Bayesian networks: a tool for macro-level analysis

The main objective of this paper is to give a brief introduction of the Bayesian Networks and to illustrate it using one of the major domains of macromarketing: ethics. Bayesian networks allow researchers to analyze a domain from a system perspective. It is considered one of the most powerful tools for observing system changes. The method can also deal with multiple variables at once, which can lead to efficient scenario analyses, critical for understanding how a system functions. We belive that the adaptation of this methodology by the macromar-keting researchers is likely to be beneficial for the theory and practice of macromarketing

A macro (Bayesian network) analysis of ethical behavior

This record include extended abstract from conference book ; Proceedings of the 38th Annual Macromarketing Conference Toronto, ON, Canada, June 4-7, 2013.Macromarketing scholars have long voiced the need for (particularly mezzo and macro-level) empirical investigation of ethical behavior. One of the earlier calls on this issue is made by Murphy and Laczniak (1981). More than ten years later, Laczniak (1993), once again, points out the need for "developing empirical traditions" in business/marketing ethics (p.93). The comprehensive review by Nill and Schibrowsky (2007) also suggests "more research to shed further light" on the ethical frameworks and theories developed over the decades (p. 271). In addition, the authors point out that the existing research has particularly taken a "micro/positive" perspective and macro and normative perspectives of ethics have received little attention. Finally, the authors made a special call for the need for macro level ethics studies by stating "we believe that macro articles provide an integral part in the development of marketing ethics field." [...

EFFECT OF HF ACID ON THE FORMATION OF NEW 2D Ti3C2 MXENE FROM Ti3SiC2

EFFECT OF HF ACID ON THE FORMATION OF NEW 2D Ti3C2 MXENE FROM Ti3SiC2AbstractWith the developing technology, our need for renewable energy also increases. Limited energy sources brought along our need for alternative energy sources. When layer A in MAX phases is scraped to highlight the similarity to graphene called MXene a new 2D material type is created. Studies on 2D materials are carried out by researchers in many areas from energy to health. Converted to rechargeable materials to meet energy needs Mxene has become a new energy storage material with its layered structure. With the etching of Ti3SiC2 powder in MAX phase with Hydrofluoric Acid (HF), it becomes an accordion-like two-dimensional Ti3C2 Mxene structure. Hydrofluoric Acid etching is the most used method in converting MAX phase to Mxene structure. Like conductivity properties of 2D materials determining and changing many features surface terminations such as -O, -OH, -F group on Mxene were effective. The Mxene structure is an extraordinary combination of electrical and mechanical properties that combine the properties of metals and ceramics. In this article, the effect of etching time with hydrofluoric acid is investigated. Mxene phase Ti3C2Tx powder subjected to hydrofluoric acid (HF) at room temperature for 2, 8, 16, 32, and 48 hours, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM FESEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Theory.Keywords: MAX phase, Mxene, Ti3SiC2, Hydrofluoric Acid, 2D MaterialHF ASİDİNİN Ti3SiC2'DEN YENİ 2D Ti3C2 MXENE OLUŞUMU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİÖzetGelişen teknoloji ile birlikte yenilenebilir enerji ihtiyacımız da artıyor. Sınırlı enerji kaynakları, alternatif enerji kaynaklarına olan ihtiyacımızı da beraberinde getirdi. MAX fazındaki A katmanı, MXene adı verilen grafene benzerliği vurgulamak için kazındığında yeni bir 2D malzeme türü oluşturulur. 2D malzemelerle ilgili çalışmalar, enerjiden sağlığa pek çok alanda araştırmacılar tarafından yürütülmektedir. Enerji ihtiyacını karşılamak için şarj edilebilir malzemelere dönüştürülen MXene, katmanlı yapısı ile yeni bir enerji depolama malzemesi haline geldi. Hidroflorik Asit (HF) ile Ti3SiC2 tozunun MAX fazında aşındırılmasıyla akordeon benzeri iki boyutlu Ti3C2 MXene yapısı haline gelir. Hidroflorik Asit aşındırma, MAX fazını MXene yapısına dönüştürmede en çok kullanılan yöntemdir. MXene üzerinde -O, -OH, -F grubu gibi birçok özellik yüzey sonlandırmalarını belirleyen ve değiştiren 2D malzemelerin iletkenlik özellikleri gibi etkili oldu. MXene yapısı, metallerin ve seramiğin özelliklerini birleştiren olağanüstü bir elektriksel ve mekanik özellik kombinasyonudur. Bu yazıda hidroflorik asit ile aşındırma süresinin etkisi araştırılmıştır. 2, 8, 16, 32 ve 48 saat boyunca oda sıcaklığında hidroflorik aside (HF) tabi tutulan MXene faz Ti3C2Tx tozu, X-ışını kırınımı (XRD) taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM FESEM) ve Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Teorisi ile analiz edildi.Anahtar Kelimeler: MAX faz, MXene, Ti3SiC2, Hidroflorik Asit, 2D Malzem

Respiratory findings in gun factory workers exposed to solvents

AbstractObjective: Gun factory workers are exposed to many solvents (toluene, acetone, butanol, xylene, benzene, trichloroethylene). We investigated whether chronic exposure to solvents had adverse effect on respiratory system.Material and methods: The workers were questionnaired by modified Medical Research Council's respiratory questionnaire before morning start shift. Then physical examination and measurement of pulmonary functions by portable dry rolling spirometer were performed. The study group consisted of 1091 gun factory workers. The workers were grouped according to their smoking habits (smokers, [exposed n: 353 vs. unexposed n: 339] and non-smokers [exposed n: 58 vs. unexposed n: 341]). Asthma-related symptoms were defined as either definite asthma, probable asthma, and possible asthma.Results: In non-smokers, the report of asthma-related symptoms was more prevalent in exposed workers than unexposed (39.7% vs. 21.7% OR 2.4[1.3–4.3], respectively P=0.003). In smokers, the report of asthma-related symptoms was more common in exposed group than unexposed (50.7% vs. 42.5% OR 1.4[1.0–1.9], respectively P=0.03). Logistic regression analysis showed that smoking (OR 2.8 [2.0–3.8] P=0.00001) and exposure to solvents (OR 1.4[1.1–1.9] P=0.01) were independent risk factors for asthma-related symptoms, after adjusting for age. Logistic regression analysis identified that smoking (OR 3.3[2.3–4.6] P=0.00001) was independent risk factors for chronic bronchitis. Multiple linear regression analysis of lung-function parameters (% forced expiratory volume (FEV1), FEV1/forced vital capacity, FEF25–75) indicated significant effects of smoking.Conclusion: Present study indicated significant effects of smoking and exposure to solvents, with the smoking effect being the most important on asthma-related symptoms of gun factory workers

Marketing and Public Policy: Transformative Research in Developing Markets

Developing markets are a challenge for researchers who study them and for governments, business leaders, and citizens who strive to improve the quality of life in them. The limitations of the dominant development paradigm coupled with the need to focus on consumers provide tremendous opportunities to engage in truly transformative research. Toward this outcome, several interactive forces must be understood and addressed during research design, management, and implementation. The purpose of this essay is to provide a synthesis—that is, a framework in the form of a conceptual model—with practical applications to transformative research in developing markets and, ultimately, with the broader objective to stimulate new conceptualizations, research, and best practices to transform consumer well-being

An assessment of the factors that influence biology teacher candidates’ levels of academic self-efficacy

AbstractThe aim of this study is to assess the factors that influence biology teacher candidates’ levels of academic self-efficacy. This study, in which the descriptive model was used, was carried out with the participation of 155 biology teacher candidates. The data were collected through the Academic Self-Efficacy Scale and Personal Information Form. It was determined in the study that the biology teacher candidates’ levels of academic self-efficacy are above the medium level, and a statistically significant difference exists between the levels of academic self-efficacy according to gender in favour of the male teacher candidates. In addition, a statistically significant difference was found between the levels of academic self-efficacy and grade levels; the level of academic self-efficacy increases as the grade level increases. It was also determined that the level of academic self-efficacy changes most under the influence of general academic achievement, and then under the influences of grade level and gender variables

Analysis on basic psychological needs of the students studying in higher education institutions offering sports educationSpor eğitimi veren yükseköğretim kurumlarında öğrenim gören öğrencilerin temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarının incelenmesi

An athlete always wants to be appreciated, loved and respected. In this study conducted with the purpose of determining the basic psychological needs of the students studying in schools of physical education and sports, faculties of sports sciences and other higher education institutions offering sports education, whether the athlete students are aware of their basic psychological needs has been analyzed. Another purpose of the research is to determine which psychological needs the students receiving sports education have most and to make interpretations as per the results yielded by the sub-dimensions of the scale. The questionnaire method was used in the research with the purpose of determining the basic psychological needs of students. The scale used in the research is New Psychological Needs Scale (NPNS) developed by Heckert et al. (2000) and adapted into Turkish and its reliability and validity tests conducted by Kesici (2007). NPNS is a 20-item five point Likert grading scale (“1” for totally disagree, “2” for disagree, “3” for hesitant, “4” for agree, “5” for totally agree). SPSS 18.0 package program was used in analysis of data. Percentage, frequency, average, standard deviation values were used for descriptive information; independent t-test was used for the comparison of different groups and one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) was used for the comparison of multiple groups. In sports with the significance level of p<0.05 obtained after the statistical calculation between the variables of students, some differences were ascertained between sexes and the point average of basic psychological needs of girls was found to be higher than boys. It is known very well that women are more sensitive and emotional in their nature. Their special days and the hormones secreted considerably affect and change their feelings and thoughts. ÖzetSosyal bir olgu olan sporunda kişilerde birçok psikolojik ihtiyaç ortaya çıkardığı bir gerçektir. Bir sporcu takdir edilmek, sevilmek, saygınlık kazanmak her zaman isteyecektir. Beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokullarında, spor bilimleri fakültelerinde ve spor eğitimi veren diğer yükseköğretim kurumlarında öğrenim gören öğrencilerin temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılan bu çalışmada aynı zamanda sporcu öğrencilerin temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarının farkında olup olmadıkları da incelenmiştir. Araştırmada öğrencilerin temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarını belirlemek amacıyla anket yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan ölçek Heckert ve Ark. (2000) tarafından geliştirilen Türkçeye uyarlaması ve geçerlilik güvenilirlik testini Kesici (2007)’nin yapmış olduğu (YPİÖ) Yeni Psikolojik İhtiyaçlar Ölçeğidir. YPİÖ 20 madden oluşan beş basamaklı Likert (“1” hiç katılmıyorum, “2” katılmıyorum, “3” kararsızım, “4” katılıyorum, “5” tamamen katılıyorum) bir dereceleme ölçeği şeklindedir. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 18.0 paket programından yararlanılmıştır. Betimleyici bilgiler için yüzde, frekans, ortalama, standart sapma değerleri, farklı grupların karşılaştırılmasında bağımsız t-testi, çoklu grupların karşılaştırılmasında ise tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada verilerin analizi sonucunda spor eğitimi alan öğrencilerin temel psikolojik ihtiyaçları çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmiş ve cinsiyetler arasında p<0,05 düzeyinde anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre kadın katılımcıların, erkek katılımcılara göre temel psikolojik ihtiyaçları düzeyi daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Diğer değişkenler arasında anlamlı farklılıklara rastlanmamıştır

Effect on perception of bronchoconstriction of moderate-dose fluticason plus salmeterol in elderly asthmatics

Amaç: Orta-doz Flutikazon ve salmeterol tedavisinin bronkokonstriksiyonun algılanmasına etkisinin yaşlı ve genç astımlılarda değerlendirilmesi. Metot: Yirmidokuz yaşlı astımlı ($geq$60 yaş) ve 21 genç astımlı (<60 yaş) hasta çalışmaya katıldı. Yaşlı astımlılar semptom sürelerine göre iki gruba ayrıldı (geç başlangıçlı astım <5 yıl; erken başlangıçlı astım $geq$5 yıl). Orta persistan astımlı 50 hasta bir yıl boyunca günde iki defa 250 ug flutikazon propionat ve 50ug salmeterol tedavisi aldı. Her hastaya başlangıçta ve bir yıl sonra histamin ile bronş provokasyon testi yapıldı. Nefes darlığı modifiye Borg skalası ile değerlendirildi. Birinci saniye zorlu vital kapasite'de (FEVİ) %20'lik bir düşmenin olduğu Borg skoru Algılama skoru 20 (AS20) olarak saptandı.Sonuçlar: Geç başlangıçlı yaşlı astımlılarda başlangıç ortalama AS20 değerleri (1.21 ± 0.18) ile tedavi sonrası ortalama AS20 değerleri (1.32 ± 0.22) arasında anlamlı fark yoktu (p=0.7). Erken başlangıçlı yaşlı astımlılarda başlangıç ortalama AS20 değerleri ile (1.45 ± 0.14) tedavi sonrası ortalama AS20 değerleri (1.11 ± 0.30) arasında anlamlı fark yoktu (p=0.2). Genç astımlılarda başlangıç ortalama AS20 değerleri (2.27 ±0.25) ile tedavi sonrası ortalama AS20 değerleri (2.07 ± 0.29) arasında anlamlı fark yoktu (p=0.3). Yaşlı astımlılarda başlangıç ortalama AS20 değerleri (1.31 ± 0.12; 2.27 ± 0.25 p=0.001) ve tedavi sonrası ortalama AS20 değerleri (1.23 0.18; 2.07 ± 0.29 p=0.01) genç astımlılardan düşüktü. Yorum:Çahşma orta doz flutikazon ve salmeterol tedavisinin yaşlı ve genç astımlılarda bronkokonstriksiyonun algılanmasını değiştirmediğini düşündürmektedir.Ancak yaşlı astımlıların başlangıçtaki ve bir yıl sonraki algılamaları genç astımlılardan daha düşük bulunmuştur.We evaluate the effect of moderate-dose fluticasone plus salmeterol on perception of bronchoconstriction in elderly and in young asthmatics. Twenty-one young asthmatics (aged &lt;60yrs) and 29 elderly asthmatics ($geq$60 yrs ) were studied. The elderly asthmatics were separated into two groups according to the duration of symptoms (late-onset asthma &lt;5 year, early-onset asthma $geq$5 year). 50 patients with moderate asthma were assigned to a 1yr treatment with 250 ug of fluticason propionate plus 50ug salmetorol, twice daily.At entry and after 1 yr , histamine challenge test was performed for each patient. Dyspnea was assessed by modified Borg scale. The Borg score in FEVi reduction by 20% was determined as perception score 20 (PS20). Results: There was no significant difference between mean PS20 values at entry (1.21 &plusmn; 0.18) and after the first year(1.32 &plusmn; 0.22) for late onset elderly asthmatics (p=0.7). There was no significant difference between mean PS20 values at entry (1.45 &plusmn; 0.14) and after the first year (1.11 &plusmn; 0.30) for early onset elderly asthmatics (p=0.2). There was no difference between mean PS20 values at entry (2.27 &plusmn; 0.25) and after the first year (2.07 &plusmn; 0.29) for young asthmatics (p=0.3). The mean PS20 value of elderly asthmatics at entry (1.31 &plusmn; 0.12, 2.27 &plusmn; 0.25 p=0001) and after the first year (1.23 &plusmn; 0.18, 2.07 &plusmn; 0.29 p=0.01) was lower than young asthmatics. Conclusion: Our study suggested that the treatment of moderate-dose fluticasone plus salmeterol did not change perception of bronchoconstriction in elderly asthmatics. Perception of elderly asthmatics at entry and after 1 yr was lower than young asthmatics

Food prosumption technologies : A symbiotic lens for a degrowth transition

Prosumption is gaining momentum among the critical accounts of sustainable consumption that have thus far enriched the marketing discourse. Attention to prosumption is increasing whilst the degrowth movement is emerging to tackle the contradictions inherent in growth-driven, technology-fueled, and capitalist modes of sustainable production and consumption. In response to dominant critical voices that portray technology as counter to degrowth living, we propose an alternative symbiotic lens with which to reconsider the relations between technology, prosumption, and degrowth living, and assess how a degrowth transition in the context of food can be carried out at the intersection of human–nature–technology. We contribute to the critical debates on prosumption in marketing by analyzing the potentials and limits of technology-enabled food prosumption for a degrowth transition through the degrowth principles of conviviality and appropriateness. Finally, we consider the sociopolitical challenges involved in mobilizing such technologies to achieve symbiosis and propose a future research agenda.©2023 Sage Publications. The article is protected by copyright and reuse is restricted to non-commercial and no derivative uses. Users may also download and save a local copy of an article accessed in an institutional repository for the user's personal reference.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Thickening of the epicardial adipose tissue can be alleviated by thyroid hormone replacement therapy in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism

Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a common disorder which has adverse cardiovascular effects. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), a novel marker of cardiovascular risk, is increased in SCH. Aim: We aimed to investigate whether L-thyroxine treatment can reverse the thickening of EAT in SCH. Methods: Forty-four patients with SCH and 42 euthyroid control subjects were included. EAT thickness was measured using transthoracic echocardiography at baseline and after restoration of the euthyroid status with 3 months of L-thyroxine treatment. Results: At baseline, mean EAT thickness was significantly greater in the SCH group when compared to the control group (6.3 ± 1.7 mm vs. 4.1 ± 0.9 mm, respectively, p < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between baseline serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level and EAT thickness in the SCH group. There was a significant reduction in mean EAT thickness in response to L-thyroxine treatment (6.3 ± 1.7 mm vs. 5.1 ± 1.4 mm, p < 0.001). The decrease in EAT thickness after L-thyroxine treatment when compared to baseline (DEAT) significantly correlated to the difference in TSH levels before and after treatment (DTSH; r = 0.323; p = 0.032). Conclusions: Epicardial adipose tissue thickness is increased in patients with SCH. This thickening was alleviated with restoration of the euthyroid status with L-thyroxine treatment in our study population of predominantly male, relatively old subjects with greater baseline EAT thickness