Associations among maturity, accumulated workload, physiological, and body composition factors in youth soccer players: a comparison between playing positions

The purposes of this study were: (i) to analyze the correlation between accumulated workload (AW)—based on season periods—with maturity, linear sprints, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximum heart rate, and body composition; and (ii) to compare the playing positions based on the mentioned parameters. Twenty-one elite soccer players under the age of 14 participated in the study. They were divided into five groups based on playing positions. The in-season weekly AW was recorded for 26 weeks into two separated periods of 13 weeks (AW-1 and AW-2). Similarly, the following parameters were assessed: body mass, standing and sitting height, body mass index, body fat percentage, maturity offset, age at peak height velocity (PHV), sprinting ability (10 m and 30 m), and VO2max. The main significant differences between playing positions were found for weight, height, sitting height, and sprinting at 10 m and 30 m. No correlation was observed between AW (based on periods) and maturity or between VO2max and AW-2. AW-1 denoted a large positive correlation with AW-2. AW-1 had a moderate negative correlation with VO2max, whereas PHV and maturity presented a strong negative correlation. Young soccer players’ maturity statuses and fitness levels do not imply differences between AW-1 and AW-2. However, the higher the AW in the first half of the season, the higher the AW in the second half. The absence of significant differences between player positions could be associated with the similar training regardless of the playing position. Moreover, soccer positively influences performance in short sprints (10 m), midfielders being the fastest.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Relationships between training load, peak height velocity, muscle soreness and fatigue status in elite-level young soccer players: a competition season study

Background This study aimed to compare training load parameters, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue status between season periods (1st and 2nd halves) in U14 soccer players and to analyze the relationships between training load parameters based on season periods (1st and 2nd halves) with peak height velocity (PHV), DOMS, and fatigue status in under-14 (U14) young elite soccer players. Additionally, it was intended to analyze if fatigue, DOMS and PHV could explain training load parameters across the season. Methods Twenty U14 players that competed in the national league participated in this study. The players were monitored during the whole season (26 weeks), and evaluations were carried out at the end of the in-season. Anthropometric and body composition parameters and the maturity ofset of each player were utilized to compute each player’s age at PHV. Players reported their levels of DOMS and fatigue status using Hooper index questionnaires. The internal load was monitored using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Acute weekly internal load (AW), chronic weekly internal load (CW), acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony (TM), and training strain (TS) were also obtained. Results The main results showed that TM was higher in the 2nd half, while CW, AW and DOMS were higher in the 1st half of the season. Moreover, the main correlations showed a positive correlation between PHV and TS (2nd half of the season) and between fatigue and TM (1st half of the season). Conclusion In conclusion, variations in well-being status and PHV cannot explain the variations in internal training loads in elite U14 soccer players. In addition, internal training load indices during the frst half of the competitive season can promote a fundamental base for progression loads during the second period of the competitive season

Relationships between training load, peak height velocity, muscle soreness and fatigue status in elite-level young soccer players: a competition season study

Background This study aimed to compare training load parameters, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue status between season periods (1st and 2nd halves) in U14 soccer players and to analyze the relationships between training load parameters based on season periods (1st and 2nd halves) with peak height velocity (PHV), DOMS, and fatigue status in under-14 (U14) young elite soccer players. Additionally, it was intended to analyze if fatigue, DOMS and PHV could explain training load parameters across the season. Methods Twenty U14 players that competed in the national league participated in this study. The players were monitored during the whole season (26 weeks), and evaluations were carried out at the end of the in-season. Anthro pometric and body composition parameters and the maturity ofset of each player were utilized to compute each player’s age at PHV. Players reported their levels of DOMS and fatigue status using Hooper index questionnaires. The internal load was monitored using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Acute weekly internal load (AW), chronic weekly internal load (CW), acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony (TM), and training strain (TS) were also obtained. Results The main results showed that TM was higher in the 2nd half, while CW, AW and DOMS were higher in the 1st half of the season. Moreover, the main correlations showed a positive correlation between PHV and TS (2nd half of the season) and between fatigue and TM (1st half of the season). Conclusion In conclusion, variations in well-being status and PHV cannot explain the variations in internal training loads in elite U14 soccer players. In addition, internal training load indices during the frst half of the competitive sea son can promote a fundamental base for progression loads during the second period of the competitive seasoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Athletic performance, sports experience, and exercise addiction: an association study on ANKK1 gene polymorphism rs1800497

IntroductionExercise addiction is a phenomenon being able to affecting the athletic performance. The gene, ANKK1 and the polymorphism NM_178510.2:c.2137G > A (rs1800497) has been linked to the exercise addiction. However, further studies on diverse populations and sport branches are needed to totally explore the possible association of this polymorphism with the athletic performance. Thus, the present study aims to decipher any possible relations of the rs1800497 polymorphism with the athletic performance/personal best (PB) and sport experience of elite athletes.MethodsSixty volunteer elite athletes (31 sprint/power and 29 endurance) and 20 control/sedentary participated in the study. The polymorphism was genotyped using whole exome sequencing approach and PB were determined according to the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) score.ResultsOur results underlined that there were not any significance differences for both allele and genotype frequencies between the groups in terms of athletic performance, although the frequency of allele G was higher (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, sport experience significantly associated with the rs1800496 polymorphism (p < 0.05).DiscussionIn conclusion, genotype G/G could be inferred to be linked to the higher sport experience and athletic performance. Still, further studies with higher number of participants are needed to conclude the association of this polymorphism with athletic parameters

Using artificial intelligence for exercise prescription in personalised health promotion: A critical evaluation of OpenAI’s GPT-4 model

The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in healthcare provides new possibilities for personalized health management. AI-based fitness applications are becoming more common, facilitating the opportunity for individualised exercise prescription. However, the use of AI carries the risk of inadequate expert supervision, and the efficacy and validity of such applications have not been thoroughly investigated, particularly in the context of diverse health conditions. The aim of the study was to critically assess the efficacy of exercise prescriptions generated by OpenAI’s Generative Pre-Trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) model for five example patient profiles with diverse health conditions and fitness goals. Our focus was to assess the model’s ability to generate exercise prescriptions based on a singular, initial interaction, akin to a typical user experience. The evaluation was conducted by leading experts in the field of exercise prescription. Five distinct scenarios were formulated, each representing a hypothetical individual with a specific health condition and fitness objective. Upon receiving details of each individual, the GPT-4 model was tasked with generating a 30-day exercise program. These AI-derived exercise programs were subsequently subjected to a thorough evaluation by experts in exercise prescription. The evaluation encompassed adherence to established principles of frequency, intensity, time, and exercise type; integration of perceived exertion levels; consideration for medication intake and the respective medical condition; and the extent of program individualization tailored to each hypothetical profile. The AI model could create general safety-conscious exercise programs for various scenarios. However, the AI-generated exercise prescriptions lacked precision in addressing individual health conditions and goals, often prioritizing excessive safety over the effectiveness of training. The AI-based approach aimed to ensure patient improvement through gradual increases in training load and intensity, but the model’s potential to fine-tune its recommendations through ongoing interaction was not fully satisfying. AI technologies, in their current state, can serve as supplemental tools in exercise prescription, particularly in enhancing accessibility for individuals unable to access, often costly, professional advice. However, AI technologies are not yet recommended as a substitute for personalized, progressive, and health condition specific prescriptions provided by healthcare and fitness professionals. Further research is needed to explore more interactive use of AI models and integration of real-time physiological feedback

Comparative Study of the Long-Term Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Nutritional Practices Among International Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes: A Sample of 1420 Participants from 14 Countries

Background Although several studies have shown that the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown has had negative impacts on mental health and eating behaviors among the general population and athletes, few studies have examined the long-term effects on elite and sub-elite athletes. The present study aimed to investigate the long-term impact of COVID-19 lockdown on mental health and eating behaviors in elite versus sub-elite athletes two years into the pandemic. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted between March and April 2022, involving athletes from 14 countries, using a convenient non-probabilistic and snowball sampling method. A total of 1420 athletes (24.5 ± 7.9 years old, 569 elites, 35% women, and 851 sub-elites, 45% women) completed an online survey-based questionnaire. The questionnaire included a sociodemographic survey, information about the COVID-19 pandemic, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale—21 Items (DASS-21) for mental health assessment, and the Rapid Eating Assessment for Participants (REAP-S) for assessing eating behavior. Results The results showed that compared to sub-elite athletes, elite athletes had lower scores on the DASS-21 (p = .001) and its subscales of depression (p = .003), anxiety (p = .007), and stress (p < .001), as well as a lower REAP-S score indicating lower diet quality (p = .013). Conclusion In conclusion, two years into the pandemic, elite athletes were likelier to have better mental health profiles than sub-elite athletes but surprisingly had lower diet quality. Key Points Elite athletes had better mental health profiles compared to sub-elite athletes, with lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Elite athletes reported greater psychological support and perceived themselves as more financially secure during the pandemic than sub-elite athletes do. Elite athletes were more likely to have poor eating habits compared to sub-elite athletes

Judocularda farklı ısınma protokollerinin, 30 M. sürat, esneklik, dikey sıçrama, kuvvet, denge ve anaerobik güç performansları üzerine akut etkisinin incelenmesi

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate acute effects of different warm-up protocols, on 30 m. speed, flexibility, vertical jump, strength, balance and anaerobic power performances in judokas. Material and Method: Twenty healthy male active judokas who at the ages of 11-14, from İzmir Metropolitan Municipal and Manisa Sport clubs, exercising three or five times in a week voluntarily attended to this research. This study is available just one group in which was included 20 people and there isn't any control group. Four different warm up protocols which have been applied with content for 48 hours. Twenty participants into four equal warm up protocols were randomly taken to exclude the learning effect and the cumulative effect. This study consist of four different warm up protocols; warm up application-1; only low density aerobic run (without static stretch or dynamic type exercise), warm up application-2; low density aerobic run and then static stretching, warm up application-3; low density aerobic run and then dynamic type exercises, warm up application-4; both static stretch and dynamic type exercise were consisted after low density aerobic run (jogging). After each warm up application, 30 m. speed, flexibility, vertical jump, strength, balance and anaerobic power performances of research group were measured. Prior to two days from the first warm up protocol application , all judokas were instructed about warm up protocols and tests then were tested warm up protocols once. Every warm up applications started with 5 minutes low intensity (jogging) aerobic runs to their own protocol day. Judokas rested walking with 2 minute after 5 minutes run were completed. After a relaxing walk application, planned warm up methods of all other warm up protocols were held except to the first warm-up practice. The end of each warm up application were given 4-5 minutes of rest and then 30 m. speed, flexibility, vertical jump, strength, balance and anaerobic power tests were performed. Stations were set to measure every parameter except to 30 m. speed on the judo mats and one researcher was charged with a station. After one measurement, judokas passed to other measurement station. Arithmetic mean and standard deviation were used for data numerical presentation. Compatibility of the data to normal distribution guess was carried out with Shapiro-Wilks test. Repeated four different measures of normal distribution data was used Repeated Measures of ANOVA and difference due to which measure to find out were used LSD measurement of the post-hoc tests. Repeated four different measure of nonparametric was performed Friedman test and difference due to which measure to find out was applied dual pairing made to the Wilcoxon test. SPSS 18.0 statistic program (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) is used in data analyses and p0.05 is accepted as statistics significance level. Results: When 30 m. speed values are investigated, among four different warm up protocols, p0.05 level difference is found between warm up application-1 and warm up application-4, p0.05 level difference is found between warm up application-2 and warm up application-3, p0.001 level significant difference is found between warm up application-2 and warm up application-4. When flexibility measurement values were investigated, among 4 different warm up groups, no significant difference is found (p>0.05). When we compare between flexibility applications, only between warm up application-1 and warm up application-2, p0.05 level significant difference is found. No significant difference is found between leg strength performance (p>0.05). When we compare the applications of leg strength performance, p0.01 level significant difference is found between warm up application-1 and warm up application-4 group and p0.05 level significant difference is found between warm up application-2 and warm up application-4 group. No significant difference is found on vertical jump, balance and back strength performance. Conclusion: According to investigation results; after both static and dynamic exercise done with judokas, 30 m. performances is observed better. After static exercise, flexibility performances of sportsmen are observed better. When leg strength values were investigated, strength drafts are observed higher after static-dynamic exercise. Consequently; 11-14 aged male judokas, static and dynamic exercises are required to be carried out together for high strength performance improvements such as 30 m. speed performance and leg strength before training and consent. And it is suggested that static exercises are required for developing flexibility performance.Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı judocularda farklı ısınma protokollerinin, 30 m. sürat, esneklik, dikey sıçrama, kuvvet, denge ve anaerobik güç performansları üzerine olan akut etkisini incelemektir. Materyal ve Metot: Araştırmaya, gönüllü olarak İzmir Büyükşehir Belediye ve Manisa Belediye Spor kulüplerinde, judo dalında aktif olarak haftada 3 ile 5 antrenman yapan, yaşları 11-14 arasında değişen 20 sağlıklı erkek judocu katıldı. Bu çalışmada 20 kişilik tek bir grup mevcuttur ve kontrol grubu oluşturulmadı. Dört farklı ısınma içeriğine sahip olan protokoller 48 saat ara ile uygulandı. Yirmi katılımcı eşit süreli 4 farklı ısınma seansına öğrenme etkisi ve kümülatif etkinin dışlanması için rastlantısal olarak alındı. Çalışmayı oluşturan farklı dört ısınma uygulaması ise; ısınma uygulaması-1; sadece düşük tempoda aerobik koşu (statik germe ya da dinamik ısınma egzersizi olmadan), ısınma uygulaması-2; düşük tempo aerobik koşu ve sonrasında statik germe, ısınma uygulaması-3; düşük tempo aerobik koşu ve sonrasında dinamik ısınma egzersizleri, ısınma uygulaması-4; düşük tempo aerobik koşunun ardından hem statik germe hem de dinamik tipte ısınma egzersizlerinden oluşturuldu. Araştırma grubunun, her ısınma uygulamasından sonra 30 m. sürat, esneklik, dikey sıçrama, kuvvet, denge ve anaerobik güç performansları ölçüldü. İlk ısınma protokolü uygulamasından 2 gün öncesinde tüm denekler ısınma protokolleri ve testler hakkında bilgilendirildi ve sonrasında ısınma protokollerini birer kez denediler. Tüm uygulamalar kendi protokol günlerine, 5 dakika hafif şiddetli (jogging) aerobik koşu ile çalışmaya başladı. Denekler 5 dakikalık koşu tamamlandıktan sonra 2 dakika yürüyüş yaparak dinlendi. Rahatlatıcı yürüyüş uygulamasından sonra birinci ısınma uygulaması hariç diğer tüm ısınma protokollerindeki planlanmış ısınma yöntemleri gerçekleştirildi. Her bir ısınma bitiminde 4-5 dakikalık dinlenme verildi ve sonrasında 30 m. sürat, esneklik, dikey sıçrama, kuvvet, denge ve anaerobik güç testleri uygulandı. 30 m. sürat haricinde her bir parametreyi ölçmek için judo minderi içerisinde istasyonlar kurularak, istasyonların başında 1'er araştırmacı görevlendirildi. Denekler bir ölçüm bitince diğer ölçüm istasyonuna geçti. Verilerin sayısal sunumunda aritmetik ortalama ve standart sapma kullanıldı. Verilerin normal dağılım varsayımına uygunluğu Shapiro-Wilks testi ile yapıldı. Normal dağılım gösteren verilerin tekrarlayan 4 farklı ölçümünde Repeated Measures of ANOVA ve farkın hangi ölçümden kaynaklandığını bulmak için ise post-hoc testlerinden LSD kullanıldı. Normal dağılım göstermeyen verilerin tekrarlayan 4 farklı ölçümünde Friedman testi ve farkın hangi ölçümden kaynaklandığını bulmak için ise ikili eşleştirmeler yapılarak Wilcoxon testi uygulandı. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 18,0 istatistik programı (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) kullanıldı ve istatistiki anlamlılık düzeyi olarak p0.05 kabul edildi. Bulgular: Bu çalışmada 30 m. sürat değerleri incelendiğinde, 4 farklı ısınma uygulaması arasında, ısınma uygulaması-1 ile ısınma uygulaması-4 arasında p0.05 düzeyinde, ısınma uygulaması-2 ile ısınma uygulaması-3 arasında p0.05 düzeyinde, ısınma uygulaması-2 ile ısınma uygulaması-4 arasında p0.01 düzeyinde anlamlı fark saptanmıştır. Esneklik ölçüm değerleri incelendiğinde, 4 farklı ısınma uygulaması arasında esneklik performansında anlamlı fark bulunamamıştır (p>0.05). Esneklik uygulaması arasında karşılaştırma yapıldığında, ısınma uygulaması-1 ile ısınma uygulaması-2 arasında p0.05 düzeyinde anlamlı fark bulunmuştur. Bacak kuvvet uygulamaları karşılaştırıldığında, ölçülen parametrelerden biri olan bacak kuvveti performansında anlamlı fark bulunamamıştır (p>0.05). Bacak kuvvet performansının uygulamalar arasındaki karşılaştırmaları yapılığında; ısınma uygulaması-1 ve ısınma uygulaması-4 arasında p0.01 düzeyinde, ısınma uygulaması-2 ve ısınma uygulaması-4 arasında p0.05 düzeyinde anlamlı fark bulunmuştur. Bunların dışında dikey sıçrama, denge ve sırt kuvveti performansında anlamlı fark bulunamamıştır. Sonuç: Yapılan çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre; 30 m. sürat performanslarının, judocularda kombine edilmiş statik ve dinamik egzersiz sonrasında daha iyi çıktığı gözlemlenmiştir. Esneklik performansları judocuların statik egzersiz sonrası daha iyi olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bacak kuvveti değerleri incelendiğinde ise kombine edilmiş statik ve dinamik egzersiz sonrasında yapılan kuvvet çekişlerinin daha yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak; 11-14 yaş erkek judocuların, antrenmanlar ve müsabakalardan önce 30 m. sürat performansı ve bacak kuvveti gibi yüksek güç gerektiren performanslarındaki gelişim için kombine edilmiş statik ve dinamik egzersizlerin birlikte yapılması gerektiği, esneklik performansını geliştirmek için ise statik egzersizlerin yapılması gerektiği önerilmektedi

Гострий вплив різної тривалості масажу на стрибки з присідання, стрибки проти руху та продуктивність гнучкості у спортсменів муай-тай

Background and Study Aim. Muay thai is a combat sport in which the competitors kick, punch, knee, elbow and growl with their opponents. The strength of the leg muscles can increase the intensity of the kick and its flexibility is a well-known issue for this sport. Determining the most appropriate method for these issues provides important gains to the athletes. One of the methods applied to achieve these gains is acute massage applications. The aim of the study is to evaluate the acute effect of different massage times on squat jump, countermovement jump and flexibility performance. Materials and Methods. Twelve healthy male muay thai athletes (age, 19.83± 1.46 years; height, 175.33± 7.91 cm; body mass, 65.16 ±13.36 kg) participated in the study, who exercised three times a week. The study consists of a single group. The study consists of 4 different massage duration protocols. These protocols consist of no massage (NM), five minutes massage (5MMSG), ten minutes massage (10MMSG) and fifteen minutes massage (15MMSG). Counter movement jump, squat jump, sitting and lying flexibility were measured after each massage period, respectively. All protocols were continued on consecutive days. Results. There was a significant main effect for flexibility (F = 10,872 ; p = 0.00), countermovement jump (F = 4.719 p=.008) and squat jump (F = 6.262 p=.002) performance. The best flexibility, countermovement jump and squat jump performance detected immediately after 5MMSG was respectively 35,16 ± 6,33; 37,17 ± 4,18 and next, 36,05 ± 4,68. Conclusion. As a result, it is recommended that different massage durations are effective in improving physical performance, and 5MMSG before competition is recommended for athletes and coaches to get more performance.Передумови та мета навчання. Муай тай - це бойовий вид спорту, в якому спортсмени б'ють ногами, кулаками, колінами, ліктями і гарчать зі своїми суперниками. Сила м’язів ніг може збільшити інтенсивність удару, а її гнучкість – добре відома проблема для цього виду спорту. Визначення найбільш підходящого методу для вирішення цих питань дає спортсменам важливу користь. Одним із методів, що застосовуються для досягнення цих досягнень, є застосування гострого масажу. Мета дослідження – оцінити гострий вплив різного часу масажу на стрибки з присіданням, стрибки проти руху та показники гнучкості.Матеріали та методи. У дослідженні взяли участь 12 здорових спортсменів-муай-тай (вік 19,83±1,46 років; зріст 175,33±7,91 см; маса тіла 65,16±13,36 кг), які займалися тричі на тиждень. Дослідження складається з однієї групи. Дослідження складається з 4 різних протоколів тривалості масажу. Ці протоколи включають відсутність масажу (NM), п’ятихвилинний масаж (5MMSG), десятихвилинний масаж (10MMSG) і п’ятнадцятихвилинний масаж (15MMSG). Стрибок проти руху, стрибок присідання, гнучкість сидячи та лежачи вимірювалися після кожного періоду масажу відповідно. Усі протоколи продовжували діяти протягом наступних днів.Результати. Існував значний основний ефект для виконання гнучкості (F = 10 872; p = 0,00), стрибка проти руху (F = 4,719 p = 0,008) і стрибка при присіданні (F = 6,262 p = 0,002). Найкращі показники гнучкості, контррухового стрибка та стрибка присідання, виявлені відразу після 5MMSG, становили відповідно 35,16 ± 6,33; 37,17 ± 4,18 і далі, 36,05 ± 4,68.Висновки. Як результат, рекомендується, щоб різна тривалість масажу була ефективною для покращення фізичної працездатності, а 5MMSG перед змаганнями рекомендується спортсменам і тренерам, щоб отримати більшу продуктивність

The Effects of High Intensive Interval Training (HIIT) on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Cardiovascular Health: A Review

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs have lately gained popularity because they produce beneficial adaptations for both inactive and athletes, as well as positive health and performance benefits and time efficiency. Therefore, it was purposed to review scientific research results about the effects of HIIT programs on BDNF and cardiovascular health. Although there are research findings suggesting that HIIT may be an effective strategy for promoting elevation of BDNF concentrations, current research seems to be rather limited and inconclusive. It can be thought that exercise intensity is a factor affecting BDNF activation. In healthy people, there seems to be a positive linear relationship between exercise intensity and BDNF levels of acute exercise. However, further experimental studies are needed to elucidate the effect of HIIT on BDNF in humans with metabolic or cardiovascular diseases. However, it can be suggested that high intensity can be an significant achievement factor to design an effective exercise programs and the HIIT methodology has a critical importance for improving cardiovascular function, particularly in healthy individuals. In conclusion, while existing studies show that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs can improve cardiovascular health in some populations, further scientific research is needed to determine the efficiency of this strategy in producing physiological adaptation to exercise

İKİ YAŞINDAKİ BİR ÇOCUKTA KONJENİTAL PSÖDOKOLİNESTERAZ ENZİM EKSİKLİĞİNE BAĞLI UZAMIŞ APNE

Mivacurium nondepolarizing neuromusculer blocking agent hydrolyzed by plasmacholinesterase, especially used for endotracheal intubation for short time surgeries. In this article a case of prolonged apnea after mivacurium administration pseudocholinesterase deficiency (serum level of pseudocholinesterase was 1658 IU/L, normal: 4000-11.000 IU/L) was reporte