246 research outputs found
A Thermal Plume Model for the Martian Convective Boundary Layer
The Martian Planetary Boundary Layer [PBL] is a crucial component of the
Martian climate system. Global Climate Models [GCMs] and Mesoscale Models [MMs]
lack the resolution to predict PBL mixing which is therefore parameterized.
Here we propose to adapt the "thermal plume" model, recently developed for
Earth climate modeling, to Martian GCMs, MMs, and single-column models. The aim
of this physically-based parameterization is to represent the effect of
organized turbulent structures (updrafts and downdrafts) on the daytime PBL
transport, as it is resolved in Large-Eddy Simulations [LESs]. We find that the
terrestrial thermal plume model needs to be modified to satisfyingly account
for deep turbulent plumes found in the Martian convective PBL. Our Martian
thermal plume model qualitatively and quantitatively reproduces the thermal
structure of the daytime PBL on Mars: superadiabatic near-surface layer, mixing
layer, and overshoot region at PBL top. This model is coupled to surface layer
parameterizations taking into account stability and turbulent gustiness to
calculate surface-atmosphere fluxes. Those new parameterizations for the
surface and mixed layers are validated against near-surface lander
measurements. Using a thermal plume model moreover enables a first order
estimation of key turbulent quantities (e.g. PBL height, convective plume
velocity) in Martian GCMs and MMs without having to run costly LESs.Comment: 53 pages, 21 figures, paper + appendix. Accepted for publication in
Journal of Geophysical Research - Planet
A high resolution study of the Martian water cycle with a global climate model
International audienceThe martian water cycle's main source is the northern polar cap. Running high resolution models, up to 360° per 180°, help better resolve this ice cap, and better mimic the gradual retreat of the seasonal cap. Atmospheric circulation is also better resolved. Water vapor advection and the subsequent formation of clouds quite differ when we compare these brand new high resolution simulations and the usual lower resolution ones at 64 per 48 grid points
Assimilation of Temperatures and Column Dust Opacities Measured by ExoMars TGO-ACS-TIRVIM During the MY34 Global Dust Storm
Funding Information: ExoMars is a space mission of ESA and Roscosmos. The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) experiment is led by IKI, the Space Research Institute in Moscow, Russia, assisted by LATMOS in France. This work, exploiting ACS/TIRVIM data, acknowledges funding by the CNES. The science operations of ACS are funded by Roscosmos and ESA. The ACS/TIRVIM team at IKI acknowledges the subsidy of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia. The authors acknowledge Sandrine Guerlet and the ACS/TGO team for supplying the data and the data center ESPRI/IPSL for their help in accessing the data. R. M. B. Young acknowledges funding from the UAE University grants G00003322 and G00003407. Supercomputing resources were provided by the UAE University High Performance Computing, with technical support from Anil Thomas and Asma Alneyadi, and at LMD by the IPSL mesocentre. The authors thank Luca Montabone for access to processed versions of Mars Climate Sounder temperature and dust observations, and Thomas Navarro and Claus Gebhardt for useful discussions.Peer reviewe
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The martian dust chronicle: Eight years of reconstructed climatology from spacecraft observations
We have reconstructed the climatology of airborne dust from Martian years (MY) 24 to 31 using multiple datasets
of retrieved or estimated column optical depth. The datasets are based on observations of the Martian atmosphere
from March 1999 to July 2013 by different orbiting instruments: the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES)
on board Mars Global Surveyor, the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on board Mars Odyssey,
and the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) on board Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). The procedure we have
adopted consists in gridding the available retrievals of column dust optical depth (CDOD) from TES and THEMIS
nadir observations, as well as the estimates of this quantity from MCS limb observations. Our gridding method
calculates weighted averages on a regular but likely incomplete spatial grid, using an iterative procedure with
weights in space, time, and retrieval uncertainty. The derived product consists of daily synoptic gridded maps of
CDOD at a resolution of 6 degree longitude x 3 degree latitude for MY 24-26, and 6 degree longitude x 5 degree
latitude for MY 27-31.
We have statistically analyzed the gridded maps to present an overview of the dust climatology on Mars
over eight years, specifically in relation to its intraseasonal and interannual variability.
Finally, we have produced complete daily maps of CDOD by spatially interpolating the available incomplete
gridded maps using a kriging method. These complete maps are used as dust scenarios in the Mars Climate
Database (MCD) version 5, and should be useful for many other applications.
The maps for the eight available Martian years are publicly available and distributed with open access, under
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. The current version and future updates
can be downloaded from the MCD website at the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique: http://wwwmars.
lmd.jussieu.fr/mars/dust_climatology
Water Condensation Zones around Main Sequence Stars
Understanding the set of conditions that allow rocky planets to have liquid
water on their surface -- in the form of lakes, seas or oceans -- is a major
scientific step to determine the fraction of planets potentially suitable for
the emergence and development of life as we know it on Earth. This effort is
also necessary to define and refine the so-called "Habitable Zone" (HZ) in
order to guide the search for exoplanets likely to harbor remotely detectable
life forms. Until now, most numerical climate studies on this topic have
focused on the conditions necessary to maintain oceans, but not to form them in
the first place. Here we use the three-dimensional Generic Planetary Climate
Model (PCM), historically known as the LMD Generic Global Climate Model (GCM),
to simulate water-dominated planetary atmospheres around different types of
Main-Sequence stars. The simulations are designed to reproduce the conditions
of early ocean formation on rocky planets due to the condensation of the
primordial water reservoir at the end of the magma ocean phase. We show that
the incoming stellar radiation (ISR) required to form oceans by condensation is
always drastically lower than that required to vaporize oceans. We introduce a
Water Condensation Limit, which lies at significantly lower ISR than the inner
edge of the HZ calculated with three-dimensional numerical climate simulations.
This difference is due to a behavior change of water clouds, from low-altitude
dayside convective clouds to high-altitude nightside stratospheric clouds.
Finally, we calculated transit spectra, emission spectra and thermal phase
curves of TRAPPIST-1b, c and d with H2O-rich atmospheres, and compared them to
CO2 atmospheres and bare rock simulations. We show using these observables that
JWST has the capability to probe steam atmospheres on low-mass planets, and
could possibly test the existence of nightside water clouds.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic
Migrating Thermal Tides in the Martian Atmosphere During Aphelion Season Observed by EMM/EMIRS
Funding Information: Funding for development of the EMM mission was provided by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) government, and to co‐authors outside of the UAE by the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC). RMBY acknowledges funding from UAE University grants G00003322 and G00003407.Peer reviewe
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The Latest Mars Climate Database (MCD v5.1)
For many years, several teams around the world have developed GCMs (General Circulation Model or Global Climate Model) to simulate the environment on Mars. The GCM developed at the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique in collaboration with several teams in Europe (LATMOS, France, University of Oxford, The Open University, the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia), and with the support of ESA and CNES is currently used for many applications. Its outputs have also regularly been compiled to build a Mars Climate Database, a freely available tool useful for the scientific and engineering communities. The Mars Climate Database (MCD) has over the years been distributed to more than 150 teams around the world. Following the recent improvements in the GCM, a new series of reference simulations have been run and compiled into a new version (version5.1) of the Mars Climate Database, released in the first half of 2014.
To summarize, MCD v5.1 provides:
- Climatologies over a series of dust scenarios: standard year, cold (ie: low dust), warm (ie: dusty atmosphere) and dust storm, all topped by various cases of Extreme UV solar inputs (low, mean or maximum). These scenarios differ from those of previous versions of the MCD (version 4.x) as they have been derived from home-made, instrument-derived (TES, THEMIS, MCS, MERs), dust climatology of the last 8 Martian years.
- Mean values and statistics of main meteorological variables (atmospheric temperature, density, pressure and winds), as well as surface pressure and temperature, CO2 ice cover, thermal and solar radiative fluxes, dust column opacity and mixing ratio, [H20] vapor and ice columns, concentrations of many species: [CO], [O2], [O], [N2], [H2], [O3], ...
- A high resolution mode which combines high resolution (32 pixel/degree) MOLA topography records and Viking Lander 1 pressure records with raw lower resolution GCM results to yield, within the restriction of the procedure, high resolution values of atmospheric variables.
- The possibility to reconstruct realistic conditions by combining the provided climatology with additional large scale and small scale perturbations schemes.
At EGU, we will report on the latest improvements in the Mars Climate Database, with comparisons with available measurements from orbit (e.g.: TES, MCS) or landers (Viking, Phoenix, MSL)
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Modeling the martian atmosphere with the LMD global climate model
Our Global Climate Model (GCM) of the Martian atmosphere is the result of twenty years of ongoing collaboration between our teams and has matured to the point of enabling to study the main cycles (dust, CO2, water) of present-day and past Martian climates.
At the 2014 scientific assembly, we will report on the latest developments and improvements of our GCM, and also present the latest version of the Mars Climate Database (version 5.1) that is derived from GCM outputs, along with comparisons with available measurements (from TES, MCS, Viking, Phoenix, Curiosity, etc.)
Atmospheric Science with InSight
International audienceIn November 2018, for the first time a dedicated geophysical station, the InSight lander, will be deployed on the surface of Mars. Along with the two main geophysical packages, the Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) and the Heat-Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3), the InSight lander holds a highly sensitive pressure sensor (PS) and the Temperature and Winds for InSight (TWINS) instrument, both of which (along with the InSight FluxGate (IFG) Magnetometer) form the Auxiliary Sensor Payload Suite (APSS). Associated with the RADiometer (RAD) instrument which will measure the surface brightness temperature, and the Instrument Deployment Camera (IDC) which will be used to quantify atmospheric opacity, this will make InSight capable to act as a meteorological station at the surface of Mars. While probing the internal structure of Mars is the primary scientific goal of the mission, atmospheric science remains a key science objective for InSight. InSight has the potential to provide a more continuous and higher-frequency record of pressure, air temperature and winds at the surface of Mars than previous in situ missions. In the paper, key results from multiscale meteorological modeling, from Global Climate Models to Large-Eddy Simulations, are described as a reference for future studies based on the InSight measurements during operations. We summarize the capabilities of InSight for atmospheric observations, from profiling during Entry, Descent and Landing to surface measurements (pressure, temperature, winds, angular momentum), and the plans for how InSight’s sensors will be used during operations, as well as possible synergies with orbital observations. In a dedicated section, we describe the seismic impact of atmospheric phenomena (from the point of view of both “noise” to be decorrelated from the seismic signal and “signal” to provide information on atmospheric processes). We discuss in this framework Planetary Boundary Layer turbulence, with a focus on convective vortices and dust devils, gravity waves (with idealized modeling), and large-scale circulations. Our paper also presents possible new, exploratory, studies with the InSight instrumentation: surface layer scaling and exploration of the Monin-Obukhov model, aeolian surface changes and saltation / lifing studies, and monitoring of secular pressure changes. The InSight mission will be instrumental in broadening the knowledge of the Martian atmosphere, with a unique set of measurements from the surface of Mars
No detection of methane on Mars from early ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter observations
The detection of methane on Mars has been interpreted as indicating that geochemical or biotic activities could persist on Mars today. A number of different measurements of methane show evidence of transient, locally elevated methane concentrations and seasonal variations in background methane concentrations. These measurements, however, are difficult to reconcile with our current understanding of the chemistry and physics of the Martian atmosphere, which-given methane's lifetime of several centuries-predicts an even, well mixed distribution of methane. Here we report highly sensitive measurements of the atmosphere of Mars in an attempt to detect methane, using the ACS and NOMAD instruments onboard the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter from April to August 2018. We did not detect any methane over a range of latitudes in both hemispheres, obtaining an upper limit for methane of about 0.05 parts per billion by volume, which is 10 to 100 times lower than previously reported positive detections. We suggest that reconciliation between the present findings and the background methane concentrations found in the Gale crater would require an unknown process that can rapidly remove or sequester methane from the lower atmosphere before it spreads globally
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