Tinjauan Hukum Islam Terhadap Praktik Bagi Hasil Tangkapan Ikan Nelayan di Desa Kedungrejo Kecamatan Muncar Kabupaten Banyuwangi

Mudarabah is one of Islamic concepts in making agreement of profit-sharing in which a party provides capital (sahibul mall) and the other one (mudorib) operates the capital. The concept has been used since long time ago and it has been also adopted by Islam followers. Purpose of the research is to know how does Islamic law review on fish-sharing practice among fishermen in Kedungrejo village, Kecamatan Muncar, Banyuwangi Regency. The final task discusses aspects of agreement and legal consequence, fish-sharing procedure, fish-sharing method and its accordance with Islamic law. Data was collected by using observation, interview and documentation methods. After data analysis by using descriptive-qualitative analysis, it was known that fish-sharing practiced by fishermen of Kedungrejo village for awitan, gardan and slerek boats was in accordance with Islamic rules and requirements. Awitan boat used five division system, namely 2 portions for boat owner, 2 portions for pandhega and 1 portion for boat keeper. In addition, fishermen also had rights for lawuhan. Gardan boat used fifty-fifty system and lawuhan that were divided after landing. Slerek boat practiced monthly produces (fifty-fifty) and bon-bonan, daily fish-sharing, namely pakek laut, pacokan, bagi rosak and pocket money. Such production-sharing does not contradict with Islamic law because fifty-fifty sharing had been practiced by Prophet Muhammad. Similarly, pakek laut, pacokan, lawuhan and pocket money that can be included in category of additional profit requirements in Islamic law was not causing the breaking of agreement. Bagi rosak can be categorized in tabarru’ (voluntary contribution). Meanwhile, bon-bonan system can be subjected to fasid requirements, but mudarabah agreement is still valid. Keywords: Mudarabah, Islamic Law, Fishermen, Fish-sharing, Kedungrej

Entwicklung eines Fehlerermittlungsalgorithmus für einen alternierenden aerobischen/anoxischen Prozesszyklus zur Entfernung von Stickstoff

This thesis presents a critical appraisal of several differing approaches to the design and testing of fault detection (FD) algorithms monitoring the instrumentation used in the alternated aerobic/anoxic cycles (AC) process for nitrogen removal. Several features are selected as the basis of the FD, involving the slope and the timing of the process measurements of the various nitrogen compounds. Two separate FD algorithms have been developed for the anoxic and the aerobic phases, requiring a separate tuning but sharing the same principles: first some low-level checks are performed on the raw signals, discriminating gross malfunctions like missing data and spikes, then more sophisticated methods are used to investigate the presence of more subtle anomalies that were not detected by the previous screening. The FD problem is treated either in terms of classification problem, testing different algorithms such as binary trees, support vector machines (SVM) and principal component analysis (PCA), or as a forecasting one, using the Bayesian theory to predict the faulty or normal state of the process based on the previous records. An operational data set obtained from a municipal plant was used to first train the algorithm. However, due to the fairly limited information which could be extracted, a more comprehensive data set was created building an AC model based on the standard Benchmark simulation model with improved nitrogen kinetics and seasonal temperature variations. Detailed sensor models were also included, so that the occurrence of faults could be totally controlled, both in kind and timing. The performances of the various methods on either the operational and the synthetic datasets have been assessed comparing the anomalies detected by the methods with those actually observed. While the great majority of the gross faults is successfully detected by the preliminary screening, differing performances of the subsequent finer detection are obtained, depending on both the quality of data set and the detection method used: poorer results are observed using the plant data, in part due to an insufficient characterization of the fault events and in part due to the limited number of signals monitored. The higher availability of measurements provided by the numerical model, instead, enhances the discrimination capabilities of the tested methods, especially the nonlinear SVM, while the PCA-based approach and the Bayesian predictor results less affected by a change in the combination of diagnostic parameters used.Diese Dissertation präsentiert eine kritische Würdigung unterschiedlicher Ansätze für den Entwurf und das Testen von Fehlerermittlungsalgorithmen, die die Instrumente für alternierende aerobe/anoxische (AC) Prozeßzyklen zur Stickstoffentfernung überwachen. Als Basis für die Fehlerermittlungsalgorithmen werden verschiedene Merkmale ausgewählt, darunter die Ableitung und das zeitliche Auftauchen von Ereignissen der Prozeßmessungen für unterschiedliche Stickstoffverbindungen. Es wurden zwei separate Fehlerermittlungsalgorithmen für die aeroben und sauerstofffreien Phasen entwickelt, die unterschiedliche Anpassungen erfordern aber die gleichen Prinzipien teilen: zunächst werden einige Überprüfungen der unbearbeiteten Signale auf niedrigem Niveau durchgeführt, die grobe Fehler wie fehlende Daten und Ausreißer anzeigen. Dann werden höher entwickelte Methoden angewandt, um versteckte Anomalien, die vorher nicht erkannt worden waren, zu erkennen. Fehlererkennung wird entweder als Klassifikationsproblem betrachtet, indem verschiedene Algorithmen getestet werden wie binäre Bäume, Support-Vektor-Maschinen (SVM) und Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA), oder als ein Vorhersageproblem, für das die Bayes´sche Theorie zur Vorhersage der normal- oder Fehlerzustände der Prozesse auf früheren Aufzeichnungen basieren. Um den Algorithmus zunächst zu trainieren, wurden operationale Daten eines städtischen Betriebes genutzt. Da jedoch nur begrenzte Informationen daraus gewonnen werden konnten, wurde ein umfangreicherer Datensatz geschaffen, indem ein aerobes/anoxisches Modell entwickelt wurde, das auf einem Standard-Benchmarksimulationsmodell mit verbesserter Stickstoffkinetik und saisonalen Temperaturunterschieden beruht. Detaillierte Sensormodelle wurden auch berücksichtigt, so dass das Fehleraufkommen sowohl in Art und Zeit vollständig überwacht werden konnte. Die Leistungen der verschiedenen Methoden wurden bezüglich der tatsächlichen oder synthetischen Datensätze bewertet, indem die Anomalien, die durch die Methoden erkannt wurden, mit den tatsächlich beobachteten verglichen wurden. Während die große Mehrheit grober Fehler durch ein vorläufiges Screening erfolgreich erkannt werden kann, kann man unterschiedliche Leistungen der folgenden genaueren Fehleranalyse beobachten, abhängig sowohl von der Qualität des Datensatzes sowie der benutzten Fehlerermittlungsmethode: werden die Betriebsdaten benutzt, erhält man schlechtere Resultate, was zum Teil an der ungenügenden Charakterisierung der Fehlerereignisse liegt, zum Teil an der begrenzten Anzahl an beobachteten Signalen. Erhält man jedoch mehr Messungen durch das numerische Modell, erhöht dies die Möglichkeiten zur Diskriminierung der getesteten Methoden, dies gilt besonders für die nicht-lineare Support-Vektor-Maschine, während der auf der Hauptkomponentenalyse basierende Ansatz und die Bayes´schen Vorhersageresultate weniger von einer Veränderung der Kombination der benutzen diagnostischen Parameter beeinflußt werden

Tinjauan Hukum Islam terhadap Jual Beli Mushaf Berlabel Wakaf di Pasar Buku Sriwedari Kecamatan Laweyan Kota Surakarta

Endowments is one of many ways in Islam for someone who will spend his wealth in the way of Allah, Islam provides certain rules and ordinances related to waqaf to be able to become a treasure that can be taken it's advantage and maintained it’s existence. Providing Mushaf became the good choice of many people to endow, but because of the number of these endowments is too much so it also brings a new issue where some person is using it to something should not be or to be malfunction, like trading or black market. The topic which discussed in this final task is about the legal aspects of trading the endowments mushaf according to Islamic law. According to saveral problem formulation above then used the method of observation, interview and documentation to collect the data to analyze it using qualitative analysis method. It is known that the practice of trading mushaf endowments in Sriwedari Book Market there is a legal disability if reviewed by Islamic law. These mushaf should not be traded because of goods endowment replacement is unlawful if according to islamic law, and not changed the ownership rights of waqif to mauquf 'alaih. Someone is not legitimately for selling items that are not belong to him.This has been confirmed in the description contained in each mold of the musha

Pola Pendidikan Islam Sistem Boarding School Di SMP-SMA Sragen Bilingual Boarding School Gemolong Sragen Tahun 2012/ 2013

Studi ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan : 1) pola pendidikan Islam sistem boarding school di SMP SMA Negeri Sragen Bilingual Boarding School (SBBS) tahun 2012/ 2013, 2) kelebihan dan keunggulan pola pendidikan Islam sistem boarding school di SMP SMA Negeri SBBS dengan sekolah lainnya, 3) faktor pendukung dan penghambat pola pendidikan Islam sistem boarding school di SMP SMA Negeri SBBS. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan berorientasi pada kualitatif deskriptif. Data diperoleh melalui hasil wawancara dengan beberapa sumber yang relevan, observasi sesuai dengan judul penelitian dan dokumentasi untuk mendukung data yang diperoleh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Pola pendidikan Islam sistem boarding school di SMP SMA Negeri SBBS tahun 2012/ 2013 adalah bentuk aktualisasi pengamalan ajaran Islam yang diterapkan melalui kegiatan-kegiatan keseharian, mingguan maupun tahunan di sekolah untuk mengatasi permasalahan dekadensi moral bangsa dan untuk menyongsong masa depan yang lebih baik. 2) Kelebihan SMP SMA Negeri SBBS dengan sekolah reguler lainnya dari segi akademik siswanya berprestasi dan dalam hal religiusitas tidak ketinggalan. Jika dibandingkan dengan sekolah yang bekerjasama dengan Pasiad lainnya, adalah dalam hal prestasi. Dan jika dibandingkan dengan Islamic boarding school dalam kesehariannya tidak mempelajari ilmu pendidikan Islam secara langsung, namun ibadah-ibadah harian diamalkan dan dikerjakan secara berjamaah, terpantau dan terprogram. 3) Faktor pendukung: rekrutmen siswa; Sumber Daya Manusia; terpisahnya ruang guru laki-laki dan perempuan; sarana dan prasarana; kurikulum; konseling; adanya rapor sebagai evaluasi; evaluasi; outcomes dan outcomes Faktor penghambat: kesulitan dalam membangun potensi Islam yang sama kuat karena perbedaan karakter dan potensi siswa; ketua kegiatan yang monoton; Pasiad kurang memperhatikan masalah administrasi; kurangnya kedisiplinan waktu dalam pelaksanaan sholat; kurangnya pengawasan dari pembina asrama; semua siswa belum dapat melaksanakannya ibadah-ibadah sunnah secara keseluruhan; terbatasnya mushola dan tempat wudhu; masih adanya guru muslimah ke sekolah dengan berpakaian kurang sesuai dengan syari’ah Islam; dan Sumber Daya Manusi

Contribution à la dépollution des eaux usées de textile par électrocoagulation et par adsorption sur des composés à base de fer et d’aluminium

Les ressources hydriques au monde sont rares et la demande en eau connaît une croissance continue en liaison avec l’évolution démographique et les activités consommatrices en eau, notamment les industries de textiles se voient dans l’obligation de recycler les eaux résiduaires et en particulier celles colorées. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’étude de l’élimination des matières organiques et colorantes de deux rejets provenant des industries de textile, un de teinture du tissu de polyester à pH acide et l’autre de teinture du tissu de coton à pH basique. Ces rejets ont été traités de deux manières. La première est par électrocoagulation en utilisant des plaques de fer et/ou d’aluminium. La deuxième est par adsorption sur des composés synthétiques à base de fer et d’aluminium préparés par électrocoagulation. Dans le cas du traitement par le procédé d’électrocoagulation, nous avons constaté que le rendement d’élimination en demande chimique en oxygène (DCO) du rejet de polyester atteint un rendement de DCO de 60% pour un temps de 7 min de réaction. Pour le rejet de coton, le rendement d’élimination, par les plaques de fer/aluminium et l’élimination des matières colorantes, atteint une valeur de 45% en terme de DCO, et ceci en utilisant des plaques d’aluminium seul et de fer/aluminium pour un temps de 12 et 15 min respectivement. Dans le cas du traitement par ajout des coagulants synthétiques préparés au laboratoire, nous pouvons observer que le meilleur rendement d’élimination en DCO du rejet de polyester est obtenu pour une valeur de 48%, pour la faible granulométrie avec une concentration de 5 g/l du composé à base de fer /aluminium. Le rendement d’élimination en DCO du rejet de coton augmente jusqu'à une valeur de 60% avec une concentration de 5 g/l de coagulants appliqués à base d’aluminium seul. Les résultats de la dépollution de ces rejets, ont montré que le rendement d'élimination des matières organiques et colorantes par le procédé d'électrocoagulation est important, et la durée de traitement est courte, mais l'inconvénient de ce procédé c'est la saleté des plaques après chaque utilisation et la fabrication d'une grande quantité des boues par rapport à l’adsorption sur des composés à base de fer /aluminium où on utilise des poudres peu solubles et stables avec un bon rendement d’élimination et faibles quantités de fer et d'aluminium dans le surnageant traité.Keywords: Colorant textile, électrocoagulation, adsorption, dépollution, fer, aluminiu

Effect of knit and print parameters on peel strength of hybrid 3-D printed textiles

The influence of knit fabric structure on the adhesion of three-dimensional (3-D) printed textiles was examined. 3-Dprinting was applied to different elastic knitted fabrics with different amounts of prestretch, typical for 4-D fabric construction. The quality of the bond was measured in terms of peel strength. Peel strength was measured by pulling the fabric at 180 degrees from the printed plastic to delaminate the 2 and recording the 10 highest peak values observed during the test. The printed width, the ratio of fabric width of print width, fabric washing, and fabric structure were varied. The specimens were then evaluated for peel strength

Surface features, rotation and atmospheric variability of ultra cool dwarfs

Photometric I band light curves of 21 ultra cool M and L dwarfs are presented. Variability with amplitudes of 0.01 to 0.055 magnitudes (RMS) with typical timescales of an hour to several hours are discovered in half of these objects. Periodic variability is discovered in a few cases, but interestingly several variable objects show no significant periods, even though the observations were almost certainly sensitive to the expected rotation periods. It is argued that in these cases the variability is due to the evolution of the surface features on timescales of a few hours. This is supported in the case of 2M1145 for which no common period is found in two separate light curves. It is speculated that these features are photospheric dust clouds, with their evolution possibly driven by rotation and turbulence. An alternative possibility is magnetically-induced surface features. However, chromospheric activity undergoes a sharp decrease between M7 and L1, whereas a greater occurrence of variability is observed in objects later than M9, lending support to the dust interpretation.Comment: To appear in "Ultracool Dwarf Stars" (Lecture Notes in Physics), H.R.A. Jones, I. Steele (eds), Springer-Verlag, 2001. Also available from http://www.mpia-hd.mpg.de/homes/calj/ultra.htm

Radio Emission from Ultra-Cool Dwarfs

The 2001 discovery of radio emission from ultra-cool dwarfs (UCDs), the very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs with spectral types of ~M7 and later, revealed that these objects can generate and dissipate powerful magnetic fields. Radio observations provide unparalleled insight into UCD magnetism: detections extend to brown dwarfs with temperatures <1000 K, where no other observational probes are effective. The data reveal that UCDs can generate strong (kG) fields, sometimes with a stable dipolar structure; that they can produce and retain nonthermal plasmas with electron acceleration extending to MeV energies; and that they can drive auroral current systems resulting in significant atmospheric energy deposition and powerful, coherent radio bursts. Still to be understood are the underlying dynamo processes, the precise means by which particles are accelerated around these objects, the observed diversity of magnetic phenomenologies, and how all of these factors change as the mass of the central object approaches that of Jupiter. The answers to these questions are doubly important because UCDs are both potential exoplanet hosts, as in the TRAPPIST-1 system, and analogues of extrasolar giant planets themselves.Comment: 19 pages; submitted chapter to the Handbook of Exoplanets, eds. Hans J. Deeg and Juan Antonio Belmonte (Springer-Verlag

Multiplicity of young brown dwarfs in Cha I

How frequent are brown dwarf binaries? Do brown dwarfs have planets? Are current theoretical pre-main-sequence evolutionary tracks valid down to the substellar regime? - Any detection of a companion to a brown dwarf takes us one step forward towards answering these basic questions of star formation. We report here on a search for spectroscopic and visual companions to young brown dwarfs in the Cha I star forming cloud. Based on spectra taken with UVES at the VLT, we found significant radial velocity (RV) variations for five bona-fide and candidate brown dwarfs in Cha I. They can be caused by either a (substellar or planetary) companion or stellar activity. A companion causing the detected RV variations would have about a few Jupiter masses. We are planning further UVES observations in order to explore the nature of the detected RV variations. We also found that the RV dispersion is only ~ 2km/s indicating that there is probably no run-away brown dwarf among them. Additionally a search for companions by direct imaging with the HST and SOFI (NTT) has yielded to the detection of a few companion candidates in larger orbits.Comment: Conference proceeding "Origins of stars and planets: The VLT view", ESO, Garching, April 24-27 200