Roadmap for the value chain of cod, salmon and char

The objective of this work is to discuss Iceland's fishing and fish farming industries and approach the challenges there are and report on what has been done to meet those challenges. The main focus of this work will be on creating roadmaps for the supply chain of cod and the supply chain of salmon and arctic char and identify the obstacles these industries have faced. From fishing/farming to the consumer. This roadmap will show how and where increased value can be made using real examples from Iceland, shed light on critical factors affecting the quality and highlight the obstacles hindering further growth and development. Aquaculture offers growing economic possibilities for the Arctic region. This report wants to raise awareness of various possibilities for the development of the industry. As global demand for fish products is growing globally, the Arctic region has good possibilities to develop and produce sustainable high value-added products

Body Composition, Physical Activity and Fitness in Children with Moderate-to-Severe Intellectual Disability

Introduction: The prevalence of overweight and obesity has been rising in most parts of the world over the past two decades (1, 2). This rise could pose even a greater problem for people with intellectual disability (ID) because they are more likely to be obese than people without ID (3). Furthermore, research has shown that a sedentary lifestyle is more prevalent among people with ID than otherwise healthy people in modern society (4). In the general population, the adverse effects of obesity on health begin early in life and physical inactivity and adiposity are associated with metabolic diseases and cancers (5). In contrast, higher levels of physical activity and aerobic fitness have been associated with lower risk for metabolic diseases (6, 7). Although it is anticipated that children with ID experience the same adverse effects of health from obesity and lack of physical activity and aerobic fitness, it has not been comprehensively studied. In this context the purpose of this study was to investigate body composition, physical activity and fitness among children with moderate-to-severe ID

LOWER TRUNK MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING FRONT CRAWL SWIMMING IN A SINGLE LEG AMPUTEE

This study examined lower trunk muscle activity during front crawl swimming in a single leg amputee and in a triathlete of equivalent swimming performance level. EMG of four lower trunk muscles was recorded and underwater video was made during a 50m all out front crawl swim. Compared to the triathlete, the amputee demonstrated relatively long periods of activity in the four muscles examined, less relaxation and less symmetry in muscle activity between right and left body side. In both athletes their individual lower trunk muscle activity patterns coincided with specific arm and leg kick movement phases. The individual patterns were consistent for all arm stroke cycles over the entire 50m swimming trial

Application of Axiomatic Design in Designing Autonomous Underwater Photography Lighting

AbstractThe Biology department of the University of Iceland is using a Gavia Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) to take high-resolution images of the seabed at various depths for research purposes. However, after a new color camera module was developed for the AUV, obtaining high-quality images has proven to be difficult with the original strobe light. Axiomatic Design was employed to develop a suitable lighting module suitable for still images and video. The performance of different light sources in water was investigated to determine design parameters. The completed design uses LED lights should work with the new camera module at operating depth without compromising AUV dynamics nor significantly impacting mission time

Analysis of pacing strategies in 10 km open water swimming in international events

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the pacing strategies employed in 10 km open water swimming events, and to define which split time was most determinant for the final performance as a function of sex and classification in International Championships of the highest level. Six international competitions over the last five years were analysed retrospectively: Olympic Games, World Championships, and European Championships. The data corresponded to a total of 437 swimmers̕ competition histories (257 men, 180 women). A two-way analysis of variance (sex [2 levels: men, women], classification [3 levels: 1st to 3rd, 4th to 8th, 9th and below]) was performed for each split (0-2.5 km, 2.6-5.0 km, 5.1-7.5 km, and 7.6 to 10 km) and half (0-5 km, 5.1-10 km). The Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to compare means, and Pearson᾿s simple correlation coefficient to determine correlations between the split times and the final performance (total time). In general, the medal winners and the seconde tier classified swimmers, both men and women,employed a negative pacing strategy (the first half of the race was swum slower than the second). Women, however, in proportional terms swam a faster first partial (0 to 2.5 km) than men. These results could help coaches convince their swimmers that the first split of the event should be swum as slowly as possible, while still ensuring that they are in the leading group

Definitions, measurement and prevalence of sedentary behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities – a systematic review

Supporting positive change in lifestyle behaviours is a priority in tackling the health inequalities experienced by adults with intellectual disabilities. In this systematic review, we examine the evidence on the definition, measurement and epidemiology of sedentary behaviour of adults with intellectual disabilities. A systematic literature search of PUBMED, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Google Scholar was performed to identify studies published from 1990 up to October 2015. Nineteen papers met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. Many researchers do not distinguish between insufficient physical activity and sedentary behaviour. None of the studies reported the reliability and validity of the methods used to measure sedentary behaviour. Sedentary time, assessed objectively, ranged from 522 to 643 min/day: higher than in adults without intellectual disabilities. This first-ever review of sedentary behaviour and intellectual disabilities found that at present the evidence base is weak. Studies calibrating accelerometer data with criterion measures for sedentary behaviour are needed to determine specific cut-off points to measure sedentary behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities. Researchers should also examine the reliability and validity of using proxy-report questionnaires to measure sedentary behaviour in this group. A better understanding of sedentary behaviour will inform the design of novel interventions to change lifestyle behaviours of adults with intellectual disabilities

Reinterpretation of the RRISP-77 Iceland shear-wave profiles

Two shear-wave profiles, E and G, collected during the 1977 Reykjanes Ridge Iceland Seismic Experiment have played an important role in models of the Icelandic crust. They were originally interpreted as indicating very low shear-wave velocities and abnormally low shear-wave quality factors in the 10–15 km depth range. These attributes, which are indicative of near-solidus temperatures, were used to support the hypothesis that the crust of Iceland is relatively thin (10–15 km) and underlain by partially molten material. More recent seismic data, however, contradict this hypothesis and suggest that the crust is thicker (20–30 km) and cooler. A re-examination of the RRISP-77 data indicates that the low shear-wave velocities are artefacts arising from source static anomalies (in the case of profile G) and misidentification of a secondary shear phase, SmS, as S (in the case of profile E). Furthermore, the attenuation occurs at ranges when rays from the shots pass near the Askja (profile E) and Katla and Oraefajokull (profile G) volcanoes. It may therefore have a localized source, and not be diagnostic of Icelandic crust as a whole. This new interpretation of the RRISP-77 shear-wave data is consistent with models having a thick, cold crust.We thank 0. Flovenz, one of the principal investigators of the SIST experiment, G. Foulger and B. Julian, principal investigators of the Hengill experiment, and the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology for providing us with copies of the data. Lamont Doherty Contribution Number 5513Peer Reviewe

Comparison of Training Volumes in Different Elite Sportspersons According to Sex, Age, and Sport Practised

Training is a complex process that depends, among other factors, on the intensity and volume of training. Th e objective of this study was to analyse the volume of training in several sports as a function of sex and age. Th e study sample consisted of 302 sportspersons (men, n=132; women, n=170) who participated in the 16th Games of the Small States of Europe (1st to 6th June 2015) in representing nine countries. Th e subjects practised the following sports: artistic gymnastics, athletics, basketball, beach volleyball, golf, judo, shooting, swimming, table tennis, tennis, and volleyball, and were classifi ed by sex, sport, and age (younger: ≤20 years; intermediate: from 21 to 30 years; older: ≥31 years). Th ey responded to fi ve questions about their training volume and the annual number of competitions in which they participated. A one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni post hoc test was used to establish diff erences by sex, sport, and age group. Th ree-way ANOVAs (sex [men, women] × age [3 levels: younger, intermediate, older] × sport [11 sports]) were performed to determine any relationships between the variables. Neither interactions between the groups nor diff erences depending on sex were found in the training volumes, but the older the sportsperson, the lower the training volume (days per week, and total time per week). Th e sports with the greatest training volumes were artistic gymnastics and swimming, while those with the most competitions per year were basketball and volleyball