RELATIONSHIP WITH EDUCATION EXPENDITURE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN OECD COUNTRIES: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS

From the second half of the twentieth century, human capital has begun to be added in an increasing manner, especially to the basic production factors considered as labor, capital, entrepreneur and natural resource in classical economic theory. With this structural change in production, the development of human capital has become of great importance for internal growth models. Nowadays, as the strength of the arm power is greatly reduced in production, the brain power has increased in importance, and the idea of people investing in themselves has begun to be widely accepted. Education, which is one of the important dynamics of human capital with health, plays an important role in this context. Increasing the level of success with the higher education level, recruitment of qualified workers, better employment opportunities and increased earnings are significant contributors to growth and prosperity in OECD countries. In this study, the relationship between educational expenditures and economic growth for selected 19 OECD countries is analyzed using the panel data method

In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some novel 3-Alkyl4-[3-methoxy-4-(p-nitrobenzoxy)-benzylideneamino]-4,5-dihydro-1H1,2,4-triazol-5-ones

Bu çalışmada, dokuz yeni 3-alkil-4-[3-metoksi-4-(p-nitrobenzoksi)-benzilidenamino]-4,5-dihidro-1H1,2,4-triazol-5-on (3) bileşiği 3-alkil-4-amino-4,5-dihidro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-on (1) bileşiklerinin 3- metoksi-4-hidroksibenzaldehidin trietilaminli ortamda p-nitrobenzoil klorür ile reaksiyonundan elde edilen 3-metoksi-4-(p-nitrobenzoksi)-benzaldehid (2) ile reaksiyonundan sentezlenmiştir. Sentezlenen yeni bileşikler IR, 1H NMR ve 13C NMR spektrum verileri kullanılarak karakterize edilmiştir. Çalışmada, ayrıca, yeni bileşiklerin in vitro antibakteriyal etkinlikleri altı bakteriye karşı agar kuyucuk yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. İn vitro ortamda sentezlenen yeni bileşiklerin antioksidan aktiviteleri üç farklı yöntemle tayin edilmiştir.In this study, nine novel 3-alkyl-4-[3-methoxy-4-(p-nitrobenzoxy)-benzylideneamino]-4,5-dihydro-1H1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (3) were synthesized from the reactions of 3-alkyl-4-amino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4- triazol-5-ones (1) with 3-methoxy-4-(p-nitrobenzoxy)-benzaldehyde (2), which was synthesized by the reaction of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde with p-nitrobenzoyl chloride by using triethylamine. The structures of novel compounds were established from IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral data. In addition, in vitro antibacterial capacities of the new compounds were determined against six bacteria by mains of agar well diffusion method. Furthermore, newly synthesized compounds antioxidant capacities were performed by three different methods

Microsurgical management of midbrain gliomas: surgical results and long-term outcome in a large, single-surgeon, consecutive series

OBJECTIVE The authors report on a large, consecutive, single-surgeon series of patients undergoing microsurgical removal of midbrain gliomas. Emphasis is put on surgical indications, technique, and results as well as long-term oncological follow-up. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed of prospectively collected data from a consecutive series of patients undergoing microneurosurgery for midbrain gliomas from March 2006 through June 2022 at the authors' institution. According to the growth pattern and location of the lesion in the midbrain (tegmentum, central mesencephalic structures, and tectum), one of the following approaches was chosen: transsylvian (TS), extreme anterior interhemispheric transcallosal (eAIT), posterior interhemispheric transtentorial subsplenial (PITS), paramedian supracerebellar transtentorial (PST), perimedian supracerebellar (PeS), perimedian contralateral supracerebellar (PeCS), and transuvulotonsillar fissure (TUTF). Clinical and radiological data were gathered according to a standard protocol and reported according to common descriptive statistics. The main outcomes were rate of gross-total resection; extent of resection; occurrence of any complications; variation in Karnofsky Performance Status score at discharge, 3 months, and last follow-up; progression-free survival (PFS); and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Fifty-four patients (28 of them pediatric) met the inclusion criteria (6 with high-grade and 48 with low-grade gliomas [LGGs]). Twenty-two tumors were in the tegmentum, 7 in the central mesencephalic structures, and 25 in the tectum. In no instance did the glioma originate in the cerebral peduncle. TS was performed in 2 patients, eAIT in 6, PITS in 23, PST in 16, PeS in 4, PeCS in 1, and TUTF in 2 patients. Gross-total resection was achieved in 39 patients (72%). The average extent of resection was 98.0% (median 100%, range 82%-100%). There were no deaths due to surgery. Nine patients experienced transient and 2 patients experienced permanent new neurological deficits. At a mean follow-up of 72 months (median 62, range 3-193 months), 49 of the 54 patients were still alive. All patients with LGGs (48/54) were alive with no decrease in their KPS score, whereas 42 showed improvement compared with their preoperative status. CONCLUSIONS Microneurosurgical removal of midbrain gliomas is feasible with good surgical results and long-term clinical outcomes, particularly in patients with LGGs. As such, microneurosurgery should be considered as the first therapeutic option. Adequate microsurgical technique and anesthesiological management, along with an accurate preoperative understanding of the tumor's exact topographic origin and growth pattern, is crucial for a good surgical outcome

Clinical course of psoriasis patients that discontinued biologics during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundSince psoriasis is a chronic disease, it is not recommended to discontinue the treatment agents used. However, in real life, the treatment of psoriasis patients may be interrupted for various reasons. During the pandemic period, the treatment of many patients was also interrupted. ObjectivesTo evaluate relapse and clinical worsening in psoriasis patients whose biological therapy was interrupted during the pandemic and reveal associated factors. MethodsThe study included patients aged >= 18 years, who were followed up with moderate and severe chronic psoriasis controlled by the last biological agent [Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) 75 response achieved] but had to discontinue their treatment during the pandemic. The patients' demographic and clinical characteristics, clinical course after the discontinuation of these agents, presence of clinical worsening, and relapse were evaluated. Risk factors were analyzed with the logistic regression analysis. ResultsThe study included 169 patients, with a mean age of 47.3 +/- 14.5 (18-87) years. The mean biologics-free time was 18.2 +/- 12.3 (2-56) weeks. Clinical worsening was detected in 41.4% and relapse in 48.5% of the patients. The significant risk factors for clinical worsening and relapse in both univariate and multivariate analyses were alcohol use during the biologics-free period, total time off biologics, and the presence of an additional triggering factor. The use of secukinumab and ustekinumab was found to be a protective factor against clinical worsening in multivariate analyses. ConclusionAs the biologics-free period is prolonged, the likelihood of clinical worsening and relapse increases, therefore, we do not recommend discontinuing biological agents

Parental psychological distress associated with COVID-19 outbreak: A large-scale multicenter survey from Turkey

Aims: Pandemics can cause substantial psychological distress; however, we do not know the impact of the COVID-19 related lockdown and mental health burden on the parents of school age children. We aimed to comparatively examine the COVID-19 related the stress and psychological burden of the parents with different occupational, locational, and mental health status related backgrounds. Methods: A large-scale multicenter online survey was completed by the parents (n = 3,278) of children aged 6 to 18 years, parents with different occupational (health care workers—HCW [18.2%] vs. others), geographical (İstanbul [38.2%] vs. others), and psychiatric (child with a mental disorder [37.8%]) backgrounds. Results: Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that being a HCW parent (odds ratio 1.79, p <.001), a mother (odds ratio 1.67, p <.001), and a younger parent (odds ratio 0.98, p =.012); living with an adult with a chronic physical illness (odds ratio 1.38, p <.001), having an acquaintance diagnosed with COVID-19 (odds ratio 1.22, p =.043), positive psychiatric history (odds ratio 1.29, p <.001), and living with a child with moderate or high emotional distress (odds ratio 1.29, p <.001; vs. odds ratio 2.61, p <.001) were independently associated with significant parental distress. Conclusions: Parents report significant psychological distress associated with COVID-19 pandemic and further research is needed to investigate its wider impact including on the whole family unit. © The Author(s) 2020

Serum levels of sIL-2R and IL-8 in active and inactive stage of Behçet's disease

Bu çalışma Uluslar arası Behçet Çalışma Grubu Kriterlerine göre belirlenen 41 Behçet hastası ile sağlıklı 25 bireyden oluşan kontrol grubunda uygulandı. Çalışmada T hücre ve nötrofil fonksiyonlarındaki değişiklikleri araştırmak amacıyla sIL-2R ile İL- 8 düzeyleri ve yanı sıra hastalık aktivitesindeki rollerini belirlemek amacıyla ESR ve CRP düzeyleri hesaplandı. Aktif, inaktif ve kontrol gruplarında immünometrik yöntemle sIL-2R sonuçlan sırasıyla 457.5 ± 399.63, 545 ± 162, 463 ± 242.8 Ü/L, IL-8 sonuçlan sırasıyla 8.4 ± 46, 4 ± 232, 15 ± 261.7 Ü/L, ESR sonuçlan milimetrik Westergeren metodu kullanılarak sırasıyla 16.5 ± 15.5, 15 ± 13, 5±7ve CRP sonuçlan nefrometrik yöntem kullanılarak sırasıyla 8.5 ± 24.49, 3.8 ± 1 6, 3.8 ± 8.8 olarak bulundu. Aktif grupta inaktif grupla kıyaslandığında ESR değerlerinde anlamlı değişiklik bulunmazken, hasta grubundaki değerler kontrollere göre anlamlı olarak yüksekti (p< 001). CRP değerlerinde aktif ve inaktif hastaların değerleri arasında veya hasta grubuyla kontrol grubunun değerleri arasında anlamlı farklılık yoktu. sIL-2R değerlerinde ne aktif ve inaktif grup arasında ne de hasta ve kontrol grubu arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmazken, hasta grubundaki IL-8 değerleri kontrol grubundaki değerlere nazaran belirgin olarak düşüktü (p<0,01). Ancak aktif hasta grubu ile kontrol grubu arasında veya aktif hasta grubu ile inaktif hasta grubu arasında anlamlı bir farklılık yoktu. Çalışma bulgularıyla Behçet Hastalığı'nda IL-2R ve IL-8 değerlerinin ölçülmesinin tek başına hastalık aktivasyonunu belirlemede kriter olamayacağı ve hastalık etyolojisini açıklamada yeterli olmadığı ancak aynı hasta grubunda hastalığın farklı fazlarındaki değerlerin karşılaştırılmasına yönelik ileri çalışmaların daha güvenilir olabileceği sonucuna varıldı.Serum levels of sIL-2R and IL-8 in active and inactive stage of Behcet's disease This study was made on 41 Behcet's patients who were detected due to the criterias of International Study Group of Behcet's Disease and on control group consisted of 25 healty individuals. Serum levels of sIL-2R and IL-8 were measured to investigate the differences in T cell and neutrofile functions, ESR and CRP levels were also measured to understand their role on activity. In active, inactive and control groups by using immunometric method the results of sIL-2R were found respectively 457.5 ± 399.63, 545 ± 162, 463 ± 242.8 Ü/L,and the results of IL-8 were found respectively 8.4 ± 46, 4 ± 232,15 ±261.7 Ü/L, ESR levels by using millimetric Westergren method were found respectively 16.5 ± 15.5, 15 ± 13, 5 ± 7 mm/saat, and CRP levels by using nephrometric method were found respectively 8.5 ± 24.49, 3.8 ± 16, 3.8 ± 8.8 mg/L. There were no significant differences in ESR levels of active group compared to inactive group, the levels of patients were significantly higher than controls (pO.001). In CRP levels there were no significant differences between active and inactive patients or between patients and controls. Although in sIL-2R levels there were no significant differences between active and inactive patients or between patients and controls, the levels of IL-8 in patient group were significantly lower than the levels of control group (p<0.01). There were no significant differences in IL-8 levels between active patients and controls or between active and inactive patients. The results of this study suggest that in Behcet's Disease measuring the serum levels of IL-2R and IL-8 couldn't be a criteria alone to determine the activation and isn't enough to tell the etiology of the disease, but further studies to compare the levels in the same patient group in different stages of the disease will be more respectable

Life satisfaction in elderly individuals: a healthy age center in İzmir

Araştırmanın temel amacı, altmış yaş ve üzerindeki bireylerin yaşam doyumlarının araştırılmasıdır. Bu amaçla, İzmir’de yer alan bir sağlıklı yaş alama merkezine gelen altmış yaş ve üzerindeki bireylerin yaşam doyumlarının çeşitli demografik değişkenlere göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı ortaya konulmuştur. İzmir’deki bu sağlıklı yaş alma merkezine 60 yaş ve üzeri bireyler katılabildiğinden bu çalışmada 65 yaş üstü bireyler yerine 60 yaş ve üzeri bireyler dâhil edilmiştir. Çalışmanın verileri 2019 Kasım- Aralık aylarında yüz yüze anket yöntemiyle toplanmıştır. Verilerin analiz edilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistiklere ilaveten parametrik olmayan verilerde kullanılan Mann Whitney U testi ile Kruskal Wallis H testlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda bireylerin yaşam doyumlarıyla demografik özellikler (yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim durumu, medeni durum, bireylerin sağlıklı yaş alma merkezine gitmeye başlama süreleri vb.) arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmadığı tespit edilmiştir.The main purpose of this research is to investigate the life satisfaction of individuals aged 60 and over. In line with this purpose, it has been demonstrated whether the life satisfaction of individuals aged sixty and over, who come to a healthy age center in İzmir, varies according to various demographic variables. In this study, individuals aged 60 and over, not individuals over 65 are included, because individuals aged 60 and over can attend this healthy aging center in İzmir. The data of the study were collected by face-to-face survey method in November-December 2019. In addition to descriptive statistics, Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis H tests used in nonparametric data were used in analyzing the data. As a result of the research, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between individuals' satisfaction with life and demographic characteristics (age, gender, educational status, marital status, time of starting to go to a healthy age center and income)

Wellbeing in individuals sixed years and over: An Application

The main purpose of the research is to investigate the subjective well-being of people aged sixty and over who go to a healthy aging center in Izmir. For this purpose, it has been demonstrated whether the subjective wellbeing of the people who went to this center in İzmir differ according to various demographic variables. Briefly, in this study, the subjective well-being of 322 individuals was evaluated. The data of the study were collected by face to face survey method in November 2019 - January 2020. Oxford Happiness Scale (short form) developed by Hills and Argyle (2002) was used to collect the data. The questions in the scale were conveyed to the participants in a 5-point Likert structure. The Turkish version of the scale was obtained from Akman's (2018, p. 41) study. Descriptive statistics and various tests used in nonparametric data were used to analyze the data. Cronbach’s Alpha value of the scale used in this study was determined as 0.78. As a result of the research, it was determined that the well-being of the participants did not differ statistically according to demographic characteristics.. In addition, it has been concluded that the individuals participating in the research are satisfied with them, they feel mentally fit and can find time for what they want to do

Investigating the Difficulties in Learning Disability within an Educational Perspective

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, ilk ve ortaokullarda eğitim görmekte olan ve öğrenme güçlüğü (ÖG) tanısı almış çocukların yaşamış oldukları sorunları eğitsel alan çerçevesinde incelemektir. Araştırmanın ikinci amacı, belirlenen zorluk alanlarının cinsiyet ve okul kademesi açısından farklarını ve boyutlarının birbiri ile ilişkisini incelemektir. Araştırmada, Rehberlik ve Araştırma Merkezleri’nde tanılanmış ve kaynaştırma yoluyla eğitim uygulaması yapan okullarda bireyselleştirilmiş eğitim programı kapsamında eğitim gören 261 çocuğun öğretmenlerinden Öğrenme Bozukluğu Belirti Tarama Testi kullanılarak veri toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda öğrencilerin testin tüm boyutlarında sorun yaşadığı, en sık sorun yaşanan alanların, ‘akademik başarı’, ‘yazma’, ‘sosyal-duygusal’, ‘aritmetik’, ‘sıralama’, ‘organize olma’, ‘okuma’, ‘dikkat’, ‘motivasyon’ ve ‘çalışma alışkanlığı’ olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca bazı alanlarda hem cinsiyet, hem de okul seviyesi (ilkokul ve ortaokul) açısından öğrenme güçlüğü belirtilerinde anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuş; ölçeğin boyutları arasında da anlamlı ilişkiler belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarının ÖG olan çocukların sorun alanlarının tespitine ve uygun okul stratejileri ve öğretmen uygulamalarına rehberlik edeceği öngörülmektedir