Sevdalinka kao nematerijalna kulturna baština Bosne: teme, motivi i poetske značajke

This paper discusses interpretations, categorisations and inventories of the sevdalinka, an oral lyric tradition from Bosnia and one of the country’s most important examples of intangible cultural heritage. The sevdalinka represents traditional oral lyric poetry, a celebrated form of love song, which came into existence in urban places in a broader region of the Balkans as a fusion of the existing lyrical forms and Islamic influences. The term sevdalinka for this kind of songs became widely accepted only at the end of the 19th century. Before that, this oral lyrical tradition was usually called sevdalija. Both terms, sevdalinka and sevdalija, have their roots in the Arabic word sawdā adopted as sevdah (meaning love, desire, longing) via Turkish into the languages of some Balkan peoples. In today’s context, the sevdalinka is most often understood as a Bosnian (or more precisely, Bosniak) indigenous traditional love song. As an important part of the Bosnian intangible cultural heritage, ethnologists, ethnomusicologists, folklorists and other scholars have often used the sevdalinka as a source and medium through which to explore various social, historical and cultural traditions in Bosnia. This paper will first provide a historical summary of the records, inventories and research interests in this oral lyrical genre and then offer an overview of the categorisations of the sevdalinka in specialized encyclopaedias and literary theory. Finally, by analysing themes and motifs found in sevdalinkas, the paper will discuss a number of scholarly examples from manuscripts published in late 19th and early 20th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina.U ovom se radu raspravlja o interpretacijama, kategorizacijama i inventarima sevdalinki, usmene lirske tradicije iz Bosne, koja je ujedno i jedan od najznačajnijih primjera njezine nematerijalne kulturne baštine. Sevdalinka kao tradicijska usmena lirska poezija i slavna ljubavna pjesma nastala je u gradovima u široj regiji Balkana kao spoj postojećih lirskih oblika i islamskih utjecaja. Sam termin sevdalinka za tu vrstu pjesme postao je općeprihvaćen tek krajem 19. stoljeća. Prije toga se ta lirska tradicija obično zvala sevdalija. Oba naziva, sevdalinka i sevdalija dolaze od arapske riječi sawdā koja je preko turskog usvojena u jezike nekih balkanskih naroda kao sevdah, što označava ljubav, ljubavni žar, ljubavnu čežnju. Danas se sevdalinka najčešće smatra bosanskom (točnije bošnjačkom) domaćom tradicijskom ljubavnom pjesmom. Etnolozi, etnomuzikolozi, folkloristi i drugi znanstvenici sevdalinku su, kao važan dio bosanske nematerijalne baštine, često koristili kao izvor i sredstvo istraživanja različitih društvenih, povijesnih i kulturnih tradicija u Bosni. Ovaj rad započinje povijesnim pregledom zapisa, inventara i načina istraživanja tog usmenog lirskog žanra, a nastavlja se pregledom leksikografskih i književnoteorijskih kategorizacija sevdalinke kao posebne vrste lirske usmene pjesme. Na kraju se u radu, na temelju analize tema i motiva iz sevdalinki, raspravlja o različitim primjerima rukopisa objavljenih krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća u Bosni i Hercegovini

The effect of negative mood intensity on autobiographical recall: Evidence for the underlying role of affect in mood congruence effect

In the present study we test the hypothesis that affective state underlies the effect of mood congruence in autobiographical recall. Forty-five participants were subjected to negative and neutral mood inductions, and then asked to recall one personal memory. We also introduced another negative mood condition in which participants were exposed to the same mood inducing material (i.e., pictures), but were supposed to feel a less intense affective state. We replicated the congruence effect between the mood inductions and the valence of the participants’ recalled memories. Furthermore, mood congruence was influenced by the intensity of negative mood inductions. Although the participants in negative mood conditions were exposed to the same semantic material, the recalled memories were more negative in standard (strong) than in moderate negative mood condition. Furthermore, this effect was mediated by mood, as measured by the self-report questionnaire. The results suggest that affect influences the mood congruence effect in a way that cannot be explained by semantic priming alone

"Correlation of the preoperatively estimated risk of anesthesia and the incidence of anesthesia complication"

Uvod. Anestezija je postupak izazivanja neosjetljivosti. Riječ anestezija dolazi od grčkih riječi an – bez i estos – osjećaja, a skovao ju je američki liječnik, pjesnik i pisac Oliver Wendell Holmes 1848. godine. Izvođenje anestezije nekoć je bilo opasno i neizvjesno, smrtnost je bila velika, danas je smrtnost niska. Rizici anestezije i komplikacije anestezije svedeni su na nisku razinu zahvaljujući otkriću i uporabi sigurnijih anestetika, boljim strojevima i monitorima kojima se prati tijek anestezije, te boljom edukacijom anesteziologa i njihovih pomoćnika. U pokušaju da se objektivizira prije – operacijski rizik, pedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća u upotrebu se uvodi ASA – klasifikacija (eng. American Society of Anesthesiology). Prema procjeni postoji li u bolesnika sustavna bolest i prate li ju funkcionalna ograničenja, sve bolesnike možemo svrstati u 5 skupina s odgovarajućom stopom smrtnosti. Bolesnici koji se operiraju u hitnoći imaju povećani prije – operacijski rizik u odnosu prema pripadajućoj skupini i obično se uz brojku ASA – skupine kojoj pripadaju dodaje oznaka E (emergency). Cilj mog istraživanja u ovom radu je bio utvrditi korelaciju prije – operacijskog rizika anestezije s njenim komplikacijama u hitnim i programski operiranih bolesnika. Hipoteza. Pretpostavljam da će veća učestalost komplikacija biti izražena kod hitno operiranih bolesnika, uz višu ocjenu pre-anesteziološkog rizika, veću dužinu trajanja operacije, određenu vrstu anestezije te stariju životnu dob. Metode istraživanja. Retrospektivno istraživanje sam provela unutar godine dana u sklopu Opće bolnice Dubrovnik, a nakon odobrenja Etičkog povjerenstva. Podaci su prikupljani pravilnim nizom iz arhiviranih kopija anestezioloških lista abdominalne, torakalne i vaskularne sale. Pregledom je obuhvaćeno ukupno 417 bolesnika od kojih je 334 činilo kontrolnu (planirane operacije), a 83 bolesnika ispitivanu skupinu (hitno operirani bolesnici). U ocjeni anesteziološkog rizika korištena je ASA klasifikacija, dokumentirana na listi anesteziološkog pregleda bolesnika prije operacije. Svi bolesnici prikazani su prema demografskim karakteristikama. Komplikacije anestezije razvrstane su prema općenitim i specifičnim da bi u konačnosti bile istaknute samo one koje su bile zabilježene u ispitivanom periodu. Statistička obrada je učinjena uz Interactive Statistic Calculating Pages. Rezultati. Od ukupno 417 bolesnika, samo jedna komplikacija anestezije ili istovremeno više njih je zabilježeno kod 32 bolesnika (7,7%), od toga kod 10 planirano (2,4%) i 22 (5,3%) hitno operiranih bolesnika. Učestalost komplikacija je kod bolesnika s ocjenjenim niskim 2 anesteziološkim rizikom iznosila po 0,7% (ASA 1, 2 i EASA 1), a kod bolesnika s povećanim rizikom anestezije 1,2% za ASA 3 i 0,2% za ASA 4. Kod hitnih bolesnika istog ocjenjenog rizika anestezije je pojavnost komplikacija bila značajnije češća 1,2% za EASA 2 (0,7% ASA 2), 2,4% za EASA 3 (1,2% ASA 3) i 0,7% za EASA 4 (0,2% ASA 4). Kod hitnih operacija je, u usporedbi s planiranim, bila veća učestalost samo komplikacija koje proizlaze iz uzroka bolesti i/ili vrste operacije (13% i 1%) i komplikacija koje traže specifičnu terapijsku nadoknadu (16% i 1%). Značajno manji omjer broja komplikacija bio je kod regionalnih anestezija i kod elektivnih, i kod hitnih bolesnika kroz sve stupnjeve ASA ocjenjenog rizika. Dob bolesnika i dužina trajanja anestezije iako su bili vezani uz više ocjene rizika anestezije (ASA 3 i ASA 4) u našoj grupi ispitanika nisu ukazivali na povezanost s pojavom učestalijih komplikacija. Zaključak. Utvrđena je povezanost između prije- operacijskog ASA statusa bolesnika i komplikacija tijekom kirurškog zahvata. Znatan doprinos prije – operacijskom riziku anestezije donosi i sam kirurški postupak. Što je ASA status bolesnika viši trajanje operacijskog zahvata je duže i više je komplikacija anestezije.Introduction. Anesthesia is a process of causing insensitivity. The word anesthesia comes from Greek words an- without and estos – feelings, and it was made by the American doctor, poet and writer Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1848. Performing anesthesia was once dangerous and uncertain, death was great as for today we have low death rate. Risk od anesthesia and anestetic complikations have been reduceed to a low level thanks to the doscovery and use of safer anesthetics, better machines and monitors to monitor anesthesia, and improved training of anesthesilologists and their assistants. In the attempt to objectify the preoperative risk, the ASA – classifikation (American Society of Ansthesiology) was introducet in the patient and whether functional limitacions are in place, all patients can be classified into 5 groups with an appropriate mortality rate. Emergency patiens have incrased preoperative risk in relation to the associated group and usually with the number of ASAs we add the E (emergency) tag. The aim of my research in the paper was to determine correlation of preoperative risk of anesthesia with its complications will be expressed in emergency and program – operated patients. Hypothesis. The premis was that a greater incidence of complications will be expressed in emergency patients with a higher pre-anesthesiological risk assessment, longer duration of surgery, a certain type of anesthesia, and an older ahe. Method of research. Retrospective study I have spent year within the General Hospital od Dubrovnik, and after the approval of the Etics Committee. The data were collected in a regular aequence from the archived copies of te anesthetic list of abdominal, thoracic and vascular hall. A total of 417 patients were included, 334 of witch were controlled (planned), and 83 were examined (emergency patients). In anesthesia ris assessment, ASA classification was used, documented on the list of anesthesiologic examinations of patients prior to surgery. All patients are predented according to demographic characteristics. Complikations of anesthesia are classified according to the general and spacific ones so that only those observed in the study period are highlighted. Statistical processing was done with Interactive Statistic Calculating Pages. The results. Our of a total of 417 patients, only one complication of anesthesia or more was observed in 32 patients (7,7 %), of whom 10 were planned (2,4 %) and 22 (5,3 %) of urgently operated patients. The frequency of complications in patients with a low risk of anesthesia was 0,7 % (ASA 1 1,2 and EASA 1) and in patients with increased risk of anesthesia 1,2 % for ASA 4 3 and 0,2 % for ASA 4. By patients with the same estimated risk of anesthesia, the incidence of complications was significantly higher by 1,2 % for EASA 2 (0,7 % ASA 2), 2,4 % EASA 3 (1,2% ASA 3) and 0,7% for EASA 4 (0,2% ASA 4). In the case of emergency operations, compared to the plannes, there was a greater incidence of only complications due to the cause of the disease and/ or type of surgery (13% ana 1%) and complications requiring specific therapeutic remission (16% and 1%). Significantly smaller ratio of complications was observed in regional anesthesia and in elektive and in emergency patients through all grades of ASA rated risk. The age of the patients and the duration of the anesthesia although related to a higer assessment of anesthesia risk (ASA 3 and ASA 4) in gropu did not indicate association with the occurrent of more frequent complications. Conclusion. The correlation between the preopertive ASA status of the patient and complications during the surgical procedur was established. Significant contribution to the peroperative risk of anesthesia is also the surgical procedure itself. When the ASA status of patient is higher the duration of surgery is longer and there are more anestethic complications

A VIEW OF THE SEPHARDIC ROMANSA IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA

Vrsta pjesme za koju se među bosanskim Sefardima ustalio naziv romansa, naj­poznatija je usmenoknjiževna tvorevina u duhovnom naslijeđu balkanskih Sefarda. Ključne teme sefardskih romansi uglavnom upućuju na događaje iz uzburkane srednjovjekovne španjolske prošlosti ili biblijske predaje. U sefardskoj su romansi prisutni elementi epske i lirske pjesme, premda, u gotovo svim dosad zabilježenim primjerima na Balkanu, prevladava lirski sadržaj. Židovskošpanjolski ili ladino, jezik na kojem su pjevane a kasnije i zapisane sefardske romanse, gotovo je posve iščeznuo iz govorne prakse Sefarda u Bosni i Hercegovini nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata. Danas postoji samo u folklornoj tradiciji pjevanja.The type of song, for which the term romansa has become entrenched among the Bosnian Sephards, is the best-known oral-literary creation in the spiritual heritage of the Balkan Sephards. The key themes of the Sephardic romansa refer largely to events in their turbulent Mediaeval Spanish past or to Biblical legends. Elements of epic and lyrical poems are present in the Sephardic romansa, although lyrical content prevails in almost all the examples noted down in the Balkans to date. Jewish-Spanish or Ladino, the language in which they were sung and later noted down, has almost completely disappeared from the linguistic practice of the Sephards in Bosnia-Herzegovina since World War II. Today, it exists only in the folklore singing tradition

Quality of cookies with addition of sugar beet pulp

Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati utjecaj dodatka usitnjenih izluženih repinih rezanaca na kvalitetu čajnog peciva. Repini rezanci su jeftin nusproizvod industrije šećera, a zbog visokog sadržaja prehrambenih vlakana mogu poboljšati funkcionalnih svojstava čajnog peciva od pšeničnog brašna. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo ispitivanje brašna, odnosno smjese pšeničnog brašna i repinih rezanaca u udjelima 10, 20 i 30 % te ispitivanje kvalitete čajnog peciva određivanjem fizikalnih svojstava, teksturalnih karakteristika i parametara boje. Dobiveni rezultati su pokazali da dodatak repinih rezanaca značajno smanjuje širinu, faktor širenja i volumen čajnog peciva, a povećava čvrstoću i otežava lomljivost čajnog peciva. Upotrebom repinih rezanaca u recepturi potamnjuje se čajno pecivo i značajno utječe na ukupnu promjenu boje uzoraka. Upotrebom metode ispitivanja retencijske sposobnosti brašna prema različitim otapalima uspješno se može predvidjeti kvaliteta čajnog peciva s dodatkom repinih rezanaca. Na osnovi provedenih istraživanja može se zaključiti da se repini rezanci mogu koristiti u proizvodnji čajnih peciva u udjelu do 10 % bez velikog utjecaja na pogoršanje kvalitete čajnog peciva, a uz poboljšanje njegovih funkcionalnih svojstava zbog visokog sadržaja prehrambenih vlakana.The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of cookies with addition of sugar beet pulp. Sugar beet pulp are inexpensive by-product of the sugar industry, but due to the high content of dietary fiber can improve the functional properties of cookies made from wheat flour. The study included testing of flour, or a mixture of wheat flour and sugar beet pulp in the proportions of 10, 20 and 30%, as well as testing quality of cookies by determining the physical properties, textural characteristics and color parameters of cookies. The results showed that the addition of beet pulp significantly reduces the width, spread factor and volume, and increases the hardness and fracturability of cookies. The use of sugar beet pulp in the recipe darkens the cookies and significantly affects the overall color change patterns. Solvent Retention Capacity (SRC) and Alkaline Water Retention Capacity (AWRC) test are suitable methods for predicting the quality of cookies with addition of sugar beet pulp. It can be concluded that the sugar beet pulp can be used in the production of cookies in the proportion up to 10 % without a large effect on the deterioration of cookie quality, and with the improvement of its functional properties due to the high content of dietary fiber

Quality of cookies with addition of sugar beet pulp

Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati utjecaj dodatka usitnjenih izluženih repinih rezanaca na kvalitetu čajnog peciva. Repini rezanci su jeftin nusproizvod industrije šećera, a zbog visokog sadržaja prehrambenih vlakana mogu poboljšati funkcionalnih svojstava čajnog peciva od pšeničnog brašna. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo ispitivanje brašna, odnosno smjese pšeničnog brašna i repinih rezanaca u udjelima 10, 20 i 30 % te ispitivanje kvalitete čajnog peciva određivanjem fizikalnih svojstava, teksturalnih karakteristika i parametara boje. Dobiveni rezultati su pokazali da dodatak repinih rezanaca značajno smanjuje širinu, faktor širenja i volumen čajnog peciva, a povećava čvrstoću i otežava lomljivost čajnog peciva. Upotrebom repinih rezanaca u recepturi potamnjuje se čajno pecivo i značajno utječe na ukupnu promjenu boje uzoraka. Upotrebom metode ispitivanja retencijske sposobnosti brašna prema različitim otapalima uspješno se može predvidjeti kvaliteta čajnog peciva s dodatkom repinih rezanaca. Na osnovi provedenih istraživanja može se zaključiti da se repini rezanci mogu koristiti u proizvodnji čajnih peciva u udjelu do 10 % bez velikog utjecaja na pogoršanje kvalitete čajnog peciva, a uz poboljšanje njegovih funkcionalnih svojstava zbog visokog sadržaja prehrambenih vlakana.The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of cookies with addition of sugar beet pulp. Sugar beet pulp are inexpensive by-product of the sugar industry, but due to the high content of dietary fiber can improve the functional properties of cookies made from wheat flour. The study included testing of flour, or a mixture of wheat flour and sugar beet pulp in the proportions of 10, 20 and 30%, as well as testing quality of cookies by determining the physical properties, textural characteristics and color parameters of cookies. The results showed that the addition of beet pulp significantly reduces the width, spread factor and volume, and increases the hardness and fracturability of cookies. The use of sugar beet pulp in the recipe darkens the cookies and significantly affects the overall color change patterns. Solvent Retention Capacity (SRC) and Alkaline Water Retention Capacity (AWRC) test are suitable methods for predicting the quality of cookies with addition of sugar beet pulp. It can be concluded that the sugar beet pulp can be used in the production of cookies in the proportion up to 10 % without a large effect on the deterioration of cookie quality, and with the improvement of its functional properties due to the high content of dietary fiber

"Correlation of the preoperatively estimated risk of anesthesia and the incidence of anesthesia complication"

Uvod. Anestezija je postupak izazivanja neosjetljivosti. Riječ anestezija dolazi od grčkih riječi an – bez i estos – osjećaja, a skovao ju je američki liječnik, pjesnik i pisac Oliver Wendell Holmes 1848. godine. Izvođenje anestezije nekoć je bilo opasno i neizvjesno, smrtnost je bila velika, danas je smrtnost niska. Rizici anestezije i komplikacije anestezije svedeni su na nisku razinu zahvaljujući otkriću i uporabi sigurnijih anestetika, boljim strojevima i monitorima kojima se prati tijek anestezije, te boljom edukacijom anesteziologa i njihovih pomoćnika. U pokušaju da se objektivizira prije – operacijski rizik, pedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća u upotrebu se uvodi ASA – klasifikacija (eng. American Society of Anesthesiology). Prema procjeni postoji li u bolesnika sustavna bolest i prate li ju funkcionalna ograničenja, sve bolesnike možemo svrstati u 5 skupina s odgovarajućom stopom smrtnosti. Bolesnici koji se operiraju u hitnoći imaju povećani prije – operacijski rizik u odnosu prema pripadajućoj skupini i obično se uz brojku ASA – skupine kojoj pripadaju dodaje oznaka E (emergency). Cilj mog istraživanja u ovom radu je bio utvrditi korelaciju prije – operacijskog rizika anestezije s njenim komplikacijama u hitnim i programski operiranih bolesnika. Hipoteza. Pretpostavljam da će veća učestalost komplikacija biti izražena kod hitno operiranih bolesnika, uz višu ocjenu pre-anesteziološkog rizika, veću dužinu trajanja operacije, određenu vrstu anestezije te stariju životnu dob. Metode istraživanja. Retrospektivno istraživanje sam provela unutar godine dana u sklopu Opće bolnice Dubrovnik, a nakon odobrenja Etičkog povjerenstva. Podaci su prikupljani pravilnim nizom iz arhiviranih kopija anestezioloških lista abdominalne, torakalne i vaskularne sale. Pregledom je obuhvaćeno ukupno 417 bolesnika od kojih je 334 činilo kontrolnu (planirane operacije), a 83 bolesnika ispitivanu skupinu (hitno operirani bolesnici). U ocjeni anesteziološkog rizika korištena je ASA klasifikacija, dokumentirana na listi anesteziološkog pregleda bolesnika prije operacije. Svi bolesnici prikazani su prema demografskim karakteristikama. Komplikacije anestezije razvrstane su prema općenitim i specifičnim da bi u konačnosti bile istaknute samo one koje su bile zabilježene u ispitivanom periodu. Statistička obrada je učinjena uz Interactive Statistic Calculating Pages. Rezultati. Od ukupno 417 bolesnika, samo jedna komplikacija anestezije ili istovremeno više njih je zabilježeno kod 32 bolesnika (7,7%), od toga kod 10 planirano (2,4%) i 22 (5,3%) hitno operiranih bolesnika. Učestalost komplikacija je kod bolesnika s ocjenjenim niskim 2 anesteziološkim rizikom iznosila po 0,7% (ASA 1, 2 i EASA 1), a kod bolesnika s povećanim rizikom anestezije 1,2% za ASA 3 i 0,2% za ASA 4. Kod hitnih bolesnika istog ocjenjenog rizika anestezije je pojavnost komplikacija bila značajnije češća 1,2% za EASA 2 (0,7% ASA 2), 2,4% za EASA 3 (1,2% ASA 3) i 0,7% za EASA 4 (0,2% ASA 4). Kod hitnih operacija je, u usporedbi s planiranim, bila veća učestalost samo komplikacija koje proizlaze iz uzroka bolesti i/ili vrste operacije (13% i 1%) i komplikacija koje traže specifičnu terapijsku nadoknadu (16% i 1%). Značajno manji omjer broja komplikacija bio je kod regionalnih anestezija i kod elektivnih, i kod hitnih bolesnika kroz sve stupnjeve ASA ocjenjenog rizika. Dob bolesnika i dužina trajanja anestezije iako su bili vezani uz više ocjene rizika anestezije (ASA 3 i ASA 4) u našoj grupi ispitanika nisu ukazivali na povezanost s pojavom učestalijih komplikacija. Zaključak. Utvrđena je povezanost između prije- operacijskog ASA statusa bolesnika i komplikacija tijekom kirurškog zahvata. Znatan doprinos prije – operacijskom riziku anestezije donosi i sam kirurški postupak. Što je ASA status bolesnika viši trajanje operacijskog zahvata je duže i više je komplikacija anestezije.Introduction. Anesthesia is a process of causing insensitivity. The word anesthesia comes from Greek words an- without and estos – feelings, and it was made by the American doctor, poet and writer Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1848. Performing anesthesia was once dangerous and uncertain, death was great as for today we have low death rate. Risk od anesthesia and anestetic complikations have been reduceed to a low level thanks to the doscovery and use of safer anesthetics, better machines and monitors to monitor anesthesia, and improved training of anesthesilologists and their assistants. In the attempt to objectify the preoperative risk, the ASA – classifikation (American Society of Ansthesiology) was introducet in the patient and whether functional limitacions are in place, all patients can be classified into 5 groups with an appropriate mortality rate. Emergency patiens have incrased preoperative risk in relation to the associated group and usually with the number of ASAs we add the E (emergency) tag. The aim of my research in the paper was to determine correlation of preoperative risk of anesthesia with its complications will be expressed in emergency and program – operated patients. Hypothesis. The premis was that a greater incidence of complications will be expressed in emergency patients with a higher pre-anesthesiological risk assessment, longer duration of surgery, a certain type of anesthesia, and an older ahe. Method of research. Retrospective study I have spent year within the General Hospital od Dubrovnik, and after the approval of the Etics Committee. The data were collected in a regular aequence from the archived copies of te anesthetic list of abdominal, thoracic and vascular hall. A total of 417 patients were included, 334 of witch were controlled (planned), and 83 were examined (emergency patients). In anesthesia ris assessment, ASA classification was used, documented on the list of anesthesiologic examinations of patients prior to surgery. All patients are predented according to demographic characteristics. Complikations of anesthesia are classified according to the general and spacific ones so that only those observed in the study period are highlighted. Statistical processing was done with Interactive Statistic Calculating Pages. The results. Our of a total of 417 patients, only one complication of anesthesia or more was observed in 32 patients (7,7 %), of whom 10 were planned (2,4 %) and 22 (5,3 %) of urgently operated patients. The frequency of complications in patients with a low risk of anesthesia was 0,7 % (ASA 1 1,2 and EASA 1) and in patients with increased risk of anesthesia 1,2 % for ASA 4 3 and 0,2 % for ASA 4. By patients with the same estimated risk of anesthesia, the incidence of complications was significantly higher by 1,2 % for EASA 2 (0,7 % ASA 2), 2,4 % EASA 3 (1,2% ASA 3) and 0,7% for EASA 4 (0,2% ASA 4). In the case of emergency operations, compared to the plannes, there was a greater incidence of only complications due to the cause of the disease and/ or type of surgery (13% ana 1%) and complications requiring specific therapeutic remission (16% and 1%). Significantly smaller ratio of complications was observed in regional anesthesia and in elektive and in emergency patients through all grades of ASA rated risk. The age of the patients and the duration of the anesthesia although related to a higer assessment of anesthesia risk (ASA 3 and ASA 4) in gropu did not indicate association with the occurrent of more frequent complications. Conclusion. The correlation between the preopertive ASA status of the patient and complications during the surgical procedur was established. Significant contribution to the peroperative risk of anesthesia is also the surgical procedure itself. When the ASA status of patient is higher the duration of surgery is longer and there are more anestethic complications

Cross-cultural validation of the "International affective picture system" (IAPS) on a sample from Bosnia and Herzegovina

In this study the normative ratings of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS, Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention [CSEA], 1995) were compared with the ratings from a Bosnian sample. Seventy-two psychology undergraduates from the University of Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) rated valence, dominance and arousal for a stratified sample of 60 pictures that was selected from the IAPS. Reliability coefficients indicate that the self-report ratings are internally consistent. The affective ratings from our sample correlated strongly with the North American ratings at: .95, .81 and .91, respectively for valence, arousal and dominance. Consistent with expectations, mean valence and dominance ratings did not differ significantly between the Bosnian and North American sample. Furthermore, plotting of the Bosnian valence and arousal ratings results in a similar boomerang shaped distribution as the North American affective ratings. Taken together, findings obtained from the Bosnian sample confirm the cross-cultural validity of the IAPS

IDENTIFIKACIJA MOTIVACIJSKIH FAKTORA U HOTELU CORNARO, SPLIT : Završni rad

Zaposlenici su najvažniji resurs svakog poduzeća. Oni trebaju biti motivirani kako bi mogli svoje radne zadatke uspješno obavljati. Cilj svakog poduzeća je koristiti odgovarajuće motivacijske tehnike kako bi utjecali na rad zaposlenika. U ovom radu su se promatrali motivacijski faktori u hotelu Cornaro. Pri tome su se na početku teorijski obradile odrednice motivacije zaposlenika kao i važnost zadovoljstva zaposlenika sa njihovim radnim mjestom. Pomoću kvalitetnih odabranih motivacijskih tehnika, te sustava nagrađivanja poduzeće može dodatno motivirati svoje zaposlenike i time unaprijediti svoje poslovanje. U hotelu Cornaru su svjesni što znači imati motivirane zaposlenike. Zbog toga nastoje kontinuirano raditi na njihovom stručnom obrazovanju, te sposobne i vrijedne zaposlenike dodatno nagrađuju. Analizirajući rezultate istraživanja koje je provedeno u hotelu Cornaro, vidljivo je kako su njihovi zaposlenici motivirani i zadovoljni sa svojim radnim mjestom.Employees are the most important resource of each company. They need to be motivated to be able to perform their work tasks successfully. The goal of each company is to use the appropriate motivational techniques to influence employee performance. This paper analyse at the motivational factors in Hotel Cornaro. At the beginning there were elaborated theories of employee motivation and the importance of employee satisfaction with their workplace. By utilizing high-quality selected motivation techniques and rewarding systems, the company can further motivate its employees and thereby improve their business. At Cornaro Hotel are aware of having motivated employees. That is why they strive to continuously work on their proffesional education, and reward their capable and valuable employees. Analyzing the results of the research conducted at the Cornaro Hotel, it is apparent that their employees are motivated and satisfied with their workplace