Control of Volunteer Enlist Corn in Enlist E3 Soybean

Recent development of Enlist corn allows the use of 2,4-D choline (Enlist One), glyphosate (Roundup PowerMax), glufosinate (Liberty), and aryloxyphenoxypropionate (FOPs) herbicides for controlling grass and broadleaf weeds. However, volunteer Enlist corn plants can cause infestation in subsequent Enlist E3 soybean (resistant to 2,4-D, glyphosate, and glufosinate) in areas where a corn-soybean rotation is commonly practiced. The main objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of cyclohexanedione (DIMs) herbicides alone or in tank-mixtures with Enlist One for Enlist corn control in Enlist E3 soybean. A field study was conducted in the 2020 growing season at the Kansas State University Agricultural Research Center (KSUARC) near Hays, KS. Enlist corn hybrid DKC62-53 was planted at 17,420 seeds/a on May 13, 2020. Enlist E3 soybean variety P30T92E was planted at 152,000 seeds/a in a perpendicular direction to corn on May 20, 2020. Herbicide treatments, including clethodim (Select Max) and sethoxydim (Poast Plus) were tested alone or in tank-mixtures with Enlist One as early POST (EPOST, 8- to 12-inch tall corn), or late postemergence (POST) (12- to 30-inch tall corn). Results indicated that Select Max applied EPOST alone provided an excellent, season-long control (95 to 99%) and highest biomass reduction (up to 100%) of volunteer Enlist corn in Enlist E3 soybean. However, volunteer corn control was significantly reduced when Enlist One was tankmixed with Poast Plus. Volunteer corn control was low to moderate (50–85%) with all late postemergence (LPOST) programs tested. Soybean grain yield did not differ among EPOST treatments (39 to 44 bu/a), while grain yield was significantly lower (~ 34 bu/a) for LPOST treatments. These results suggested that the EPOST application of Select Max and Poast Plus can effectively control volunteer Enlist corn infestation in Enlist E3soybean. However, adding Enlist One could compromise the efficacy of Poast Plus herbicide

Interaction of 2,4-D with Glyphosate or Graminicides on Grass Weed Control in Enlist E3 Soybeans

The introduction of Enlist E3 soybean allows growers to use postemergence (POST) applications of low-volatile formulations of 2,4-D choline (Enlist One) for in-season control of glyphosate-resistant weeds. The POST applications of Enlist One and glyphosate (Roundup PowerMax) mixture can be tank-mixed with clethodim (Select Max) or quizalofop (Assure II) for both grass and broadleaf weed control. However, reduced control of grass weed species has previously been reported when graminicides (Select Max or Assure II) are tank-mixed with auxinic herbicides (2,4-D or dicamba). The main objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of Enlist One, Roundup PowerMax, Select Max, and/or Assure II alone or in various combinations on grass weed control in Enlist E3 soybean. Field experiments were conducted during the 2020 growing season at the Kansas State University Agricultural Research Center (KSU-ARC) near Hays, KS, and the University of Nebraska near Lincoln, NE (UNL). The dominant grass species at the KSU-ARC site were southwest cupgrass and green foxtail. The predominant grass species at the UNL site were giant foxtail, hairy cupgrass and fall panicum. Herbicide treatments, including Select Max, Assure II, and Roundup PowerMax applied at V3-V4 soybean stage alone or in combination with Enlist One; and sequential treatments of Enlist One followed by (separated by 5 days) Select Max, Assure II and/or Roundup PowerMax, and vice-versa were investigated. Results from the KSU-ARC site indicated that sequential treatment of Enlist One at 5 days prior to the application of Assure II provided the highest control (87% to 90%) of southwest cupgrass and green foxtail at 28 days after treatment (DAT). In contrast, control of both grass species did not exceed 78% with the rest of the treatments. Soybean grain yields ranged from 7 to 16 bu/a for the majority of the treatments. Results from UNL site showed that the addition of Enlist One to Select Max or Assure II or applied in sequential treatments at 5 days after the application of these graminicides reduced control of giant foxtail (69% to 79%), hairy cupgrass (70% to 79%), and fall panicum (69% to 79%) at 28 DAT compared to graminicides alone (93 to 97%). Furthermore, an addition of Roundup PowerMax to tank-mixtures of Enlist One with Select Max or Assure II improved the control of all three weed species. Soybean grain yields ranged from 21 to 55 bu/a for the majority of the treatments. In conclusion, these results support the hypothesis that Enlist One can compromise the efficacy of Select Max or Assure II; however, addition of Roundup PowerMax to these tank-mixtures can help to optimize grass weed control in Enlist E3 soybean

Effect of Tank-Mixing Glyphosate, Dicamba, and Graminicides on Grass Weed Control in Roundup Ready 2 Xtend Soybeans

The adoption of Roundup Ready 2 Xtendsoybean allows growers to use dicamba (Xtendimax or Engenia) in mixtures with glyphosate (Roundup PowerMax) or graminicides (Select Max or Assure II) for broad spectrum weed control. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that Xtendimax may cause antagonism when applied with Select Max and/or Assure II herbicides. The main objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Roundup PowerMax, Select Max, and/or Assure II alone or in tank-mixtures with Xtendimax for grass weed control in Xtendsoybean. Field studies were conducted in 2020 at the Kansas State University Agricultural Research Center (KSU-ARC) near Hays, KS, and at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE (UNL). The dominant grass species at the KSU-ARC site were southwest cupgrass and green foxtail. The dominant grass weed species at the UNL site were giant foxtail, hairy cupgrass, and fall panicum. Treatments, including Select Max, Assure II, and Roundup PowerMax applied as early post-emergence (EPOST; V3-V4 soybean growth stage) alone, or in combination with Xtendimax were tested (see Table 1 for details). Results from the KSU-ARC site indicated that Roundup PowerMax applied alone and in sequential treatments at 5 days prior to or after the application of Xtendimax provided ≥ 85% control of both grass species, whereas the rest of the treatments provided ≤ 71% control. The highest soybean grain yield (13 to 17 bu/a) was observed with Roundup PowerMax alone or in tank-mixtures with Select Max, Assure II and/or Xtendimax. In contrast, tank-mixing Xtendimax to Select Max or Assure II, or Xtendimax applied 5 days prior to the application of Select Max or Assure II, reduced giant foxtail (64 to 82%), and hairy cupgrass (71 to 82%) control at the UNL site. The addition of Roundup PowerMax to tank-mixtures of Xtendimax with Select Max or Assure II restored the efficacy of both Select Max and Assure II on all three grass species. Soybean grain yield (64 to 77 bu/a) did not differ for the majority of treatments at UNL site. These results suggest that addition of Xtendimax with Select Max or Assure II can potentially compromise the efficacy of graminicides, and Roundup PowerMax should be added in these mixtures to optimize grass control in Roundup Ready 2 Xtendsoybean

Efficacy of Imiflex, Zest, and Assure II on Green Foxtail Control

Grass weeds pose a serious management challenge in grain sorghum. Recent development of three herbicide-tolerant grain sorghum technologies such as Inzen, Igrowth, and DoubleTeam will provide the opportunity for producers to use nicosulfuron (Zest), imazamox (Imiflex), and quizalofop-p-ethyl (FirstAct) for grass weed control, respectively. The main objectives of this research were to (1) determine the effectiveness of Imiflex applied preemergence (PRE) on green foxtail control in comparison to commonly used group 15 herbicides; (2) compare the efficacy of Zest, Imiflex, and Assure II applied early- or late-POST at two different rates; and (3) determine the tank-mix compatibility of Zest, Imiflex, Assure II, and Select Max (clethodim) with 2,4-D (Weedar 64) and dicamba (Clarity) on green foxtail control. Field experiments were conducted in fallow ground with a natural infestation of green foxtail at Kansas State University Agricultural Research Center in Hays, KS. PRE herbicide programs, including Imiflex, Dual II Magnum, Warrant, and Outlook were tested. Imiflex, Zest, and Assure II were tested in early- or late-postemergence (POST) timings. The early POST treatments of Imiflex, Assure II, Zest, and Select Max alone or in tank-mixture with Weedar 64 and/or Clarity were also tested in a separate study. Among PRE programs, Imiflex tested at both rates provided an excellent control (89 to 94%) of green foxtail up to 50 days after PRE (DAPRE), whereas control did not exceed more than 51% with any of the group 15 herbicides. Among early POST programs, Assure II at 10 fl oz/a provided 95% green foxtail control at 28 days after early POST (DAEPOST). Green foxtail control with early POST treatments of Imiflex, Zest, and Assure II (6 oz/a) was moderate and ranged from 77 to 83% at 28 DAEPOST. Green foxtail control with late POST treatments of Imiflex, Zest, and Assure II was inadequate and ranged from 14 to 31% at 21 days after late POST (DALPOST). In a separate study, tank-mixing Weedar 64 or Clarity with Assure II reduced the efficacy by \u3e50% on green foxtail control compared to Assure II alone treatment. These results suggest that PRE applied Imiflex (6 or 9 oz/a) can provide excellent residual activity for early season control of green foxtail. Furthermore, Assure II applied early POST at a higher rate can provide effective control of green foxtail; however, the efficacy will significantly decline if Assure II is tank-mixed with Weedar 64 or Clarity

Who smokes in Europe? Data from 12 European countries in the TackSHS survey (2017-2018)

Background: Population data on tobacco use and its determinants require continuous monitoring and careful inter-country comparison. We aimed to provide the most up-to-date estimates on tobacco smoking from a large cross-sectional survey, conducted in selected European countries. Methods: Within the TackSHS Project, a face-to-face survey on smoking was conducted in 2017-2018 in 12 countries: Bulgaria, England, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania and Spain, representing around 80% of the 432 million European Union (EU) adult population. In each country, a representative sample of around 1,000 subjects aged 15 years and older was interviewed, for a total of 11,902 participants. Results: Overall 25.9% of participants were current smokers (31.0% among men and 21.2% among women, pAdditional co-authors: Gergana Geshanova, Giuseppe Gorini, Sheila Keogan, Hristo Ivanov, Maria-José Lopez, Angel Lopez-Nicolas, José Precioso, Krzysztof Przewozniak, Cornel Radu-Loghin, Ario Ruprecht, Joan B Soriano, Polina Starchenko, Marta Trapero-Bertran, Olena Tigova, Anna S Tzortzi, Constantine Vardavas, Vergina K Vyzikidou, Paolo Colombo, Esteve Fernandez, The TackSHS Project Investigator

Direct gating and mechanical integrity of Drosophila auditory transducers require TRPN1

The elusive transduction channels for hearing are directly gated mechanically by the pull of gating springs. We found that the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel TRPN1 (NOMPC) is essential for this direct gating of Drosophila auditory transduction channels and that the channel-spring complex was disrupted if TRPN1 was lost. Our results identify TRPN1 as a mechanical constituent of the fly's auditory transduction complex that may act as the channel and/or gating spring

Glycoprotein Hyposialylation Gives Rise to a Nephrotic-Like Syndrome That Is Prevented by Sialic Acid Administration in GNE V572L Point-Mutant Mice

Mutations in the key enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetyl-mannosamine kinase, result in distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV)/hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM) in humans. Sialic acid is an acidic monosaccharide that modifies non-reducing terminal carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins and glycolipids, and it plays an important role in cellular adhesions and interactions. In this study, we generated mice with a V572L point mutation in the GNE kinase domain. Unexpectedly, these mutant mice had no apparent myopathies or motor dysfunctions. However, they had a short lifespan and exhibited renal impairment with massive albuminuria. Histological analysis showed enlarged glomeruli with mesangial matrix deposition, leading to glomerulosclerosis and abnormal podocyte foot process morphologies in the kidneys. Glycan analysis using several lectins revealed glomerular epithelial cell hyposialylation, particularly the hyposialylation of podocalyxin, which is one of important molecules for the glomerular filtration barrier. Administering Neu5Ac to the mutant mice from embryonic stages significantly suppressed the albuminuria and renal pathology, and partially recovered the glomerular glycoprotein sialylation. These findings suggest that the nephrotic-like syndrome observed in these mutant mice resulted from impaired glomerular filtration due to the hyposialylation of podocyte glycoproteins, including podocalyxin. Furthermore, it was possible to prevent the nephrotic-like disease in these mice by beginning Neu5Ac treatment during gestation

Who Smokes in Europe? Data From Twelve European Countries in the TackSHS Survey (2017-2018)

Background: Population data on tobacco use and its determinants require continuous monitoring and careful inter-country comparison. We aimed to provide the most up-to-date estimates on tobacco smoking from a large cross-sectional survey, conducted in selected European countries. Methods: Within the TackSHS Project, a face-to-face survey on smoking was conducted in 2017–2018 in 12 countries: Bulgaria, England, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, and Spain, representing around 80% of the 432 million European Union (EU) adult population. In each country, a representative sample of around 1,000 subjects aged 15 years and older was interviewed, for a total of 11,902 participants. Results: Overall, 25.9% of participants were current smokers (31.0% of men and 21.2% of women, P \u3c 0.001), while 16.5% were former smokers. Smoking prevalence ranged from 18.9% in Italy to 37.0% in Bulgaria. It decreased with increasing age (compared to Conclusions: These smoking prevalence estimates represent the most up-to-date evidence in Europe. From them, it can be derived that there are more than 112 million current smokers in the EU-28. Lower socio-economic status is a major determinant of smoking habit in both sexes

Who smokes in Europe? Data from 12 European countries in the TackSHS survey (2017-2018)

Background: Population data on tobacco use and its determinants require continuous monitoring and careful inter-country comparison. We aimed to provide the most up-to-date estimates on tobacco smoking from a large cross-sectional survey, conducted in selected European countries. Methods: Within the TackSHS Project, a face-to-face survey on smoking was conducted in 2017-2018 in 12 countries: Bulgaria, England, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, and Spain, representing around 80% of the 432 million European Union (EU) adult population. In each country, a representative sample of around 1,000 subjects aged 15 years and older was interviewed, for a total of 11,902 participants. Results: Overall, 25.9% of participants were current smokers (31.0% of men and 21.2% of women, P < 0.001), while 16.5% were former smokers. Smoking prevalence ranged from 18.9% in Italy to 37.0% in Bulgaria. It decreased with increasing age (compared to <45, multivariable odds ratio [OR] for ≥65 year, 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27-0.36), level of education (OR for low vs high, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.17-1.48) and self-rated household economic level (OR for low vs high, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.74-2.42). The same patterns were found in both sexes. Conclusions: These smoking prevalence estimates represent the most up-to-date evidence in Europe. From them, it can be derived that there are more than 112 million current smokers in the EU-28. Lower socio-economic status is a major determinant of smoking habit in both sexes

Multi-Trait and Multi-Environment QTL Analyses for Resistance to Wheat Diseases

BACKGROUND: Stripe rust, leaf rust, tan spot, and Karnal bunt are economically significant diseases impacting wheat production. The objectives of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci for resistance to these diseases in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) from a cross HD29/WH542, and to evaluate the evidence for the presence loci on chromosome region conferring multiple disease resistance. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The RIL population was evaluated for four diseases and genotyped with DNA markers. Multi-trait (MT) analysis revealed thirteen QTLs on nine chromosomes, significantly associated with resistance. Phenotypic variation explained by all significant QTLs for KB, TS, Yr, Lr diseases were 57%, 55%, 38% and 22%, respectively. Marginal trait analysis identified the most significant QTLs for resistance to KB on chromosomes 1BS, 2DS, 3BS, 4BL, 5BL, and 5DL. Chromosomes 3AS and 4BL showed significant association with TS resistance. Significant QTLs for Yr resistance were identified on chromosomes 2AS, 4BL and 5BL, while Lr was significant on 6DS. MT analysis revealed that all the QTLs except 3BL significantly reduce KB and was contributed from parent HD29 while all resistant QTLs for TS except on chromosomes 2DS.1, 2DS.2 and 3BL came from WH542. Five resistant QTLs for Yr and six for Lr were contributed from parents WH542 and HD29 respectively. Chromosome region on 4BL showed significant association to KB, TS, and Yr in the population. The multi environment analysis for KB identified three putative QTLs of which two new QTLs, mapped on chromosomes 3BS and 5DL explained 10 and 20% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study revealed that MT analysis is an effective tool for detection of multi-trait QTLs for disease resistance. This approach is a more effective and practical than individual QTL mapping analyses. MT analysis identified RILs that combine resistance to multiple diseases from parents WH542 and/or HD29