Egyptian Jatropha oil extraction for biodiesel production

Biodiesel is the most desirable biofuel economically andtechnically and it can be made from any vegetable oil. InEGYPT jatropha oil seems to be the best source for biodiesel production because jatropha tree is easily growing and easily propagated.Also jatropha tree thrives in marginal and desert areas that are unable to support crops and it can be irrigated with primary treated municipal wastewater.The main purpose of this investigation is to compare andoptimize the oil yield extracted from jatropha seeds on both bench and pilot scale.Different solvents under different extraction conditions were studied to determine optimum solvent type, solid: liquid ratio and extraction time which gave maximum oil yield.Oil extracted specifications, losses in seeds dehulling &washing, losses in solvent used and extracted meal analysis& uses were also concluded

Microalgal culture in photo-bioreactor for biodiesel production: case studies from Egypt

Biodiesel production from three local microalgae from Egypt was investigated. These microalgae strains differ in their growth pattern as one of the cyanobacterial strainsis filamentous mat-forming  Phormidium sp. whereas the other strain is coccoid colony-forming  Microcystis sp. The third is coccoid yellow-green Botrydiopsis sp. The mass productivity for the strains in a photobioreactor usingsemi-continuous culture was arranged as: Microcystissp.>  Botrydiopsis sp.> Phormidium sp. The mass productivity can be increased by increasing the illumination periodin case of  Botrydiopsis sp. and Microcystis sp. The lipid content was determined by using different solvents for lipid extraction. The  Botrydiopsis sp. gave the highest lipidcontent (48%) for  Botrydiopsis sp. cultured in Oscillatoria medium. Microcystis sp. had (28%) lipid content while the Phormidium  sp. had the lowest lipid content (15%). The major components of the fatty acid compositions in different algal species studied were linoleic, palmitic, oleicand stearic. In conclusion, the cultivation of microalgae inphoto-bioreactor has given high biomass productivity by applying semi-continuous feeding technique. The highest mass productivity doesn’t mean the highest lipid content. The Gas chromatography analysis showed that the algae oils have the suitable fatty acid composition for biodiesel production

Biodiesel production from Jatropha seeds using heterogeneous integrated extraction reaction process

Integrated extraction and transesterification process forbiodiesel production from Jatropha Curcas (JCL) seeds using hexane and methanol via base catalyzed transesterificationis reported in this paper.The effects of reaction time, catalyst dose, liquid to solidratio, type of solvent and grain size of JCL seeds onbiodiesel production were investigated. It was found thathexane played the role of both co – solvent and co – extractantwhich enhanced the efficiency of oil extraction and facilitated mass transfer. The highest biodiesel yield (90.8%) was obtained at hexane to seed ratio of 5:1 (vol /wt), methanol to seed ratio 1:1 (vol /wt), activated Ca O of 1% by wt of seeds, stirring speed 700 rpm, temperature of 70°C at reaction time 6 hours

Studying the ultrasonic assisted transesterification of castor oil by using factorial design for optimization of biodiesel production

This work presents the biodiesel production from castor oil with methanol in presence of potassium hydroxide as catalyst at room temperature using ultrasonic bath. A factorial design of experiments and a central composite design have been used to evaluate the influence of operating conditions on biodiesel synthesis from inedible castor oil. The response chosen was viscosity while the variables studied were catalyst concentration and the methanol/vegetable oil molar ratio at room temperature in an ultrasonic bath. The methanol/vegetable oil molar ratio is the most important factor, having a negative influence on viscosity.The catalyst concentration has a small negative influence on viscosity and this is attributed to the presence of ultra-sonification. A second order model was obtained to predict the produced biodiesel viscosity. Within the experimental range studied the model matched the results from the experiments

Effect of Extractive Solvents on Bio – Oil Production From Microalgae via Hydrothermal Liquefaction

Bio–oil from spirulina sp. is complicated mixture with valued chemicals. The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) converts directly the spirulina microalgae into liquid oil at reaction temperature 300°C with heating rate 10°C /min,100 bars pressure and 30 min. reaction time eight different organic solvents with different polarities were applied to extract the bio – oil from these chemicals. The order of bio–oil extraction yield of the eight solvents from high to low were as follow tetrahydrofuran (THF) ˃ dichloromethane (DCM) ˃ acetone (ACE) ˃ chloroform (CHL) ˃ methanol (MeOH)˃ ethyl-acetate (EAC) ˃ hexane (HEX) ˃toluene (TOL).The results obtained from single stage extraction process showed that maximum percentage oil yield was (26.55%). with rather high heating value (HHV ≈ 30 MJ/kg). The combination of THF, EAC and n-hexane was selected to extract and separate the bio – oil into three fraction heavy oil (48.9%) mid weight oil (37.8%) and light oil (62.2%). These three oils were characterized using gas chromatography mass spectrum (GC – mass). Keywords:- Bio–oil , extractives, hydrothermal , liquefaction, micro- algae.

Synthesis and studying the antitumor activity of novel 5-(2-methylbenzimidazol-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thiones

The influence of the incorporation of 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring into 2-methyl-1H-benzimidazole derivatives producing a series of substituted 5(6)-(2-methylbenzimidazol-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles on the antitumor activity was studied in this study. The antitumor activity of the new compounds was tested against breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and lung cancer cell line A549. S-5-(2-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl 2-nitrobenzenesulfonothioate (9) showed potent activity against both MCF-7 and A549 cell lines. Whereas, compounds 7, 11-13 and 15-17 have moderate growth inhibitory activity on the two cell lines

Antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of some natural plant extracts added to lamb patties during storage

Natural plants are considered an important target to investigate in order to provide a new source of natural antioxidants and/or antimicrobial agents. The optimum concentrations of some natural plant (jojoba, jatropha, ginseng and ginger) extracts were determined and added to lamb patties. Some chemical and microbial characteristics of the prepared patties during storage for 9 days at 4°C were evaluated. Both the addition of these extracts and storage time had a significant effect on the patties throughout the storage period. The effectiveness of the tested natural extracts can be listed in the following order of decreasing Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values: ginseng > jatropha > jojoba > ginger. Aerobic plate count, mould and yeast counts decreased significantly with addition of the extracts during the storage period. Also, the addition of the extracts was significantly effective in reducing histamine, tyramine and putrescine formation during the storage period. Compared to control patties, the addition of these natural extracts was effective as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for improving the properties of lamb patties.<br><br>Las plantas naturales están consideradas como un importante producto donde buscar y encontrar nuevas fuentes de antioxidantes naturales y/o agentes antimicrobianos. La concentración óptima de algunos extractos de plantas naturales (jojoba, jatropha, ginseng y jengibre) fueron determinado y añadidas a pasteles de cordero. Algunas características químicas y microbiológicas de los pasteles preparados y almacenados durante 9 días a 4°C fueron evaluados. Tanto la adición de estos extractos como el tiempo de almacenamiento tuvieron un efecto significativo en los pasteles en el periodo de almacenamiento. La efectividad de los extractos naturales ensayados puede ser enumerada en el siguiente orden decreciente de valores de substancias reactivas con el ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS): ginseng > jatropha > jojoba > jengibre. El recuento de microorganismos decreció significativamente con la adición de los extractos durante el periodo de almacenamiento. Comparado con los pasteles control, la adición de estos extractos naturales fue efectiva como agente antioxidante y antimicrobiano en la mejora de las propiedades de los pasteles de cordero

Synthesis and pharmacological activity of some 2, 3-diphenylindole derivatives

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