Measuring the level of adoption by the Algerian economic institutions of the methodology of marketing auditing on their products : A field study

يهدف هذه البحث إلى التعرف على مستوى تبني المؤسسات الاقتصادية للتدقيق التسويقي على منتجاتها، وللوصول إلى تحقيق ذلك تم أخذ عينة من 49 مفردة، وبعد إجراء اختبار للفرضيات تم التوصل إلى وجود سعى من قبل المؤسسات الاقتصادية المدروسة إلى تبني تطبيق التدقيق على مستوى أنشطتها التسويقية ووجود اتجاه عام للعينة نحو تجسيد قواعد التدقيق على أنشطة الإنتاج والتسعير والتوزيع والترويج، وأوصى البحث بضرورة قيام المؤسسات بتطوير وتفعيل الإجراءات المتعلقة بالتدقيق التسويقي والعمل على تعزيزها.The aim of this research was to identify the level of adoption of the economic institutions for marketing auditing on their products. In order to achieve this, 49 samples were taken. After testing the hypotheses, General of the sample towards the embodiment of the rules of auditing on the production, pricing, distribution and promotion activities. The research recommended that institutions should develop and activate the procedures related to marketing auditing and work to strengthen them

Volatile and non-volatile profiles of olive pomace and its potential uses

Olive pomace is an environmentally harmful waste from the olive oil industry, containing large amounts of bioactive compounds that could be used in several areas. In the present study, the olive pomace, by-products, was fractionated successively using organic solvents of increasing polarity (cyclohexane (CYHA), ethanol (EtOH) and distilled water) to determine their biochemical composition (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, HPLC, and GC-MS) and biological activities (antioxidant and antibacterial activities). In addition, the olive pomace was extract directly by the distilled water to determine its physicochemical characteristics (pH, humidity and quantity of oil). The study proved that olive pomace has a low content of total phenolic content in the three extracts (from 0.81 to 2.24 mg GAE/g dry residue). Likewise, for the content of total flavonoids, it presents in the CYHA and EtOH extracts of 0.5 and 0.4 mg QE/g dry residue, respectively. GC-MS data showed the detection of 6 volatile compounds in the cyclohexane extract which contains two major compounds were hexadecanoic acid (2.23%) and 9-octadecenoic acid (8.67%). Moreover, HPLC data showed that chrysin compound was the major one among the four detected ones in the organic extracts of olive pomace. The results showed that the CYHA extract exhibited the best antioxidant power exceeds 50% on the other hand, it is less than 25% for the ethanoic and aqueous extract. In the aqueous extract there is a stronger antibacterial activity against the strain L. monocytogenes (13 mm) than the reference (ampicillin) and the bacterial strain B. cereus (11 mm) associated with their phenolic activity

Structural, electrical conductivity and dielectric relaxation behavior of LiHf2(PO4)3 ceramic powders

Lithium hafnium phosphate LiHf2(PO4)3 (LHP) was synthesized via solid-state synthesis technique. The sintering behavior, structure, and phase composition of the as-prepared sample was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization technique. The XRD-Rietveld refinement analysis showed that after sintering at low temperatures 500 to 1000 °C, it exhibited various secondary phases. However, a single phase was observed as the sintering temperature increases from 1100 to 1200 °C. LHP sintered at 1100 °C produced real features of sodium superionic conductor type (NASICON-type) with hexagonal crystal axis indicating R-3c space group. The electrical properties were studied using impedance spectroscopy technique. Frequency and temperature dependence behavior of conductivity (ac and dc) and dielectric permittivity were studied. The results obtained describes the conduction mechanism in the system. Electric modulus formalism was performed to investigate the relaxation behavior which showed that as measuring temperature increases, the relaxation frequency increases whereas relaxation time decreases. This behavior explains the hopping mechanism of the charge carriers in the system. Likewise, the correlated barrier hopping model elucidates the dominant hopping mechanism

The impact of surgical delay on resectability of colorectal cancer: An international prospective cohort study

AIM: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has provided a unique opportunity to explore the impact of surgical delays on cancer resectability. This study aimed to compare resectability for colorectal cancer patients undergoing delayed versus non-delayed surgery. METHODS: This was an international prospective cohort study of consecutive colorectal cancer patients with a decision for curative surgery (January-April 2020). Surgical delay was defined as an operation taking place more than 4 weeks after treatment decision, in a patient who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy. A subgroup analysis explored the effects of delay in elective patients only. The impact of longer delays was explored in a sensitivity analysis. The primary outcome was complete resection, defined as curative resection with an R0 margin. RESULTS: Overall, 5453 patients from 304 hospitals in 47 countries were included, of whom 6.6% (358/5453) did not receive their planned operation. Of the 4304 operated patients without neoadjuvant therapy, 40.5% (1744/4304) were delayed beyond 4 weeks. Delayed patients were more likely to be older, men, more comorbid, have higher body mass index and have rectal cancer and early stage disease. Delayed patients had higher unadjusted rates of complete resection (93.7% vs. 91.9%, P = 0.032) and lower rates of emergency surgery (4.5% vs. 22.5%, P < 0.001). After adjustment, delay was not associated with a lower rate of complete resection (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.90-1.55, P = 0.224), which was consistent in elective patients only (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.69-1.27, P = 0.672). Longer delays were not associated with poorer outcomes. CONCLUSION: One in 15 colorectal cancer patients did not receive their planned operation during the first wave of COVID-19. Surgical delay did not appear to compromise resectability, raising the hypothesis that any reduction in long-term survival attributable to delays is likely to be due to micro-metastatic disease

Urban growth and social and environmental inequalities : Nouadhibou case - Mauritania

Suite aux conséquences de fortes périodes de sécheresse (des années 1960, 1970 et 1980), lemonde nomade/rural s’est vidé de ses habitants venus subitement s’installer dans les grandscentres urbains mauritaniens. Ces changements socio-spatiaux ont bouleversé la sociétémauritanienne, composée d’arabophones (les arabo-berbères appelés Bîdhanes et les hommesaffranchis ou ex-esclaves appelés Haratines) et d’afrophones (peuls, Wolofs, Soninké etBambara). En termes d’urbanisme et de disponibilité des services sociaux de base, les villesdu pays n’étaient pas préparées pour une inclusion réussie des nouveaux migrants. Enconséquence, l’expansion des villes mauritaniennes s’est caractérisée par un développementrapide et par des disparités socio-spatiales criantes. Le littoral mauritanien abrite uniquementdeux villes : Nouakchott (capitale du pays) et Nouadhibou (la capitale économique) qui ontsubi plus de pression anthropique que les autres villes du pays, parce qu’elles offrent plusd’opportunités d’emploi et d’accès aux services urbains.Nous partons de l’hypothèse principale que l’inégalité sociale d’accès aux parcelles est àl’origine de l’étalement urbain incontrôlé de la ville de Nouadhibou. Quelle est la réaction deshabitants face à l’inégal accès aux parcelles à Nouadhibou ? Quelles sont les inégalitéssociales et environnementales produites par le processus d’étalement urbain de Nouadhibou ?Qui habitait majoritairement dans les quartiers spontanés et périphériques de Nouadhibou ?Notre démarche consiste à tracer l’évolution urbaine de Nouadhibou afin de mesurer etcaractériser l’ampleur de son étalement urbain, d'identifier ses causes ainsi que les inégalitéssociales et environnementales qui y sont associées. Nous avons d'abord utilisé des imagessatellites et des formules mathématiques afin de mesurer l’étalement urbain. Puis desentretiens avec des familles résidant dans différentes zones urbaines de la ville ont été menés,selon deux approches, quantitative (160 ménages) et qualitative (15 ménages). Nous avonscréé une base de données contenant des indicateurs mesurant les inégalités subies, et décrit levécu quotidien des habitants. Les données recueillies ont été traitées en utilisant le logicielShinx V5 et utilisées pour la réalisation d’une dizaine de cartes thématiques sur Map Info.Les résultats de notre recherche montrent que les inégalités sociales d’accès aux parcellesurbaines, via le processus d’attribution, sont criantes à Nouadhibou. Seulement 93 parcellesfurent attribuées durant la période 1975 à 1984 et ce malgré les besoins accrus en logements(au début des années 1980, la moitié des habitations furent spontanées). Entre 1990 et 2002,92,96% des parcelles concédées ont été attribuées par les autorités compétentes dans desconditions souvent louches et opaques. La genèse des quartiers spontanés (Kebba) reflète lecontre-pouvoir créé par les habitants pour faire face à ce type d'inégalité sociale. Le processusde régularisation foncière des quartiers spontanés (entamé depuis 1985), consistant à relogerles habitants dans de nouvelles zones urbaines, a conduit à un étalement urbain excessif. Laréalisation des infrastructures urbaines n’a pas accompagné le processus d’étalement, ce quiest à l’origine d'inégalités sociales (problème de transport et d’accès aux écoles, manque depharmacies…) et environnementales (difficultés d’accès à l’eau potable et à l’électricité,absence de service de collecte des ordures…) constatées, surtout dans les quartierspériphériques. Les Haratines, qui résidaient autrefois aux extrémités des campementsnomades maures, représentent 62% (de notre échantillon) des habitants des quartiersspontanés et 73% des familles enquêtées dans les nouveaux quartiers périphériques ElWeva, où l’étalement urbain de Nouadhibou s’est produit ces dernières années.Further to the consequences of important periods of drought (1960s, 1970 and 1980), thenomadic / rural world was emptied of his inhabitants who came suddenly to settle down in thelarge Mauritanian urban centers. These socio-spatial changes transformed deeply theMauritanian society, consisting of Arabic speakers (Arab-Berber called Bîdhanes and thefreed people or ex-slaves called Haratines) and African languages speakers (Fulanis, Wolofs,Soninké and Bambara). In terms of town planning and availability of basic social services, thecities of the country were not prepared for a successful inclusion of the new migrants. As aconsequence, the expansion of the Mauritanian cities was characterized by a fast developmentand by striking socio-spatial disparities. The Mauritanian coast counts only two cities:Nouakchott (capital of the country) and Nouadhibou (the economic capital) which underwentmore anthropological pressure than the other cities in the country, because they offer moreemployment opportunities and access to urban services. Our main hypothesis is that the socialinequality to the lands’ access is at the origin of the uncontrolled urban growth ofNouadhibou. What is the reaction of the populations in front of the uneven access to the landsof Nouadhibou? What are the social and environmental inequalities produced by the processof Nouadhibou’s urban growth? Who lived mainly in the unplanned (“spontaneous”) districtsand the suburbs of Nouadhibou? Our approach consists in tracking the urban evolution ofNouadhibou to measure and characterize the scale of its urban growth, identify its causes aswell as the social and environmental inequalities which are associated to it. We used firstlysatellite pictures and mathematical analyses to measure the urban growth. Then we hadinterviews with families living in various urban zones of the city, based on two approaches,quantitative (160 households) and qualitative (15 households). We created a databasecontaining indicators that measure the undergone disparities, and described the daily real-lifeexperience of the inhabitants. The collected data were analyzed with Shinx V5 software andused for the realization of about ten thematic maps on Map Info.The results of our study show that the social inequalities of access to the urban lands, via theprocess of allocation, are striking in Nouadhibou. Only 93 lands were attributed between 1975and 1984 in spite of increased needs in housing (at the beginning of 1980s, half of thehabitations were spontaneous). Between 1990 and 2002, 92,96 % of the granted lands wereattributed by competent authorities, often in strange and opaque conditions. The genesis of thespontaneous districts (Kebba) reflects the forces of opposition created by the inhabitants toface this type of social inequality. The process of land regularization of the spontaneousdistricts (started in 1985), consisting in rehousing the inhabitants in new urban zones, led toan excessive urban growth. Realization of the urban infrastructures did not follow the processof growing, which is at the origin of social (problem of transport and access to schools, lackof pharmacies…) and environmental inequalities (difficulty of access to the drinkable waterand to electricity, absence of garbage’s collection services…), especially in suburbs.Haratines, who lived previously in the extremities of the Moorish nomadic camps, represent62 % (of our sample) of the spontaneous districts inhabitants and 73 % of the familiesconsulted in the new suburbs of El Weva, where the urban growth of Nouadhibou occurredduring the last years

Synthèse de composés organométalliques et évaluation de leurs activités biologiques en phytopathologie et en thérapie

Les organométalliques ont acquis ces dernières années une grande importance grâce à leurs activités biologiques potentielles ou démontrées. Le Ferrocène est connu en tant que produit chimiquement et thermiquement stable dont son addition dans certaines drogues a augmenté leurs activités biologiques (antitumorale, tel que le ferrocifène ; antibiotiques, tel que le ferrocényl-penicilline et antifongique, tel que le ferrocène-fluconazole). Cependant, dans le monde végétal, si l utilisation du ferrocène a été brevetée depuis 1977 comme fertilisant et pour la prévention et le traitement de la carence en fer, les produits qui en sont dérivés sont encore mal étudiés en agriculture. Partant de l idée de l existence d une analogie entre le processus tumoral animal et végétal et de la multifonctionnalité des composés thérapeutiques, cette thèse avait pour objectifs la synthèse de divers composés organométalliques et la prospection de leurs effets biologiques dans le règne végétal et animal. Ainsi, pour améliorer leur solubilité et faciliter leurs utilisations, nous avons transformé ces composés en dérivés sucrés (pour les ferrociphénols) ou en sel citrate (pour les composés aminés). Les différents produits obtenus ont été testés contre les cellules tumorales MDA-MB-231, la galle du collet ainsi que différents microorganismes pathogènes à l Homme et aux végétaux. Nous avons montré que les composés, organiques et ferrocéniques, analogues au tamoxifène, portant des chaînes aminées se sont avérés efficaces aussi bien contre les microorganismes et les cellules cancéreuses. Ces produits ont également démontré une excellente activité phytosanitaire, meilleure que celles des composés de référence, contre les différents microorganismes pathogènes à l olivier.PARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceTunisiaFRT

Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus, Mauritania

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV; genus Morbillivirus, family Paramyxoviridae) causes severe infectious disease in sheep and goats in Africa and Asia. Pneumo-enteritis clinical signs are dominated by ocular and nasal discharge, and mortality rates are high (1). Four distinct lineages of PPRV have been described on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis of a cDNA fragment of the nucleoprotein (NP) gene (2): lineages I and II are found in western Africa (1,3,4), lineage III in eastern Africa and the Middle East, and lineage IV in Asia. Recent studies have shown changes in this distribution (1,5), including the emergence of PPRV lineage IV in northeastern and northern Africa (5). Sparse serologic results (6,7) are available regarding PPRV spread in Mauritania or genetic features of circulating PPRV strains