dans l'espèce caprine, alors qu'il ne semble impliqué que plus tardivement dans l'établissement de la fertilité chez la souris et la femme. Afin de comprendre ces différences entre espèces, nous avons recherché quels étaient les gènes et les voies de signalisation régulés par FOXL2 dans l'ovaire de chèvre au début de sa différenciation. Grâce à un séquençage à haut-débit des transcrits présents dans trois types de gonades caprines (testicules XY, ovaires XX et gonades XX PIS-/- (qui n'expriment pas FOXL2)) au début de leur différenciation, nous avons pu (i) mieux caractériser le rôle de FOXL2 dans l'ovaire caprin et montrer qu'il y agit avant tout comme un facteur anti-testiculaire, et (ii) mettre en évidence de nouveaux gènes pro-ovariens comme DMXL2 et étudier son rôle putatif dans la fonction ovarienne grâce à des expériences fonctionnelles chez la souris.FOXL2 is a transcription factor which is crucial for the ovary. In humans, heterozygous mutations are responsible for the BPES syndrome characterized by eyelid anomalies and premature ovarian failure. Similarly in mice, Foxl2 invalidation leads to complete folliculogenesis disruption and female infertility. In the goat, the Polled Intersex Syndrome mutation is responsible for the transcriptional silencing of FOXL2 in XX PIS-/- gonads that leads to female-to-male sex reversal and the differentiation of testes instead of ovaries in genetically female animals homozygous for the mutation. Thus, FOXL2 is determining for ovarian differentiation early during development in goats, whereas it is involved in fertility tardily in mice and women. In order to understand these species-specific differences, we searched for the genes and pathways regulated by FOXL2 in early goat ovaries. Thanks to RNA-sequencing of goat XY testes, XX ovaries and XX PIS-/- gonads (lacking FOXL2) at the beginning of their differentiation, we were able to (i) better characterize the role of FOXL2 in goat ovaries and show that it acts mainly as an anti-testis factor, and (ii) highlight new pro-ovarian genes like DMXL2, and study its putative role during ovarian development using functional experiments in the mouse

Effect of nitrate inclusion in the diet on rumen fermentation, enteric methane emission and performance in ovine

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de nitrato encapsulado na dieta sobre a fermentação ruminal, a emissão de metano enterico e o desempenho de ovinos. Foram utilizados 18 cordeiros Santa Inês (peso vivo médio de 27 ± 5,55 kg) designados em blocos casualizados por peso, sendo oferecida uma dieta 40:60 feno/concentrado, como dieta basal e alocados a um dos seguintes tratamentos: dieta controle (dieta basal com 1,50% de uréia), Nitrato (dieta basal com 4,51% nitrato encapsulado) e Nitrato + CNSL (dieta basal com 4,51% nitrato encapsulado com liquido de casca de castanha de caju). Foi utilizado um período de adaptação de 28 dias e posteriormente dois períodos experimentais de 32 dias, sendo que nos últimos 6 dias de cada período foi feita a quantificação da emissão do metano. Cada 14 dias (dia 14, 28, 42 e 56) as amostras de sangue e liquido ruminal (6 e 3 horas após alimentação da manhã, respectivamente) foram coletadas. Após os 92 dias, o ensaio de metabolismo (6 dias) foi realizado. Em seguida, os animais foram abatidos e as carcaças foram avaliadas. A utilização de nitrato encapsulado diminuiu em 32% a emissão de metano em relação aos animais que receberam a dieta controle (28,57 vs 19,34 L/kg MS consumida) (P0,05). Os cordeiros que receberam Nitrato + CNSL apresentaram maior (P0,08) detectado efeito sobre a % metahemoglobina (0,62 vs 1,0% MetHb). A inclusão de nitrato encapsulado aumentou (P0,05). Não houve efeito sobre parâmetros plasmáticos (proteína total, albumina, AST, ALT e uréia), resíduos de nitrato e nitrito na carne fresca, cor de carne e as características de carcaça avaliadas. A inclusão de nitrato encapsulado na dieta permite mitigar a emissão de metano entérico, proporciona um ambiente adequado para a fermentação ruminal sem que sejam observados sinais clínicos de intoxicação em cordeiros em crescimento.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of encapsulated nitrate inclusion in the diet on rumen fermentation, enteric methane emission and performance in sheep. Eighteen Santa Inês male lambs (27 ± 5.55 kg of BW) were randomly blocked according to BW, with basal diet consisted of 40:60 roughage to concentrate and allocated to one of three treatments diets: 1) Basal diet supplemented with urea at 1.5 % of dietary DM (control), encapsulated nitrate at 4.51 % of dietary DM (Nitrate), and encapsulated nitrate with cashew nut shell liquid at 4.51 % of dietary DM (Nitrate + CNSL). Lambs were gradually adapted for 28 days and two experimental periods composed of 32 days in each. Within each period, the last 6 days were used for methane collection. Every 14 d (day 14, 28, 42 and 56) blood and ruminal fluid samples (6 and 3 h after morning feeding), respectively were collected. After 92 days the metabolic study was conducted for 6 days, subsequently all lambs were fasted, slaughtered and carcass traits were evaluated. The CH4 emission was reduced (P 0.08) on MetHb concentration (0.62 vs 1.0 % Hb). Total protozoa count was reduced (P 0.05). No differences (P < 0.05) were observed in plasma blood parameters (total protein, albumin, AST, ALT and urea), meat color objective, sodium nitrate and nitrite residual in fresh meat and carcass characteristics determined. In conclusion our data inferred that incorporation of encapsulated nitrate in growing lambs diet is an effective means for mitigating enteric methane emissions without compromising the performance or carcass characteristics with no clinical signs

Effect of nitrate inclusion in the diet on rumen fermentation, enteric methane emission and performance in ovine

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de nitrato encapsulado na dieta sobre a fermentação ruminal, a emissão de metano enterico e o desempenho de ovinos. Foram utilizados 18 cordeiros Santa Inês (peso vivo médio de 27 ± 5,55 kg) designados em blocos casualizados por peso, sendo oferecida uma dieta 40:60 feno/concentrado, como dieta basal e alocados a um dos seguintes tratamentos: dieta controle (dieta basal com 1,50% de uréia), Nitrato (dieta basal com 4,51% nitrato encapsulado) e Nitrato + CNSL (dieta basal com 4,51% nitrato encapsulado com liquido de casca de castanha de caju). Foi utilizado um período de adaptação de 28 dias e posteriormente dois períodos experimentais de 32 dias, sendo que nos últimos 6 dias de cada período foi feita a quantificação da emissão do metano. Cada 14 dias (dia 14, 28, 42 e 56) as amostras de sangue e liquido ruminal (6 e 3 horas após alimentação da manhã, respectivamente) foram coletadas. Após os 92 dias, o ensaio de metabolismo (6 dias) foi realizado. Em seguida, os animais foram abatidos e as carcaças foram avaliadas. A utilização de nitrato encapsulado diminuiu em 32% a emissão de metano em relação aos animais que receberam a dieta controle (28,57 vs 19,34 L/kg MS consumida) (P0,05). Os cordeiros que receberam Nitrato + CNSL apresentaram maior (P0,08) detectado efeito sobre a % metahemoglobina (0,62 vs 1,0% MetHb). A inclusão de nitrato encapsulado aumentou (P0,05). Não houve efeito sobre parâmetros plasmáticos (proteína total, albumina, AST, ALT e uréia), resíduos de nitrato e nitrito na carne fresca, cor de carne e as características de carcaça avaliadas. A inclusão de nitrato encapsulado na dieta permite mitigar a emissão de metano entérico, proporciona um ambiente adequado para a fermentação ruminal sem que sejam observados sinais clínicos de intoxicação em cordeiros em crescimento.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of encapsulated nitrate inclusion in the diet on rumen fermentation, enteric methane emission and performance in sheep. Eighteen Santa Inês male lambs (27 ± 5.55 kg of BW) were randomly blocked according to BW, with basal diet consisted of 40:60 roughage to concentrate and allocated to one of three treatments diets: 1) Basal diet supplemented with urea at 1.5 % of dietary DM (control), encapsulated nitrate at 4.51 % of dietary DM (Nitrate), and encapsulated nitrate with cashew nut shell liquid at 4.51 % of dietary DM (Nitrate + CNSL). Lambs were gradually adapted for 28 days and two experimental periods composed of 32 days in each. Within each period, the last 6 days were used for methane collection. Every 14 d (day 14, 28, 42 and 56) blood and ruminal fluid samples (6 and 3 h after morning feeding), respectively were collected. After 92 days the metabolic study was conducted for 6 days, subsequently all lambs were fasted, slaughtered and carcass traits were evaluated. The CH4 emission was reduced (P 0.08) on MetHb concentration (0.62 vs 1.0 % Hb). Total protozoa count was reduced (P 0.05). No differences (P < 0.05) were observed in plasma blood parameters (total protein, albumin, AST, ALT and urea), meat color objective, sodium nitrate and nitrite residual in fresh meat and carcass characteristics determined. In conclusion our data inferred that incorporation of encapsulated nitrate in growing lambs diet is an effective means for mitigating enteric methane emissions without compromising the performance or carcass characteristics with no clinical signs